Before Notes/ readingY/N

After Notes/ ReadingY/N

A revolution always has a positive outcome

Someone loses power during a revolution

Every revolution is a war

A revolution may result in the birth of a new nation

8.11 B Describe the positive and negative 8.11 B Describe the positive and negative consequences of human modification of consequences of human modification of physical environment of the United Statesphysical environment of the United States

8.27A Explain the effects of technological and 8.27A Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, scientific innovations such as the steamboat, cotton gin and interchangeable partscotton gin and interchangeable parts

8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and 8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and communication systems on the growth, communication systems on the growth, development, and urbanization of the United development, and urbanization of the United StatesStates

RevolutionRevolution

an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed

a sudden, complete or marked change in something

The The Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

What was it?What was it? the change from an agricultural society to industrial because new factories in the

northeast states

When did it happen?When did it happen?

the Industrial Revolution began in the United States around 1800 in the New England states

Why did it begin the Northeast?Why did it begin the Northeast? New England had poor soil for

farming Northeast has many rivers =

waterpower for factories NE had port cities for shipping to

other states and across the Atlantic Subsistence farmers were willing

to move to the cities

The Industrial Revolution occurred because of…

FREE ENTERPRISE – people are free to buy, sell, own, and produce products as well as work wherever they choose

Which founding father supported an economy based on free enterprise?

The government had few regulations to control the economy

The Industrial Revolution required the invention of new machines and technology – which is scientific discoveries that simplify work.

Congress created patents to protect inventors’ new inventions from being copied.

Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution occurred as a combination of the occurred as a combination of the following events:following events:

Rise of the factory system

Use of steam power

Mass production of goods

IndustrialRevolution

The Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which was a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton. Farm production increased dramatically.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Cotton became more profitable = an increase in the need for slave labor

Removed seeds from cotton

Factories Factory System –

a system bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof or in one place. Most employees were women and children working LONG hours.

Francis Lowell- opened the Lowell factory in Massachusetts. Employed mostly young girls to work in difficult conditions for long hours and low wages.

These conditions had an impact on the child labor laws theU.S. has today.

Lowell, Massachusetts in 1850

Lowell Mill

Lowell Girls

Francis Lowell opened the factory

What was their typical “profile”? – young girls, bad conditions, long hours

Lowell Boarding Houses

What was boarding house life like?What was boarding house life like?

Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

New Development – Interchangeable Parts

Interchangeable parts – identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product

Importance of Interchangeable parts

Allowed for mass production of a variety of goods

so…prices were reduced

Eli Whitney & Interchangeable PartsEli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts

Could build Could build 10 different rifles 10 different rifles from from these piecesthese pieces

textile industries -factories that produced clothing and cloth items from cotton; located in North

Early Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

The Cotton Gin’s Impact on Slavery

The demand for southern cotton grew dramatically because of the cotton gin and the increased number of textile mills in the north that needed cotton

more northern textile mills =

more southern slaves!

Brief Summary of the Plantation System

Large plantations were comprised of several thousand acres. Plantation owners had slaves to do all the work. Some worked in the house, some were trained as blacksmiths, carpenters, shoe makers, or weavers, and others worked with animals in pastures. However, most worked long hours in the fields.

The Cotton Gin Continued…

The cotton gin made it possible to clean cotton faster and less expensively than by hand. This encouraged the planters to raise larger cotton crops which required more slaves.

Therefore. . .

cotton gincotton gin

==

higher demand for cottonhigher demand for cotton

==

more textile mills in northmore textile mills in north

==

more slaves in south to work more slaves in south to work

plantationsplantations

Which leads to…Which leads to…

Regional Specialization

North – industrialization

South – agriculture (cotton and slavery)

Farming During the Industrial Revolution

New England farms were small, usually subsistence farms

Western farmers raised pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat.

