becketsbestrecipes additives

© Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

BEST RECIPES Additives

About 3,500 permitted in Britain 100-199, colours, 200-299 preservatives, 300-399 antioxidants and complexing, 400-499 thickeners, emulsifiers and gelling agents, 500-599 salt etc, 600-699 flavour enhancers, 900-999 coating agents, gases sweeteners, 1000-1399 miscellaneous, 1400-1499 starch derivatives

Colours

E100 Curcumin, turmeric food colouring (yellow-orange) derived from the root of the

curcuma (turmeric), but can be

artificially produced; used in cheese,

margarine, baked

sweets and fish fingers

E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) food colouring (yellow-orange) occurs in green vegetables,

eggs, milk, liver and kidney; used

in margarine and cheese

E101a Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate food colouring (yellow-orange)

E102 Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5) food colouring (lemon yellow) unpermitted, can provoke

asthma and urticaria (nettle rash) in

children; linked to thyroid tumours,

chromosomal

damage, and

hyperactivity; sensitivity is linked to aspirin sensitivity;

used to colour ` drinks, sweets,

jams, cereals, snack foods, canned fish,

packaged soups; banned in Norway

and Austria

E103 Chrysoine resorcinol food colouring (golden) forbidden

E104 Quinoline Yellow WS, yellow 10 food colouring (dull or greenish yellow) used in lipsticks hair

products, colognes and medications;

can cause dermatitis; banned in

USA, Norway, phase-out in the

UK.

E105 Fast Yellow AB food colouring (yellow)

E106 Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate food colouring (yellow)

E107 Yellow 2G food colouring (yellow) asthma sufferers may have

allergic reaction; soft drinks; banned

in Australia and USA

E110 Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6) food colouring (yellow-orange) azo dye used in cereals,

bakery, sweets, snack foods, ice

cream, drinks and canned fish;

medications including

Polaramine, Ventolin syrup; side effects are

urticaria (hives), runny nose,

allergies, hyperactivity, kidney tumours,

chromosomal damage, abdominal

pain, nausea and vomiting,

indigestion, distaste for food; seen

increased incidence of tumours in animals;

banned in Norway, Finland, UK

E111 Orange GGN food colouring (orange)

E120 Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmines, Natural Red 4 food colouring (crimson) rarely used

© Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes 2

E121 Citrus Red 2 food colouring (dark red) forbidden

E122 Carmoisine, Azorubine food colouring (red to maroon) coal tar derived azo dye; can

cause reaction in asthmatics and

people allergic to aspirin; typical

products are confectionary, marzipan,

jelly crystals; banned in Sweden,

USA, Austria, Canada, Norway

Japan phase-out in the UK,

E123 Amaranth (FD&C Red 2) food colouring (dark red) derived from the small

herbaceous plant of the same

name; used in cake mixes, fruit-

flavoured fillings, jelly crystals; can

provoke asthma, eczema and

hyperactivity; it caused birth defects and

foetal deaths in some animal tests,

possibly also cancer; banned in

the USA, Russia, Austria and

Norway forbidden

E124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R) food colouring (red) coal tar and azo dye,

carcinogen in animals, can

produce asthma and people allergic to

aspirin; banned in USA & Norway,

unpermitted

E125 Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN food colouring (red)

E126 Ponceau 6R food colouring (red)

E127 Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3) food colouring (red) used in cherries, canned fruit,

custard mix, sweets, bakery, snack

foods; can cause sensitivity to light;

can increase thyroid hormone

levels, was shown to cause

thyroid cancer in rats in a study in 1990;

banned in US, Norway

unpermitted

E128 Red 2G food colouring (red) banned in Australia,

forbidden

E129 Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40) food colouring (orange-red) used in sweets, drinks and

condiments,

medications and cosmetics;

introduced in the early 1980s to replace

amaranth; connected with

cancer in mice; banned in

Denmark, Belgium, France,

Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria,

Norway, phase out in the UK, permitted in US

E130 Indanthrene blue RS food colouring (blue)

E131 Patent Blue V food colouring (dark blue) banned in Australia, USA,

Norway

E132 Indigo carmine, FD&C Blue 2 food colouring(indigo) added to tablets and

capsules; used in ice cream,

sweets, baked goods,

confectionary, biscuits; coal


tar derivative; may cause

nausea, vomiting, high blood

pressure, skin rashes,

breathing problems and other

allergic reactions. banned in

Norway

E133 Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1) food colouring (reddish blue) used in dairy products,

sweets and drinks, usually

occurring as aluminium lake

(solution) or ammonium salt;

banned in Belgium, France,

Germany, Switzerland,

Sweden, Austria, Norway

E140 i) Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins food colouring (green) green colour occurs in all

plants; used for dyeing

waxes and oils, used in

medicines and cosmetics

E141 Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins food colouring (olive green)

E142 Green S food colouring (green) coal tar derivative; used in

canned peas, mint jelly and

sauce, packet bread crumbs

and cake mixes; banned in

Sweden, USA and Norway

E143 Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3) food colouring (sea green)

