food additives. outline food additives direct food additives indirect food additives types of...

42
food additives

Upload: austen-mcdonald

Post on 28-Dec-2015

342 views

Category:

Documents


17 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

food additives

Page 2: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Outline

• food additives • Direct Food Additives• Indirect Food Additives• Types of additives• roles and functions of food additives in food• Coding of food additives• Food safty (food additives)• Food preservation

Page 3: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

food additivesFood additives are substances added to products to perform specific technological functions. These functions include preserving, i.e. increasing shelf-life or inhibiting the growth of pathogens, or adding colouring and flavouring to food forinterest and variety..

Page 4: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

• are chemical substances added to foods to improve flavour, texture, colour, appearance and consistency, or as preservatives during manufacturing or processing. Herbs, spices, hops, salt, yeast, water, air and protein hydrolysates are excluded from this definition.

• There are over 300 permitted additives that can be used in the UK. Flavourings are not included in this figure, as there are over 3,000 flavouring components in UK use, in many different combinations. International organisations provide advice on the safety of flavourings

Page 5: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

• Includes any substance intended for use in producing, manufacturing, processing,preparing, treating,

packaging, transporting or holdingfood, and any source of radiationintended for such use.

• 4 direct food additives = 93% of total –Sucrose, salt,

corn syrup, dextrose

Page 6: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Food Additive

•A substance which may, by its intended use,

become a component of food, either directly orindirectly, or which may otherwise affect thecharacteristics of food.

–Includes any substance intendedfor use in producing, manufacturing,

processing, preparing, treating,

packaging, transporting or holdingfood, and any source of radiationintended for such use.

Page 7: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Direct Food Additives• Anti-caking agents• Antimicrobial agents• Antioxidants• Colours• Curing and pickling agents• Emulsifiers• Enzymes• Firming agents• Flavour enhancers• Flavouring agents• Humectants• Leavening agents• Release agents• Non-nutritive sweeteners

• Nutrient supplements• Nutritive sweeteners• Oxidizing and reducing

agents• pH control agents• Propellants and gases• Sequestrants• Solvents and vehicles• Stabilizers and thickeners• Surface-active agentsTexturizers

Page 8: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Indirect Food Additives

• Processing Aids• Food Contact Materials• Packaging Materials• Cleaning Agents• Ion-exchange resins, filter aids• Enzyme preparations• Microorganisms• Solvents, lubricants, release agents• Specific function additives• Utensils• Working surfaces• Equipment• Metal, plastic, paper, wood, etc.• Detergents• Sanitizers

Page 9: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Direct food additives serve four major purposes in our foods

To provide nutrition – to improve or maintain the nutritional quality of food. Forexample, the addition of iodine to salt has contributed to the virtual elimination of simplegoiter. The addition of Vitamin D to milk and other dairy products has accomplished thesame thing with respect to rickets. Niacin in bread, cornmeal and cereals has helpedeliminate pellagra, a disease characterized by central nervous system and skin disorders

Page 10: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

To maintain product quality and freshness – fresh foods do not stay that way for longperiods of time; they rapidly deteriorate, turn rancid and spoil. Food additives delaysignificantly this deterioration and prevent spoilage caused by growth of microorganisms,

bacteria and yeast and also by oxidation (oxygen in air coming into contact with thefoods). For example, if you were to cut slices of fresh fruits such as apples, bananas orpears, they would rapidly turn brown as a result of this oxidation process

Page 11: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

To aid in the processing and preparation of foods – additives impart and/or maintaincertain desirable qualities associated with various foods. For example, we expect saladdressings to stay mixed once they have been shaken.

Emulsifiers such as lecithin from soybeans maintainmixture and improve texture in dressings and other foods.

They are used in ice cream where smoothness is desiredLeaveners used to make breads, biscuits and rolls rise, include yeast, baking powder and baking

soda.

Page 12: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

To make foods appealing – the majority of food additives are most often used for thispurpose. Unless foods look appetizing and appeal to our senses, they will most likely gouneaten and valuable nutrients will be lost. Food additives such as flavoring agents andenhancers, coloring agents and sweeteners are included by food processors because wedemand foods that look and taste good.

