drugan notes-industrial revolution

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CHAPTER 14: An Industrialized Nation

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Page 2: Drugan Notes-Industrial  Revolution

The American West

Section 1: Page 142

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How to Reach California1. Sail 18,000 miles around South

America.2. Sail to the isthmus of Panama, cross

over by land, swamp, and lake.3. Travel the trails across North America

braving weather, Native Americans, and the hardships of the trail.

Because the adventure was so tough most of the gold miners were male.

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Gold Rush Terms

• 49ers• Boom Town• Wild West• Ghost Town

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Tombstone

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Conflicts with Native Americans

• Europeans were in conflict with Native Americans over territory from the early years of exploration, through colonization, and well into the 19th century.

• The Ghost Dance was a deep expression of grief about the loss of Native American ways of life.

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Government Policy

• In the early 19 th century the government would simply push Native Americans further west.

• In the late 1800’s the white settlers wanted to move in the western land too so the Native Americans were sent to reservations.

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The Battle of Little Bighorn

• Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)- the government ordered all of the Sioux to leave the Sioux territory.

• Instead, led by Sitting Bull, thousands of Sioux gathered at the Little Bighorn river and clashed with General Custer. Custer and his men were slaughtered.

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Wounded Knee

• In December of 1880, the army captured some of Sitting Bull’s followers and took them to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek.

• The soldiers had machine guns and quickly massacred the Sioux warriors. They chased after those who ran off. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed.

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Indian Reservations

• One goal in creating the reservations was to Americanize the Indians.

• The Bureau of Indian Affairs set up schools were the children had to speak English and wear traditional clothing.

Dawes Act: (1887) broke up some of the reservations and divided it among individuals.

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. . Several Factors Helped U S Cities . . Several Factors Helped U S Cities :to Grow :to Grow

1. Plentiful Natural Resources2. Improved Transportation3. Growing Population4. High Immigration5. New Inventions6. Investment Capital

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Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Make a list of the top five largest American cities by population.

3. New York4. Los Angeles5. Chicago6. Philadelphia7. Houston

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Causes of the Growth of CitiesCauses of the Growth of Cities

• Industrialization: people moving to the cities for jobs.

• Western Settlement: free land in the West had been claimed.

• Heavy Immigration: immigrants would reside in big cities.

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TechnologyTechnology

1. Technological innovations. Bessemer and open hearth

process Refrigerated cars Edison

o “Wizard of Menlo Park”o light bulb, phonograph, motion

pictures.

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Chicago Fire

• In 1871 a fire destroyed nearly 2000 acres in the heart of the city of Chicago.

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• This painting was originally printed in Harper’s Weekly of people fleeing the fire.

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How it happened:• The fire started at about 9 p.m. on Sunday, October 8, in

or around a small shed that bordered the alley behind 137 DeKoven Street. The traditional account of the origin of the fire is that it was started by a cow kicking over a lantern in the barn owned by Patrick and Catherine O'Leary. Michael Ahern, the Chicago Republican reporter who created the cow story, admitted in 1893 that he had made it up because he thought it would make colorful copy.

• The fire's spread was aided by the city's overuse of wood for building, a drought prior to the fire, and strong winds from the southwest that carried flying embers toward the heart of the city.

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Effect of the Chicago Fire

• Chicago became the center for innovation.• The city had to rebuild and architects soon

began to build 10 story buildings.

• What were some of the problems with these taller building?

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Elisha Otis• He was forty, and when he

started to clean up the factory, he wondered how he could get all the old debris up to the upper levels of the factory.

• He heard of hoisting platforms, but they often broke, and he didn't want to take any chances. He and his sons, who were also tinkerers, designed their own "safety elevator" and tested it successfully.

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John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

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John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

The German inventor made it possible for cities near rivers to expand their borders.

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Thomas Alva Edis on Thomas Alva Edis on

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The Light Bulb The Light Bulb

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(1877)The Phonograph (1877)The Phonograph

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The Motion Picture Camera The Motion Picture Camera

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The Ediphone or Dictaphone The Ediphone or Dictaphone

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Samuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

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Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone (1876)

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Alexander Graham Bell

• Bell was a Scottish immigrant who taught deaf students in Boston.