Southern farmers planted cash crops such as cotton, rice, and tobacco

Urbanization Prompted by Industrial Revolution

Growth of factories and trade caused the growth of towns and cities

Locations of factories depended on the geography of the area

Urban = Cities Rural = Country

Five Common Problems of Early Cities

1.Streets and sidewalks unpaved & animals roaming freely

2.Pollution fromfactories

3. No sewers

4. Diseases easily spread due to poor sanitation

5. Fires spread easily due to close quarters and few fire companies

The Census and Population Census – officially counts the

population of the U.S. every 10 years

The first census occurred in 1790 and the population of the United States was nearly 4 million

The 1790 Census

First Census

Most of the population lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast

By 1820, the population reached 10 million with 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains

U.S. Population Centers in 1820

U.S. Population Centers in 1860

Thought SpotThought Spot

Look at the population maps Look at the population maps from 1820 and 1860.from 1820 and 1860.•What were the U.S. largest What were the U.S. largest cities in 1820?cities in 1820?

•What were the U.S. largest What were the U.S. largest cities in 1860?cities in 1860?

Transportation

Because the nation needed good inland roads for travel and for the shipment of goods, private companies built turnpikes or toll roads

Fees paid to use these roads were used for construction and upkeep of the roads

“Pay to use the road!”

The National Road was approved by Congress in 1806 that connected the east with the west. The first section opened in 1818, connecting Maryland to western Virginia. Years later, it ended in Illinois. The National Road made the migration of people easier.

National Road, 1818-1838National Road, 1818-1838

Pros & Cons to River Travel

More comfortable than horse & buggy

Get ALL goods on barges & float direction of current

Most rivers ran north & south BUT…most people traveling to the west!

Upstream against current slow

Clipper Ships

Moved quickly through waters – “clipped” time off the trip across the Atlantic

The Steamboat

Robert Fulton developed the first steamboat in 1807; named “Clermont”

Early steamboats easily blew up because there were no regulations on who could run steamboats and the boilers that created steam had no safety valve to stop overheating and slow pressure

Robert Fulton and the Steamboat

Steamboat Effects: improved transport

goods & people on inland rivers

economic productivity (ship goods – faster, easier, cheaper)

helped river cities grow – St. Louis

The Clermont – 1807

Canals Canal – an artificial (man-made) waterway The first canal was the 363 mile Erie Canal

connecting Albany, New York on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York on Lake Erie. It was completed on October 26, 1825.

Erie Canal – 1825

Canals Continued…

Three results of the increase in canals in the U.S. between 1825 and 1850:

1. Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods

2. Brought prosperity (money) to towns along their routes

3. Helped unite the growing country

TheThe

RailroadsRailroads

ConnectConnect

America!America!

1830 1830 13 miles of track 13 miles of track

1850 1850 9000 mi. of RR track 9000 mi. of RR track 18601860 31,000 mi. 31,000 mi.

The “Iron Horse” 1830

The Railroad Revolution, 1850s

Immigrants built the northern railroads

Slaves built the southern railroads

Issues Caused by Industrial Issues Caused by Industrial RevolutionRevolution

The Industrial Revolution led to The Industrial Revolution led to some issues regarding the some issues regarding the powers of the powers of the federalfederal government versus those of the government versus those of the statesstates. The Supreme Court . The Supreme Court stepped in to help settle these stepped in to help settle these issues.issues.

McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) The state of The state of MarylandMaryland imposed a imposed a taxtax on on

the Second National Bank, hoping the the Second National Bank, hoping the taxes would shut down the federal banktaxes would shut down the federal bank• Why? Federal banks competed with Why? Federal banks competed with

state banksstate banks

McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) James McCulloch was the James McCulloch was the

cashier of the federal bank cashier of the federal bank and and refusedrefused to pay the taxto pay the tax• Why? Said state Why? Said state

legislatures could legislatures could notnot tax tax federal banksfederal banks

The state of Maryland The state of Maryland suedsued for paymentfor payment• McCulloch, after losing in McCulloch, after losing in

state courts, took his state courts, took his argument to the U.S. argument to the U.S. Supreme CourtSupreme Court

McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) John John MarshallMarshall was the Chief was the Chief