E150a Plain caramel food colouring (dark brown) made from sucrose

sometimes helped by

chemicals; used in oyster,

soya, fruit and canned

sauces, beer, whiskey,

biscuits, pickles

E150b Caustic sulphite caramel food colouring

E150c Ammonia caramel food colouring

E150d Sulphite ammonia caramel food colouring

E151 Black PN, Brilliant Black BN food colouring coal tar derivative; used in

brown sauces, blackcurrant

cake mixes; banned in



Sweden, Austria, USA,

Norway

E152 Black 7984 food colouring

E153 Carbon black, Vegetable carbon food colouring charcoal pigment; used in

jams, jelly crystals, liquorice;

only the vegetable derived

variety permitted in

Australia, banned in the

United States

E154 Brown FK, Kipper Brown food colouring banned in the USA

E155 Brown HT, Chocolate brown HT food colouring coal tar and azo dye; used in

chocolate cake mixes; can

produce asthma and people

allergic to aspirin and


sensitivity; banned in



Sweden, Austria, USA,

Norway

E160a Alpha-, beta-, Gamma-carotene food colouring (orange-yellow) human body converts it to

vitamin A in the liver, found

in carrots and other yellow or

orange fruits and vegetables

E160b Annatto, bixin, norbixin food colouring (red) extracted from seeds of

tropical tree (Bixa orellana);

used as a body paint, fabric

dye, digestive aid and

expectorant; used to dye

cheese, butter, margarine,

cereals, snack foods, soaps,

textiles and varnishes;

known to cause nettle rash

E160c Paprika oleoresin, Capsanthin, capsorubin food colouring paprika extract, banned in

some countries

E160d Lycopene food colouring (red) carotenoid in tomatoes and

pink grapefruit, can cause

risk of cancer

E160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) food colouring (orange)

E160f Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30) food colouring (orange)

E161a Flavoxanthin food colouring

E161b xanthophylls - lutein food colouring (yellow) derived from plants, found in

green leaves, marigolds and

egg yolks

E161c Cryptoxanthin food colouring

E161d Rubixanthin food colouring

E161e Violaxanthin food colouring

E161f Rhodoxanthin food colouring

E161g xanthophylls - canthaxanthin food colouring (yellow) possibly derived from animal

sources (retinol); the pigment

is found in some mushrooms,

crustacea, fish, flamingo

feathers

E161h Zeaxanthin food colouring

E161i Citranaxanthin food colouring

E161j Astaxanthin food colouring

E162 Beetroot Red, Betanin food colouring (purple) derived from beets

E163 Anthocyanins food colouring (violet) matter of flowers and plants

E170 Calcium carbonate, Chalk food colouring used in toothpastes, white

paint and cleaning powders;

may be derived from rock

mineral or animal bones;

sometimes used to deacidify

wines and firm canned fruit

and vegetables

E171 Titanium dioxide food colouring (pure white) used in toothpaste and white

paint


E172 Iron oxides and hydroxides food colouring (black, yellow, red) used in salmon and shrimp

pastes; toxic at high doses

E173 Aluminium food colouring unpermitted

E174 Silver food colouring

E175 Gold food colouring

E180 latolrubine, Lithol Rubine BK food colouring unpermitted

E181 Tannin food colouring

E182 Orcein, Orchil food colouring

Preservatives

E200 Sorbic acid preservative obtained from berries or

synthesised from ketene;

possible skin irritant

E201 Sodium sorbate preservative

E202 Potassium sorbate preservative

E203 Calcium sorbate preservative

E209 Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate preservative

E210 Benzoic acid preservative also known as flowers of

benzoin, phenlycarboxylic

acid, carboxybenzene; added

to alcoholic dinks, baked

goods, cheeses, gum,

condiments, frozen dairy,

relishes, soft sweets, cordials

and sugar substitutes; used in

cosmetics, as an antiseptic in

cough medications and an

antifungal in ointments; can

cause asthma, is also reputed

to cause neurological

disorders and to react with

sulphur bisulphite (222), may

provoke hyperactivity in

children; obtained from

Benzoin, a resin exuded by

trees native to Asia

Unpermitted

E211 Sodium benzoate preservative used as antiseptic, as a food

preservative and to disguise

taste of poor-quality food;

orange soft drinks can

contain up to 25mg per

250ml; also in milk and meat

products, relishes and

condiments, baked goods and

lollies; used in oral

medications including

Actifed, Phenergan and

Tylenol; causes nettle rash

and aggravates asthma

E212 Potassium benzoate preservative can cause allergic reactions

E213 Calcium benzoate preservative

E214 Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative Dangerous


E215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative

E216 Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative possible contact allergen

Forbidden

E217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative Forbidden

E218 Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative

E219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative allergic reactions possible,

mainly affecting the skin

E220 Sulphur dioxide preservative derived from coal tar; all

sulphur drugs are toxic and

restricted in use (USA

prohibits use on raw fruits

and vegetables), produced by

combustion of sulphur or

gypsum; can provoke

asthma, difficult to

metabolise for those with

impaired kidney function,

destroys vitamin B1; in beer,

soft drinks, dried fruit,

juices, cordials, wine,

vinegar, potato products

E221 Sodium sulphite preservative, decontaminating agent used in fresh orange juice

E222 Sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite) preservative

E223 Sodium metabisulphite preservative

E224 Potassium metabisulphite preservative

E225 Potassium sulphite preservative

E226 Calcium sulphite preservative

E227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite (preservative) firming agent