• In the evenings Bell and his assistant Watson worked on a way to transmit human speech.

• His telephone was first shown at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876.

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The Metal Detector

• In 1881 Bell was asked to put his metal detector to use.

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Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

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Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

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Alternate Current Alternate Current

George Westinghouse

Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edison's main rivals in the early implementation of the American electricity system. Westinghouse's system using alternating current ultimately prevailed over Edison's insistence on direct current.

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Alternate Current Alternate Current

Westinghouse Lamp ad

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The Airplane The Airplane

Wilbur Wright Orville Wright

Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903

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Model T Automobile Model T Automobile

Henry FordI want to pay my workers so that they can

afford my product!

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““ Model T” Prices & Model T” Prices &SalesSales

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. . U S Patents Granted. . U S Patents Granted

1790s 276 patents issued.1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.

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Railroads Transform the NationRailroads Transform the Nation

• A transcontinental railroad would encourage people to move West and would make it easier to transport goods.

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New Technology New Technology

1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.

2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other

industries.

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Standard TimeStandard Time

• The railroads changed many aspects of American life including the time.

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Railroad WorkforceRailroad Workforce

• The Central Pacific was in desperate need of workers so they began to look towards immigrants.

• Chinese immigrants were paid to come over by the company. They were expected to work off their debt.

• 10,000 Chinese workers were brought over.

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TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

� Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the N. RRs.built the N. RRs.

. Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the S. RRs. built the S. RRs.

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[ ] Cornelius “Commodore” [ ] Cornelius “Commodore”VanderbiltVanderbilt

Can’t I do what I want with my money?

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The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.] 31,000 mi.]

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New Bus ines s Culture New Bus ines s Culture

• Laissez Faire the ideology of the Industrial Age. Individuals should compete freely in

the marketplace. The market was not man-made or

invented. No room for government in the

market!

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Social Darwinism in Social Darwinism inAmericaAmerica

William Graham SumnerFolkways (1906)

$ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.

$ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!

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2.2. Social Darwinism Social Darwinism

ì British economist.t Advocate of

laissez-faire.t Adapted Darwin’s

ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.

e Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

Herbert Spencer

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Growth of Big BusinessGrowth of Big Business

• If the government does not interfere the stronger businesses will survive.

• Businesses did not mind interference if it was to their benefit.

• Businesses willing to accept subsidies.Subsidy: a payment by the government to

encourage the development of key industries.

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What is the purpose of the What is the purpose of the game of Monopoly?game of Monopoly?

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New Type of Bus ines s New Type of Bus ines sEntitiesEntities

• Monopoly: when a company gains complete control over an industry.

A monopoly can buy out it’s competitors.

• Trust : several companies would join together and turn over their assets to a board of trustees.

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% 1900of Billionaires in% 1900of Billionaires in

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Who do you think are the 5 Who do you think are the 5 wealthiest Americans of all wealthiest Americans of all

time?time?

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JOHN JACOB ASTORFur Trade

• John Jacob Astor (1763 - 1848) • $116.6 billion

If John Jacob Astor were alive to hear industry critics’ “fur kills” cries, he might partially agree. He did, after all, make a killing in fur and it made him the first millionaire in America. Upon overhearing a man discussing fur trading, Astor decided to pursue it himself and realized great success. Along the way, he diversified and dabbled in selling opium -- again, he was successful. Decades later, he got out of the fur business and segued into New York City real estate.

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BILL GATESComputers

• Bill Gates (1955 - ) • $124 billion

Even if Bill Gates’ currently estimated $58 billion fortune is down from its heady peak nearly a decade ago, the Harvard dropout and Microsoft leader is hardly hurting. After the proposed merger with Yahoo fizzled out and shares dropped in the dominant company he cofounded, he’s probably not losing sleep. He is no doubt looking forward to stepping back from his current role at Microsoft and devoting more time to the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, currently $38.7 billion strong.

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Microsoft Anti-Trust CaseMicrosoft Anti-Trust Case• In 1999, a federal judge declared that

Microsoft had violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by gaining a monopoly over the industry.