Page 13: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Types of additives

Additives may be:

•natural – found naturally, such as extracts from beetroot juice (E162), used as a colouring agent;

•manmade versions – synthetic identical copies of substances found naturally, such as benzoic acid (E210), used as a preservative;

•artificial – produced synthetically and not found naturally, such as nisin (E234), used as a preservative in some dairy products and in semolina and tapioca puddings.

Page 14: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Six Categories of Food Additives• Texture

–Emulsifiers –Stabilizers

•Miscellaneous –Enzymes –Catalysts –Solvents

–Propellants •Preservatives –Antimcrobial –Antibrowning

–Antioxidant •Nutritional

–Vitamins/minerals •Flavor

–Flavor enhancers –Sweeteners

–Nat/syn flavors •Color

Page 15: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Preservatives aim to:• prevent the growth of micro-organisms which could cause food spoilage and lead to food poisoning

•extend the shelf-life of products, so that they can be distributed and sold to the consumer with a longer shelf-life.

For example, bacon, ham, corned beef and other ‘cured’ meats are often treated with nitrite and nitrate (E249 to E252) during the curing process

roles and functions of food additives in food

.Preservatives

Page 16: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Antioxidants

Antioxidants aim to: •prevent food containing fat or oil from going rancid due

to oxidation, i.e. developing an unpleasant odour or flavour;

•prevent the browning of cut fruit, vegetables and fruit juices (and so increase shelf life and appearance).

•For example, vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, or E300, is one of the most widely used antioxidants

Page 17: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Colours aim to:• restore colour lost during processing or storage, e.g. marrowfat peas;

• ensure that each batch produced is identical in appearance or does not appear ‘off’;

• reinforces colour already in foods, e.g. enhance the yellowness of a custard;

• give colour to foods which otherwise would be colourless (e.g. soft drinks) and so make them more attractive.

Colours

Page 18: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Colours

Certain combinations of the following articifical food colours: sunset yellow (E110), quinoline yellow (E104), carmoisine (E122), allura red (E129), tartrazine (E102) and ponceau 4R (E124) have been linked to a negative effect on children’s behaviour.

These colours are used in soft drinks, sweets and ice cream.

The Food Standards Agency suggest if signs of hyperactivity or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are seen in a child, these additives should be avoided.

Page 19: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

attention deficit hyperactivity disorderIn 2003, approximately 4.4 million children aged 4--17 years were reported to have a history of ADHD diagnosis; of these, 2.5 million (56%) were reported to be taking medication for the disorder

Some studies have linked some food additives to hyperactivity in children. A recent British study found that childrenwithout a history of any hyperactive disorder showed varying degrees of hyperactivity after consuming fruit drinkswith various levels of additives. Among those that were studied were: Sodium benzoate (E211), Tartrazine (E102),

quinoline yellow (E104), Sunset yellow (E110), Carmosine (E122), Allura red (E129) .

Page 20: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Flavour enhancers

Flavour enhancers bring out the flavour in foods without imparting a flavour of their own, e.g. monosodium glutamate (E612) is added to processed foods. For example some soups, sauces and sausages.

Flavourings, on the other hand, are added to a wide range of foods, usually in small amounts to give a particular taste. These do not have E numbers because they are controlled by different food laws. Ingredients lists will say if flavourings have been used, but individual flavourings might not be named

Page 21: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Sweeteners

Sweeteners include:• intense sweeteners, e.g. saccharin, have a sweetness many times that of sugar and therefore are used in small amounts, e.g. in diet foods, soft drinks, sweetening tablets;

• bulk sweeteners, e.g. sorbitol, have a similar sweetness to sugar and are used at similar levels.

If concentrated cordial drinks that contain sweeteners are given to children between the ages of 6 months to 4 years, it is important to dilute them more than for adults. Infants under 6 months should not be given cordial drinks.