E228 Potassium hydrogen sulphite preservative

E230 Biphenyl, diphenyl preservative can be used for agriculture;

citrus fruit; dangerous

E231 Orthophenyl phenol preservative can be used for agriculture;

typical products are pears,

carrots, peaches, plums,

prunes, sweet potato, citrus,

pineapples, tomatoes,

peppers, cherries, nectarines;

dangerous

E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol preservative dangerous

E233 Thiabendazole preservative can be used for agriculture,

typical products are citrus

fruits, apples, pears,

potatoes, bananas,

mushrooms, meat, milk

E234 Nisin preservative antibiotic derived from

bacteria; found in beer,

processed cheese products,

tomato paste

E235 Natamycin, Pimaracin preservative: mould inhibitor derived from bacteria;

sometimes used medically to

treat candidiasis; can cause

nausea, vomiting, anorexia,


diarrhoea and skin irritation;.

typical products are meat,

cheese

E236 Formic acid preservative

E237 Sodium formate preservative

E238 Calcium formate preservative

E239 Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) preservative dangerous

E240 Formaldehyde preservative forbidden

E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate preservative

E249 Potassium nitrite preservative ; colour fixative curing agent for meat;

nitrites can effect the body's

ability to carry oxygen,

resulting in shortness of

breath, dizziness and

headaches; potential

carcinogen; not permitted in

foods for infants and young

children

E250 Sodium nitrite preservative may provoke hyperactivity,

potentially carcinogenic, can

combine with chemicals in

stomach to form nitrosamine

E251 Sodium nitrate preservative used in the manufacture of

nitric acid, as a fertiliser and

in fermented meat products

E252 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) preservative may be derived from waste

animal or vegetable matter;

used in explosives and

fertilisers, and in the

preservation of meat; may

provoke hyperactivity;

potentially carcinogenic

E260 Acetic acid (preservative) acidity regulator main component of vinegar,

synthetically produced from

wood fibres; used in pickles,

chutneys, and sauces

E261 Potassium acetate preservative, acidity regulator food acid; should be avoided

by people with impaired

kidney function; typical

products are sauces, pickles

E262 Sodium acetate, sodium hydrogen acetate (sodium diacetate) preservative, acidity regulator

E263 Calcium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator by-product from producing

wood alcohol; used to make

vinegar and in the production

of dyers mordants

E264 Ammonium acetate preservative can cause nausea and

vomiting

E265 Dehydroacetic acid preservative N/A

E266 Sodium dehydroacetate preservative N/A

E270 Lactic acid (preservative) (acid) antioxidant, acidity regulator produced by heating and

fermenting carbohydrates in

milk whey, potatoes,


cornstarch or molasses;

difficult for babies to

metabolise; used in sweets,

dressings, soft drinks

(sometimes beer) infant

formulas and confectionary

E280 Propionic acid preservative all propionates are thought to

be linked with migraine;

propionates occur naturally

in fermented foods, human

perspiration and ruminants’

digestive tract, also can be

derived from ethylene and

carbon monoxide or

propionaldehyde or natural

gas or fermented wood pulp;

produced when bacteria

decompose fibre; commonly

used in bread and flour

E281 Sodium propionate preservative may be linked to migraines;

used in flour products

E282 Calcium propionate preservative N/A

E283 Potassium propionate preservative N/A

E284 Boric acid preservative N/A

E285 Sodium tetraborate (borax) preservative N/A

E290 Carbon dioxide acidity regulator propellant, coolant, derived

from lime manufacture; may

increase the effect of alcohol;

typical products are wine,

soft drinks, confectionary

E296 Malic acid (acid) acidity regulator derived from fruit or

synthetic

E297 Fumaric acid acidity regulator derived from plants of the

genus Fumaria esp.

F.officianalis or from the

fermentation of glucose with

fungi; can be used to flavour,

acidify, as an antioxidant or

raising agent used in soft

drinks and cake mixes

Antioxidants, acidity regulators

E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) antioxidant flour treating agent; may be

made synthetically from

glucose, naturally occurs in

fruit and vegetables; added to

products as diverse as cured

meat, breakfast cereals,

frozen fish and wine

E301 Sodium ascorbate antioxidant sodium salt of vitamin C

E302 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant vitamin C, may increase the

formation of calcium oxalate

stones


E303 Potassium ascorbate antioxidant potassium salt of vitamin C

E304 Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (i) Ascorbyl palmitate antioxidant fatty acid esters of ascorbic

acid

E305 (ii) Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant

E306 Tocopherol-rich extract (natural) antioxidant

E307 Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant

E308 Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant

E309 Delta-tocopherol (synthetic) vitamin E antioxidant in many vegetable oils,

including soya, wheat germ,

rice germ, cottonseed, maize;

works as an antioxidant for

fatty acids and tissue fats,

preventing vitamin A from

oxidation; used in margarine

and salad dressings

E310 Propyl gallate antioxidant prevents rancidity in oils;

derived from nutgalls; may

cause gastric or skin

irritation, gallates are not

permitted in foods for infants

and small children because

of tendency to cause

methaemoglobinemia; used

in oils, margarine, lard and

salad dressings, sometimes

used in packaging

E311 Octyl gallate antioxidant

E312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant

E313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant

E314 Guaiac resin antioxidant

E315 Erythorbic acid antioxidant

E316 Sodium erythorbate antioxidant

E317 Erythorbin acid antioxidant produced from sucrose

E318 Sodium erythorbin antioxidant produced from E317

E319 tert-butylhydroquinone antioxidant petroleum-based; may cause

nausea, vomiting, delirium;

5g is considered fatal.