• The government demanded that the company be broken into two. One would sell Windows, and the other could sell everything else.

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CORNELIUS VANDERBILTRailroads

• Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794 - 1877) • $178.4 billion

You can’t necessarily get rich by playing nice, and Cornelius Vanderbilt apparently took that to heart. If some point to Sam Walton as the one who unfairly undercut prices, they should look a little further back to Vanderbilt. In his early years in the steamboat business, he would undercut competitors to the point of his own unprofitability, just to make a point. That ruthless competitive nature typified Vanderbilt through his years, especially in the way he ran his railroad empire. He may not have always played nice, but without exception, he played to win.

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ANDREW CARNEGIESteel

• Andrew Carnegie (1835 - 1919) • $297.8 billion

Steel wasn’t a bad business pursuit in the late 1800s. It paid off for Andrew Carnegie and continued to pay handsomely through philanthropy long after his death. A self-made man from humble beginnings, Carnegie worked hard from childhood. He didn’t enjoy overnight success, but he did realize almost continual progress. His savings became investments and his investments became capital for the business ventures for which he would later be known. Even if today’s wealth seekers don’t necessarily follow Carnegie’s principles for philanthropy, they do still highly regard his formulas for acquiring the means.

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JOHN D. ROCKEFELLEROil

• D. Rockefeller (1839 - 1937) • $323.4 billion

You have to wonder how John D. Rockefeller would fare as a major player in Big Oil today. After all, he founded Standard Oil in 1870, and it wasn’t long before he dominated the industry. Naturally, some didn’t take kindly to that and the company was eventually found to have monopolized. Yet, for all Rockefeller’s detractors, the U.S.’s first billionaire was a serious philanthropist to education, medicine and science. From a legacy standpoint, however, he’s best remembered for his unfathomable wealth. Even today, the name connotes “money.”

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Standard Oil Company

• In 1863, John D. Rockefeller built an oil refinery near Cleveland, Ohio.

• He persuaded railroads to give him a deal on transporting his oil.

• He lowered his cost to consumers and bought out his competition.

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Horizontal ConsolidationHorizontal Consolidation

• This involves bringing together many of the firms in the same business.

• Rockefeller bought out and combined various oil companies to create his monopoly on the industry.

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.Standard Oil Co .Standard Oil Co

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Carnegie SteelCarnegie Steel

• Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland and immigrated to the United States in 1848.

• In began Carnegie Steel in 1873. By 1900 he owned one quarter of all steel production in the U.S.

• Carnegie believed in the “Gospel of Wealth”.

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Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth

• Carnegie believed that the wealthy had a duty to give back to the community.

• During his lifetime he donated over $350 million to many organizations.

• He is most known for establishing the library system that we still use today.

• He constructed 2,800 libraries during his lifetime.

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Vertical ConsolidationVertical Consolidation

• This involves buying out and consolidating all the related industries that have to do with your business.

• Carnegie purchased steel, rail, and coal companies to have control of all of his industries needs.

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• Captain of Industry: is a philanthropist, gives large quantities of their wealth to charities or to better the community.

• Robber Baron: reaped huge profits by paying the employees extremely low wages, drove competitors out of business and then raised the cost of the product.

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– 1867 1900Wall Street & – 1867 1900Wall Street &

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The The ‘ Robber Barons’‘ Robber Barons’ of the of the PastPast

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William Vanderbilt William Vanderbilt

$ The public be damned!

$ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?

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Regulating the Trus ts Regulating the Trus ts1877 Munn. v. IL

1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act in “restraint of trade” “rule of reason” loophole

1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co.

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The ‘ Bosses’ of the The ‘ Bosses’ of the SenateSenate

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‘ Modern Robber ‘ Modern Robber’??Barons ’??Barons

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Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

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JACOB RIIS

How the Other Half LivedHow the Other Half Lived(1890)(1890)

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Tenement Slum LivingTenement Slum Living

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Lodgers Huddled TogetherLodgers Huddled Together

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Tenement Slum LivingTenement Slum Living

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Struggling Immigrant FamiliesStruggling Immigrant Families

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19001900RoshRosh

HashanahHashanahGreetingGreeting

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