JusticeJustice Tested the relationship Tested the relationship

between federal and state between federal and state lawlaw• Does Does CongressCongress have the have the

power to create a bankpower to create a bank• Does Does MarylandMaryland have the have the

right to tax a federal right to tax a federal institutioninstitution

McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) The Court’s RulingThe Court’s Ruling

• YesYes – Congress has the right – Congress has the right charter (create) a national bankcharter (create) a national bank

Why? The elastic clause (also Why? The elastic clause (also called “necessary and proper” called “necessary and proper” clause) of the Constitution gave clause) of the Constitution gave Congress the right to do Congress the right to do whatever is “necessary and whatever is “necessary and proper” to carry out its powersproper” to carry out its powers

• NoNo – Maryland did not have the – Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bankright to tax the federal bank

Why? Federal law trumps state Why? Federal law trumps state lawlaw

Gibbons v. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)(1824) Ogden had been granted a Ogden had been granted a

monopoly by the state of New York monopoly by the state of New York to run a to run a steamboat ferry steamboat ferry between New York and New Jerseybetween New York and New Jersey• MonopolyMonopoly – the only one – the only one

licensed to do somethinglicensed to do something Gibbons had been granted a Gibbons had been granted a

similar monopoly by the similar monopoly by the federalfederal governmentgovernment

Two monopolies granted…who has Two monopolies granted…who has the real right to run the ferry?the real right to run the ferry?

Gibbons v. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)(1824) Ogden Ogden suedsued in New York and won; Gibbons in New York and won; Gibbons

appealed to the U.S. Supreme Courtappealed to the U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall made the Chief Justice John Marshall made the

following rulingfollowing ruling• CongressCongress had the power to regulate ferry boats had the power to regulate ferry boats

crossing the Hudson River between New York crossing the Hudson River between New York and New Jerseyand New Jersey

Why? Congress controlled “interstate commerce” Why? Congress controlled “interstate commerce” (trade between states)(trade between states)

• Basically…Basically…statesstates controlled business within controlled business within their state, but once it crossed state lines into their state, but once it crossed state lines into another, another, CongressCongress had the powerhad the power

Thought SpotThought Spot Make a comparison of the following Supreme Court Decisions,

under the direction of Chief Justice John Marshall, using the information previously discussed and prior knowledge.

Court CaseMarbury v.

MadisonMcCulloch v.

MarylandGibbons v.

Ogden

Year 

 1803 

1819  1824 

Description

How much influence does the Supreme Court have on our nation’s laws?

Can Congress create a national bank and can the state tax the federal government?

Who controls business when two or more states are involved?

Impact

   Judicial review   

Yes, Congress can create a bank

No, the state cannot tax the federal govt

 Congress controls “interstate commerce” (trade between two or more states)

Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good Feelings started with James Monroe’s presidency, after the War of 1812. Little to no political conflicts were taking place.

Nationalism is the allegiance or loyalty to your whole nation. This started during the Era of Good Feelings.

This Era did not last long, however!

Americans had strong allegiance to the region of the US they lived in – Westerners, Southerners, or Northerners

Leads to problems known asSectionalism

Sectionalism Disagreements Among North And South

1.Slavery2. Need for tariffs3. States’ rights4. Internal improvements

(paying for the improvements in U.S. transportation systems)

Southern SpokesmanJohn C. Calhoun – represented South Carolina

said NO to tariffs –it would raise prices of manufactured goods that South had to buy

Northern SpokesmanDaniel Webster – represented New Hampshire

said YES to tariffs – protect American industries from foreign competition because foreign goods would cost more $ (buy American!)

Western Spokesman

Henry Clay – represented Kentucky

Tried to compromise with both

Create a bridge map relating the spokesmen to the area they represent

Thought SpotThought Spot

         

             

         

Monroe Doctrine

While the U.S. would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, it would oppose any new ones. This set the U.S. up as the “protector of the Western Hemisphere.”

The Monroe Doctrine also enforces what Washington stated in his farewell address – that the U.S. will only be involved in European conflicts if the U.S.’s rights were disrupted.