Typical products are fats,

oils, margarine

E320 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant petroleum derivative, retards

oxidation; used in edible oils,

chewing gum, fats,

margarine, nuts, instant

potato products,

polyethylene food wraps; not

permitted in infant foods, can

provoke allergy and

hyperactivity; concerns over

carcinogenicity and

estrogenic effects, in large

doses caused tumours in lab

animals; banned in Japan,


experts recommended ban in

UK, but it was not banned

E321 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant petroleum derivative

Emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners, gelling agents

E322 Lecithin emulsifier derived from soya beans, egg

yolks, peanuts, corn or

animal resources; overdose

can upset the stomach, kill

the appetite and cause

sweating; used to allow

combination of oils in

margarine, chocolate,

mayonnaise, milk powder

E323 Anoxomer antioxidant

E324 Ethoxyquin antioxidant

E325 Sodium lactate acidity regulator derived from lactic acid; may

contain pork rennin or whey

in process, young children

with lactose intolerance may

show adverse reactions

E326 Potassium lactate (antioxidant) acidity regulator

E327 Calcium lactate acidity regulator

E328 Ammonium lactate acidity regulator

E329 Magnesium lactate acidity regulator

E330 Citric acid acid, acidity regulator food acid, naturally derived

from citrus fruit, used in

biscuits, canned fish, cheese

and processed cheese

products, infant formulas,

cake and soup mixes, rye

bread, soft drinks, fermented

meat products

E331 monosodium, disodium, sodium citrates (trisodium citrate) acidity regulator food acid

E332 monopotassium, potassium citrate (tripotassium citrate) acidity regulator food acid

E333 monocalcium, dicalcium, calcium citrates (tricalcium citrate) acidity regulator, firming agent, also sequestrant; food acid

E334 Tartaric acid (L(+)-) (acid) food acid, obtained from

unripe fruit, grape juice

E335 Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate (ii), Disodium tartrate acidity regulator food acid

E336 dipoytassium, monopotassium tartrate (cream of tartar) acidity regulator food acid

E337 Sodium potassium tartrate acidity regulator food acid

E338 Orthophosphoric acid acid food acid, derived from

phosphate ore; used in

cheese products

E339 monosodium, disodium, trisodium phosphates antioxidant mineral salt, used as a

laxative and a fixing agent in

textile dyeing; high intakes

may upset the

calcium/phosphorus

equilibrium

E340 monopotassium, dipotassium, tripotassium phosphate antioxidant

E341 monocalcium, dicalcium, tricalcium phosphates anti-caking agent, firming agent mineral salt found in rocks

and bones; used in medicines


as an antacid and polishing

agent in enamels

E342 monoammonium, diammonium orthophosphates

E343 monomagnesium, dimagnesium phosphate anti-caking agent found in salt substitutes;

under discussion and may be

included in a future

amendment to the Directive

on miscellaneous additives

E344 Lecitin citrate acidity regulator

E345 Magnesium citrate acidity regulator

E349 Ammonium malate acidity regulator

E350 sodium malate, sodium hydrogen malate acidity regulator

E351 Potassium malate acidity regulator

E352 calcium malate, calcium hydrogen malate acidity regulator

E353 Metatartaric acid emulsifier

E354 Calcium tartrate emulsifier

E355 Adipic acid acidity regulator food acid from the root

adipose

E356 Sodium adipate acidity regulator

E357 Potassium adipate acidity regulator

E359 Ammonium adipate acidity regulator

E363 Succinic acid acidity regulator

E365 Sodium fumarate acidity regulator

E366 Potassium fumarate acidity regulator

E367 Calcium fumarate acidity regulator

E368 Ammonium fumarate acidity regulator

E370 1,4-Heptonolactone acidity regulator

E375 Niacin (nicotinic acid), Nicotinamide, vitamin B3 colour retention agent naturally occurs in bean, pea

and other legumes, milk,

egg, meat, poultry, and fish;

at doses in excess of 1,000

mg per day can cause liver

damage, diabetes, gastritis,

eye damage, and elevated

blood levels of uric acid

(which can cause gout); at

amounts as low as 50-100

mg may cause flushing

(harmless but painful),

headache, and stomach-ache

especially if taken on an

empty stomach

E380 Triammonium citrate acidity regulator may interfere with liver and

pancreas function

E381 Ammonium ferric citrate acidity regulator essential mineral, food acid

derived from citric acid; used

as a dietary iron supplement

in breakfast cereals and

dietary formulas

E383 Calcium glycerylphosphate acidity regulator

E384 Isopropyl citrate acidity regulator

E385 Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, sequestrant


E386 Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (Disodium EDTA) sequestrant