Page 22: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Acids, bases and buffers

•Acids, bases and buffers control the acidity or alkalinity of food, for safety and stability of flavour

• Anti-caking agents• Anti-caking agents ensure free movement or

flow of particles, e.g. in dried milk or table salt

Page 23: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Anti – foaming agents

•Anti-foaming agents prevent or disperse frothing, e.g. in the production of fruit juices

Page 24: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Glazing agents

Glazing agents provide a protective coating or sheen on the surface of foods, e.g. confectionary (for appearance and shelf-life).

Page 25: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Emulsifiers, stabilisers, gelling agentsand thickeners

• Emulsifiers help mix ingredients together that would normally separate, e.g. Lecithins (E322).

• Stabilisers prevent ingredients from separating again, e.g. locust bean gum (E410).

• Emulsifers and stabilisers give food a consistent texture, e.g. they can be found in low-fat spreads.

• Gelling agents are used to change the consistency of a food, e.g. pectin (E440), which is used to make jam.

• Thickeners help give food body, e.g. can be found in most sauces.

Page 26: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Coding of food additives

The food additive coding system was developed by the European Community (EC). The European food additive code numbers are prefixed by 'E' (e.g. E223). These E-numbers indicate the food additives that are approved for use in Europe

Page 27: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

• 100-199 food colors• 200-299 preservatives• 300-399 antioxidants, phosphates, and complexing agents• 400-499 thickeners, gelling agents, phosphates, humectants,

emulsifiers• 500-599 salts and related compounds• 600-699 flavor enhancers• 700-899 not used for food additives (used for feed additives)• 900-999 surface coating agents, gases, sweeteners• 1000-1399 miscellaneous additive• 1400-1499 starch derivatives

Page 28: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food
Page 29: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food
Page 30: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food
Page 31: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food
Page 32: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food
Page 33: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Food safty

Two major groups of food sensitivity are known as food allergy and food intolerance. Food allergies are abnormal immunologic responses to a particular food or food component. In contrast, food intolerances are non-immunologic responses. Generally, total avoidance of the culprit food is necessary for true food allergies. Food intolerances can be managed by limiting the amount of the food or food ingredient that is eaten. Total avoidance is usually not necessary for food intolerances.

Page 34: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Aspartame

Aspartame( 951 )is an artificial sweetener that is used to replace sugars in foods and beverages. The long term effects of aspartame on health have been studied intensively, but results were inconclusive. It is noted that aspartame induces carcinogenic effects in a dose-related manner. Contradictory results were shown in studies which reported that aspartame consumption in foods and beverages does not raise the risk of or other cancersThe acceptable daily intake (ADI) of aspartame is currently 50 mg/kg body weight in the United States

Page 35: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

BenzoateSodium benzoate( 211 )is used as a food colouring and

preservative in foods. Children who consumed a mixture of food colourings and preservatives from soft drinks and confectionery at high levels were found to be more hyperactive than those who did not have the colourings and preservatives

Page 36: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Monosodium glutamate (MSG

•is often added to food as a flavour enhancer but it can also occur naturally in food. In the safety assessment conducted by has been implicated as the causative agent of Chinese restaurant syndrome (CRS) and asthmatic attacks

Page 37: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Nitrates

Nitrates or nitrites are added as a preservative, antimicrobial agent or colour fixative to processed foods such as meats and cheese.

Nitrate also occurs naturally in water, vegetables and plants. The human body converts nitrate in food into nitrite. Nitrite has been implicated in a variety of long term

health effects, including gastric cancer

Page 38: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Sulphite

Sulphite sensitivity is a food intolerant reaction.

Sulphite has many functions, including as a antimicrobial agent. It inhibits enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning, whitens foods, and serves as a dough conditioner. Manifestations of sulphite sensitivity include anaphylaxis and

asthma .

Page 39: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food

Tartrazine

Tartrazine( 102 )is an approved artificial food colour. Tartrazine has been implicated in the aggravation of both asthma and chronic urticaria in some people

Page 40: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food
Page 41: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food
Page 42: Food additives. Outline food additives Direct Food Additives Indirect Food Additives Types of additives roles and functions of food additives in food