E387 Oxystearin stabiliser

E388 Thiodipropionic acid Unpermitted

E389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate Unpermitted

E390 Distearyl thiodipropionate

E391 Phytic acid

E399 Calcium lactobionate

Thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers

E400 Alginic acid thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent, also emulsifier; thickener

and vegetable gum, derived

from seaweed; used in

custard mix, cordial,

flavoured milk, ice blocks,

thickened cream and

yoghurt; no known adverse

effects in small quantities,

large quantities can inhibit

the absorption of some

nutrients

E401 Sodium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier

E402 Potassium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier

E403 Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier

E404 Calcium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier

E405 Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol alginate) thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier vegetable gum, from

petroleum

E406 Agar thickener, gelling agent, stabiliser vegetable gum derived from

red seaweed; sometimes used

as a laxative, found in

manufactured meats and ice

cream

E407 Carrageenan thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent also emulsifier; a fibre

extracted from seaweed;

linked to toxic hazards,

including ulcers and cancer;

the most serious concerns

relate to degraded carrageen,

which is not a permitted

additive; however, native

carrageen an, which is used,

may become degraded in the

gut

E407a Processed eucheuma seaweed thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent also emulsifier

E408 Bakers yeast glycan N/A

E409 Arabinogalactan N/A

E410 Locust bean gum (Carob gum) thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent also emulsifier; derived from

carob or locust bean tree

ceratonia siliqua; used in

lollies, cordials, essences,

some flour products,

dressings, fruit juice drinks;

a caffeine-free chocolate


substitute; may lower

cholesterol

E411 Oat gum thickener, stabiliser

E412 Guar gum thickener, stabiliser derived from the seeds of

Cyamoposis tetragonolobus

of Indian origin; fed to cattle

in the US; can cause nausea,

flatulence and cramps, may

reduced cholesterol

E413 Tragacanth thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier resin form the tree

Astragalus gummifer; used

in foods, drugs including

nasal solutions, elixirs and

tablets; also used as a binder

in cosmetics; possible

contact allergy

E414 Acacia gum (gum arabic) thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier derived from the sap of

Acacia Sengal; easily broken

down by the human digestive

system; possible allergen,

soothes irritations of mucous

membranes

E415 Xanthan gum thickener, stabiliser derived from the

fermentation of corn sugar

with a bacterium

E416 Karaya gum thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier derived from the tree

Sterculia urens; often used in

conjunction with Carob (E

410), in ice cream, custard

and sweets, as a filler for its

capability to multiply its

volume by 100 times with

the addition of water;

possible allergen

E417 Tara gum thickener, stabiliser derived from the Tara bush,

Caesalpinia Spinosa from

Ecuador, Peru and is Kenya

E418 Gellan gum thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier

E419 Gum ghatti (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier

Sweeteners

E420 Sorbitol, sweetener, humectant derived from glucose, from

berries or synthesised; used

in lollies, dried fruit, pastries,

confectionary, low calorie

foods, pharmaceutical syrups

and ophthalmic preparations

and is the seventh most

widely used preservative in

cosmetics; not permitted in

foods for infants and young

children, can cause gastric

disturbance


E421 Mannitol sweetener, humectant derived from seaweed or the

manna ash tree; possible

allergen, not permitted in

infant foods due to its ability

to cause diarrhoea and

kidney dysfunction, also may

cause nausea, vomiting;

typical products are low

calorie foods

E422 Glycerol sweetener, humectants oily colourless alcohol;

derived by decomposition of

natural fats with alkalis;

usually a by-product of soap

making using animal fat or

vegetable oil; can be

obtained from petroleum

products sometimes

synthesised from propylene

or fermented from sugar;

used in flexible coatings on

sausages and cheeses, also in

crystallised and dried fruit,

liqueurs and vodka; protects

against DNA damage

presumably via free radical

scavenging; large quantities

can cause headaches, thirst,

nausea and high blood sugar;

used in liquors,

confectionary, dried fruit,

low calorie foods

E424 Curdlan Unpermitted

E425 Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannane emulsifier Unpermitted

E426 Soybean hemicellulose

E429 Peptones

E430 Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier) stabiliser

E431 Polyoxyethene (40) stearate emulsifier

E432 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20) emulsifier

E433 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80) emulsifier emulsifiers derived from

animal fatty acids; used as

synthetic flavourings,

surfactants, defoaming

agents and dough

conditioners; may increase

the absorption of fat-soluble

substances

E434 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40) emulsifier

E435 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60) emulsifier

E436 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate (polysorbate 65) emulsifier

E440a pectin emulsifier naturally occurring in the

skins of apples; used to

thicken jams, jellies and


sauces; large quantities may

cause temporary flatulence

or intestinal discomfort

E440b amidated pectin emulsifier

E441 Gelatine (emulsifier) gelling agent

E442 Ammonium phosphatides emulsifier

E443 Brominated vegetable oil

E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate emulsifier

E445 Glycerol esters of wood rosins emulsifier

E446 Succistearin

E450 disodium, trisodium, tetrasodium, dipotassium high intakes may upset the

tetrapotassium, dicalcium, calcium dihydrogen diphosphates emulsifier calcium/phosphate

equilibrium

E451 sodium, pentasodium, pentapotassium triphosphate emulsifier

E452 sodium, potassium, sodium calcium, calcium,

ammonium polyphosphate emulsifier

E459 Beta-cyclodextrine emulsifier

E460 Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii) Powdered cellulose emulsifier, anti-caking agent

E461 Methyl cellulose emulsifier can cause flatulence,

distension, intestinal

obstruction

E462 Ethyl cellulose emulsifier

E463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose emulsifier

E464 Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, = hypromellose emulsifier

E465 Ethyl methyl cellulose emulsifier

E466 Carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose emulsifier

E467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose

E468 Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose) emulsifier may be included in

amendment to the Directive

on miscellaneous additives

E469 Enzymically hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose emulsifier

E470 Salts of fatty acids with base Al, Ca, Na, Mg, K and NH4

E470a Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids emulsifier, anti-caking agent

E470b Magnesium salts of fatty acids emulsifier, anti-caking agent

E471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate,

glyceryl distearate) emulsifier

E472a Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier

E472b Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier

E472c Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier

E472d Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier

E472e Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and

diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier

E472f Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and

diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier

E472g Succinylated monoglycerides emulsifier

E473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids emulsifier

E474 Sucroglycerides emulsifier

E475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids emulsifier

E476 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier

E477 Propane-1, 2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol

esters of fatty acids emulsifier derived from petroleum

E478 Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1 emulsifier


E479b Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with

mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier

E480 Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate emulsifier

E481 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier

E482 Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier

E483 Stearyl tartrate emulsifier

E484 Stearyl citrate emulsifier

E485 Sodium Stearoyl Fumarate emulsifier

E486 Calcium Stearoyl Fumarate emulsifier

E487 Sodium laurylsulphate emulsifier

E488 Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides emulsifier

E489 Methyl Glucoside - Coconut Oil Ester emulsifier

E490 Propane-1,2-diol

E491 Sorbitan monostearate emulsifier

E492 Sorbitan tristearate emulsifier may increase the absorption

of fat-soluble substances

E493 Sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier

E494 Sorbitan monooleate emulsifier

E495 Sorbitan monopalmitate emulsifier

E496 Sorbitan trioleat emulsifier

E497 Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polymers

E498 Partial polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty

acids of castor oil

E499 Cassia gum

Acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)

E500 sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, hydrogen carbonate,

sesquicarbonate acidity regulator, raising agent

E501 potassium carbonate, bicarbonate acidity regulator

E503 ammonium carbonate, bicarbonate acidity regulator irritant to mucous

membranes

E504 magnesium carbonate, bicarbonate, hydrogen carbonate acidity regulator, anti-caking agent medical antacid and laxative

E505 Ferrous carbonate acidity regulator

E507 Hydrochloric acid acid

E508 Potassium chloride gelling agent, seasoning large quantities can cause

gastric ulceration

E509 Calcium chloride sequestrant, firming agent

E510 Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution acidity regulator, improving agent should be avoided by people

with impaired liver or kidney

function. in flour products

E511 Magnesium chloride firming agent

E512 Stannous chloride antioxidant Unpermitted

E513 Sulphuric acid acid

E514 Sodium sulphates (i) Sodium sulphate (ii) acid may upset the body's water

balance

E515 Potassium Sulphates (i) Potassium Sulphate (ii)

E516 Calcium sulphate derived from limestone

E517 Ammonium sulphate improving agent

E518 Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), acidity regulator, firming agent laxative

E519 Copper(II) sulphate preservative essential mineral

E520 Aluminium sulphate firming agent

E521 Aluminium sodium sulphate firming agent

E522 Aluminium potassium sulphate acidity regulator


E523 Aluminium ammonium sulphate acidity regulator

E524 Sodium hydroxide acidity regulator

E525 Potassium hydroxide acidity regulator

E526 Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator) firming agent

E527 Ammonium hydroxide acidity regulator

E528 Magnesium hydroxide acidity regulator

E529 Calcium oxide (acidity regulator) improving agent

E530 Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent

E535 Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent

E536 Potassium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent by-product of coal gas

production

E537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate anti-caking agent Unpermitted

E538 Calcium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent

E539 Sodium thiosulphate antioxidant

E540 Dicalcium diphosphate (acidity regulator) emulsifier

E541 Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii) Basic emulsifier

E542 Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic) anti-caking agent derived from bones; used in

dried milk for coffee

machines

E543 Calcium sodium polyphosphate emulsifier

E544 Calcium polyphosphate emulsifier

E545 Ammonium polyphosphate emulsifier

E550 Sodium Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii) Sodium metasilicate anti-caking agent

E551 Silicon dioxide (Silica) anti-caking agent

E552 Calcium silicate anti-caking agent derived from limestone and

diatomaceous earth (the

silicified skeletons of

diatoms, a single celled

plankton), antacid; no known

adverse effects

E553a magnesium silicate, trisilicate anti-caking agent

E553b Talc anti-caking agent has been linked to stomach

cancer, typical products are

polished rice, chocolate,

confectionery

E554 Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) anti-caking agent in salt, dried milk substitutes

and flours; aluminium was

thought to cause placental

problems in pregnancy and

has been linked to

Alzheimer's

E555 Potassium aluminium silicate anti-caking agent

E556 Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) anti-caking agent used in milk powders

E557 Zinc silicate anti-caking agent Unpermitted

E558 Bentonite anti-caking agent

E559 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) anti-caking agent

E560 Potassium silicate anti-caking agent

E561 Vermiculite

E562 Sepiolite

E563 Sepiolitic clay

E565 Lignosulphonates

E566 Natrolite-phonolite


E570 Stearic acid (Fatty acid) anti-caking agent

E572 Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate (emulsifier) anti-caking agent

E574 Gluconic acid acidity regulator

E575 Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator) sequestrant

E576 Sodium gluconate sequestrant

E577 Potassium gluconate sequestrant

E578 Calcium gluconate firming agent

E579 Ferrous gluconate food colouring colour-retention agent;

derived from iron and

glucose; used in olives, iron

supplements

E580 Magnesium gluconate

E585 Ferrous lactate food colouring

E586 4-Hexylresorcinol antioxidant

E598 Synthetic calcium aluminates

E599 Perlite

Flavour enhancers

E620 Glutamic acid flavour enhancer salt substitute; amino acid

present in many animal and

vegetable proteins, derived

commercially from bacteria;

might cause similar problems

as MSG

E621 Monosodium glutamate (MSG) flavour enhancer flavour enhancer derived

from the fermentation of

molasses, salt substitute; can

cause asthma, not permitted

in foods for infants and

young children; typical

products are canned

vegetables, canned tuna,

dressings, many frozen foods

E622 Monopotassium glutamate flavour enhancer can cause nausea, vomiting,

diarrhoea, abdominal

cramps; typical products are

low sodium salt substitutes

E623 Calcium diglutamate flavour enhancer salt substitute

E624 Monoammonium glutamate flavour enhancer salt substitute

E625 Magnesium diglutamate flavour enhancer salt substitute

E626 Guanylic acid flavour enhancer may trigger gout

E627 Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate flavour enhancer isolated from sardines or

yeast extract; may trigger

gout, not permitted in foods

for infants and young

children

E628 Dipotassium guanylate flavour enhancer

E629 Calcium guanylate flavour enhancer may trigger gout

E630 Inosinic acid flavour enhancer

E631 Disodium inosinate flavour enhancer may be prepared from meat

or sardines; may trigger gout,

not permitted in foods for

infants and young children


E632 Dipotassium inosinate flavour enhancer

E633 Calcium inosinate flavour enhancer may trigger gout

E634 Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer

E635 Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer may be associated with itchy

skin rashes; typical foods

include flavoured chips,

instant noodles and party

pies; avoid it, banned in

some countries

E636 Maltol flavour enhancer derived from the bark of

larch trees, pine needles,

chicory wood, oils and

roasted malt; it may be

produced synthetically

E637 Ethyl maltol flavour enhancer derived from maltol

E640 Glycine and its sodium salt flavour enhancer

E641 L-leucine flavour enhancer

E642 Lysine hydrochloride flavour enhancer

E650 Zinc acetate flavour enhancer

Antibiotics

E700 Bacitracin

E701 Tetracyclines

E702 Chlortetracycline

E703 Oxytetracycline

E704 Oleandomycin

E705 Penicillin-G-potassium

E706 Penicillin-G-sodium

E707 Penicillin-G-procaine

E708 Penicillin-G-benzathyne

E710 Spiramycins

E711 Virginiamicins

E712 Flavophospholipol

E713 Tylosin

E714 Monensin

E715 Avoparcin

E716 Salinomycin

E717 Avilamycin

Miscellaneous

E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane (anti-foaming agent) anti-caking agent silicone based

E901 Beeswax , white and yellow glazing agent glazing agent, used to wax

fruit; see bee products;

occasionally causes allergic

reactions

E902 Candelilla wax glazing agent

E903 Carnauba wax glazing agent derived from a South

American palm; used in

cosmetics and inks, and to

wax fruit; occasionally

causes allergic reactions

E904 Shellac glazing agent derived from insects;

occasionally causes

irritations of the skin


E905 Paraffins may inhibit absorption of fats

and fat soluble vitamins,

mild laxative, there may be a

link to bowel cancer; used on

sweets, in processing yeast,

vitamin tablets, dried fruit,

confectionary, collagen

E905a Mineral oil anti-foaming agent

E905b Petrolatum

E905c Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii) Paraffin wax glazing agent

E906 Gum benzoic flavour enhancer

E907 Crystalline wax glazing agent

E908 Rice bran wax glazing agent

E909 Spermaceti wax glazing agent

E910 Wax esters glazing agent

E911 Methyl esters of fatty acids glazing agent

E912 Montan wax glazing agent Unpermitted

E913 Lanolin, sheep wool grease glazing agent derived from sheep wool

E914 Oxidized polyethylene wax glazing agent Unpermitted

E915 Esters of colophony glazing agent

E916 Calcium iodate Unpermitted

E917 Potassium iodate Unpermitted

E918 Nitrogen oxides Unpermitted

E919 Nitrosyl chloride Unpermitted

E920 L-cysteine improving agent flour treatment agent derived

from animal hair and chicken

feathers

E921 L-cystine improving agent

E922 Potassium persulfate improving agent Unpermitted

E923 Ammonium persulfate improving agent Unpermitted

E924 Potassium bromate improving agent large quantities can cause

nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,

pain. used in flour products

E924b Calcium bromate improving agent Unpermitted

E925 Chlorine preservative, bleach, improving agent destroys nutrients,

carcinogen, Typical products

are flour products

unpermitted

E926 Chlorine dioxide (preservative) bleach Unpermitted

E927a Azodicarbonamide improving agent

E927b Carbamide (urea) improving agent

E928 Benzoyl peroxide (improving agent) bleach approved by USA for

bleaching the carotenoids in

refined flours

E929 Acetone peroxide Unpermitted

E930 Calcium peroxide (improving agent) bleach

E931 nitrogen used in freezing and vacuum

packing

E938 Argon packaging gas

E939 Helium packaging gas

E940 Dichlorodifluoromethane packaging gas rarely used

E941 Nitrogen (packaging gas) propellant


E942 Nitrous oxide propellant

E943a Butane propellant

E943b Isobutane propellant

E944 Propane propellant

E945 Chloropentafluoroethane propellant

E946 Octafluorocyclobutane propellant

E948 Oxygen packaging gas

E949 Hydrogen packaging gas

E950 Acesulfame potassium sweetener

E951 Aspartame sweetener many adverse effects,

including allergy, migraine

E952 Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts (cyclamate) sweetener calcium & sodium

cyclamate, artificial

sweetener; can cause

migraines, can be

carcinogenic, caused damage

to rats testicles and mouse

embryos, banned in the US

and UK due its links with

cancer

E953 Isomalt, Isomaltitol sweetener

E954 Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts sweetener calcium & sodium saccharin;

artificial sweetener derived

from toluene (a known

carcinogen); banned in 1977

in the US, but reinstated

subject to strict labelling

starting: "Use of this product

may be hazardous to your

health, this product contains

saccharin which has been

determined to cause cancer

in laboratory animals"

E955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) sweetener

E956 Alitame sweetener

E957 Thaumatin sweetener a protein derived from the

tropical plant Thaumococcus

danielli; used to sweeten

wines, bread and fruit

E958 Glycyrrhizin (sweetener) flavour enhancer

E959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (sweetener) flavour enhancer

E960 Stevioside sweetener

E961 Neotame sweetener

E962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener) stabiliser

E965 maltitol, maltitol syrup sweetener, stabiliser, humectant hydrogenated glucose syrup;

starch decomposed with

digestive enzymes; used in

confectionery, dried fruits,

low-joule foods; laxative in

high concentrations

E966 Lactitol sweetener


E967 Xylitol sweetener, humectant found in raspberries, plums,

lettuce and endives, though

produced for commercial

purposes from wood pulp;

caused kidney stones and a

diuretic effect on test rats;

used in low-joule foods and

carbohydratemodified

sweets, ice-cream and jams

E968 Erythritol humectant

E999 Quillaia extract foaming agent, emulsifier natural surfactant; derived

from chilean soap bark tree

(Quillaia Saponaria); used in

beer and soda; known to

promote healing and reduce

excessive oiliness in the skin

Other

E1000 Cholic acid emulsifier

E1001 Choline salts emulsifier

E1100 Amylase stabiliser, flavour enhancer derived from mould

mushroom or pig pancreas

E1101 Proteases ((i)Protease, (ii)Papain, (iii)Bromelain, (iv)Ficin) stabiliser, flavour enhancer

E1102 Glucose oxidase antioxidant

E1103 Invertase stabiliser

E1104 Lipases

E1105 Lysozyme preservative

E1200 Polydextrose stabiliser, thickening agent, humectant, carrier

E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone stabiliser dispersing agent, coating for

tablets; used in artificial

sweeteners

E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier) stabiliser clarifying agent for wine,

colour and colloidal

stabiliser

E1203 Polyvinyl alcohol

E1204 Pullulan

E1400 Dextrin (Dextrins, roasted starch white and yellow) (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1401 Modified starch ((Acid-treated starch) stabiliser) thickening agent

E1402 Alkaline modified starch (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1403 Bleached starch (stabiliser) thickening agent

Starches

E1404 Oxidized starch (emulsifier) thickening agent

E1405 Enzyme treated starch

E1410 Monostarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1411 Distarch glycerol (thickening agent) emulsifier

E1412 Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetasphosphate; esterified with phosphorus oxychloride (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate (emulsifier) thickening agent

E1420 Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1421 Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1422 Acetylated Distarch Adipate (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol thickening agent

E1430 Distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening agent


E1440 Hydroxy propyl starch (emulsifier) thickening agent

E1441 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1442 Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1443 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol

E1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate (emulsifier) (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1451 Acetylated oxidised starch (emulsifier) thickening agent

E1501 Benzylated hydrocarbons

E1502 Butane-1, 3-diol

E1503 Castor oil resolving agent

E1504 Ethyl acetate flavour solvent

E1505 Triethyl citrate foam stabiliser part becomes alcohol in the

body

E1510 Ethanol alcohol

E1516 Glyceryl monoacetate flavour solvent

E1517 Glyceryl diacetate or diacetin flavour solvent

E1518 Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin humectant derived from glycerol; used

to coat fresh fruit in the US

E1519 Benzyl alcohol

E1520 Propylene glycol humectant. dispersing agent petroleum based; its

glycerine like taste has made

it popular for children's

medications and other

elixirs; used in many topical

creams and ointments,

cosmetics, hair products and

deodorants; has been linked

with fatal heart attacks (when

given intravenously), central

nervous system depression

and cosmetic or

pharmaceutical contact

dermatitis

E1521 Polyethylene glycol 8000 [5][clarification needed]

E1525 Hydroxyethyl cellulose thickening agent

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