1

bdkbZ 4

Hkk"kk esa vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk

4-0 izLrkouk

4-1 mn~ns’;

4-2 'kCndks’k dk mi;ksx

4-3 fo’odks’k

4-4 lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk,a

4-5 dSls@fdl izdkj djsa

4-6 d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k }kjk Okkn~&fookn~ vkSj ppkZ

4-6-1 fo|kFkhZ& fo|kFkhZ

4-6-2 fo|kFkhZ& f’k{kd

4-7 lkjka’k

4-8 vH;kl iz’u@fpUrukRed iz’u

4-9 izxfr dh tkWp ds fy, mRrj

4-10 lUnHkZ@vU; v/;;u

2

4-0 izLrkouk

vkt euq"; dk thou Hkk"kk ds fcuk viax gS D;ksafd Hkk"kk gh og ek/;e gS ftlds tfj, ge viuh

ckr nwljksa rd igqWpkrs gSa vkSj nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa] fopkjksa o euksHkkoksa dks le> ikrs gSa] blfy, Hkk"kk

ls gh gekjh lkaLd`frd igpku curh gSA lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa] Hkk"kk dks fopkjksa rFkk vuqHkoksa dks izdkf’kr

djus dk lkadsfrd lk/ku dg ldrs gSa] vFkkZr euq"; }kjk O;Dr dh xbZ lkFkZd ok.kh dks Hkk"kk dgrs

gSaA

Hkk"kk vf/kxe ,d ikjLifjd fØ;k gS tks d{kk esa lapkj ;k laokn ds :i esa f’k{kd vkSj fo|kFkhZ

ds chp yxkrkj pyrk jgrk gS blh lapkj dks okn&fookn@ppkZ dgk tkrk gSA vf/kxe lzksr dk

rkRi;Z] f’k{k.k ds mu midj.kksa ls gS] ftudk d{kk esa i z;ksx djus ls Nk=ksa dkss ns[kus o lquus okyh

bfUnz;ksa ls Kku izkIr djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA n`’;&JO; lkexzh dk euksOkSKkfud vk/kkj ,d

bfUnz; ds ctk; vusd bfUnz;ksa ls Kku izkIr djuk gS] ftlls Nk= ml Kku dks vis{kkd`r LFkk;h :i

ls vius efLr"d esa /kkj.k dj ldrs gSaA vf/kxe lzksr esa n`’; lzksr] JO; lzksr]JO;&n`’; lzksr vkfn

vkrs gSaA vf/kxe lzksr dh mi;ksfxrk eq[;r% /;ku vkdf"kZr djus] fo"k;oLrq dks ljy cukus]izLrqrhdj.k

djus ,oa Kku eas o`f) djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vr% Hkk"kk vf/kxe dks lh[kus] tkuus ;k iz;ksx

djus ds fy, t:jh gS fd cPpksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kCndks’k dk mi;ksx djuk vkuk pkfg,A vius

Kku dks vf/kd foLrr djus ds fy, fo’odks’k dk Hkh Kku gksuk pkfg,] rHkh ge vius Kku dk vf/kd

ls vf/kd mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vr% bl bdkbZ esa 'kCndks’k dk mi;ksx] fo’odks’k] lekpkj i= o

if=dkvksa dk mi;ksx vkfn ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaxsA

4-1 mn~ns’;% bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki&

'kCndks’k dh mi;ksfxrk ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA

fo’odks’k d s vFkZ dks le>dj] bldk mi;ksx le> ldsaxsA

lekpkj i= ,oa if=dkvksa ds ckjs esa tku dj] blds egRo dks le> ldsaxsA

Hkk"kk esa vf/kxe lzksr ds mi;ksx ds ckjs esa le> ldsaxsA

d{kk esa f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ vkSj fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ ds e/; gksus okyh var%fØ;k }kjk ppkZ

vkSj okn&fookn dks le> ldsaxsA

3

4-2 'kCndks’k dk mi;ksx ¼Use of Dictonary½

'kCndks’k] ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd fof’k"V Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kCnksa dk ,d laxzg gS ftlesa] lwpuk]

ifjHkk"kk,a] mPpkj.k] vuqokn] vFkZ vU; tkudkfj;ka miyC/k jgrh gSa vFkkZr 'kCndks’k ml xzaFk dks dgrs

gSa ftlesa v{kjØe@o.kZØe ls 'kCn vkSj muds vFkZ fn, x, gksrs gSaA ,slk xzUFk ftlesa fdlh Hkk"kk ds

'kCnksa dk o.kZØe esa laxzg rFkk mlh Hkk"kk vFkok vU; Hkk"kk esa fofHkUu 'kCnksa ds mPpkj.k o vFkZ fn, x;s

gksaA cMs+ 'kCndks"kksa esa 'kCnksa ls lEcfU/kr eqgkojs vkSj iz;ksx Hkh fn, tkrs gSaaA

'kCndks’k ,d Hkk"kk esa Hkh fufeZr gksrk gS vkSj vU; Hkk"kk ls vU; Hkk"kk esa Hkh] vFkkZr fganh ds

'kCnksa dk vFkZ fganh esa nsus dh izfØ;k ,d Hkk"kk ls mlh Hkk"kk ls vFkZ crykus okyk 'kCndks’k gS vkSj

laLdr Hkk"kk ls fganh Hkk"kk esa vFkZ crykus okyk 'kCndks’k gSA vaxszth Hkk"kk ls vaxszth Hkk"kk esa vFkZ nsdj

lkFk gh fganh Hkk"kk esa Hkh vFkZ nsus dk izpyu 'kCndks’k esa cgqr ykHknk;d ekuk x;k gSA

cPpksa dks 'kCndks’k dk iz;ksx fl[kkuk fgrdj gksrk gSA mUgsa fdlh 'kCn ds Bhd&Bhd vFkZ]

orZuh vkSj mPpkj.k dks fl[kkus ds fy, 'kCndks’k dks ns[kus dh vknr Mkyuh pkfg,A blls Lor% fØ;k

rFkk vkRe&fo’okl c<+sxk vkSj vf/kd Kku izkIr gksxkA 'kCndks’k ds fØ;kRed rFkk lkFkZd iz;ksx esa

vko’;d dkS’kyksa rFkk ladYiukvksa dk vocks/k dks’k dh rRijrk dgykrk gSA bUgsa lh[k ysus ij fo|kFkhZ

'kCndks’k dk iz;ksx LosPNk ls djrs gSaA dkdkf tc lUnHkZ ¼Contexts½ dks le>us ls o vU; lh[kus dh rduhdksa ds }kjk vFkZ ;fn Li"V

ugha gksrk gS] rks bls tkuus gsrq fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls 'kCndks’k Hkh [kqyok,a rkfd izR;sd 'kCn ds fofHkUu Hksnksa o

Li"V mPpkj.k l s Hkh os ifjfpr gks tk,aA bl rjg 'kCndks’k 'kCnksa dks ekr`Hkk"kk o vaxszth Hkk"kk nksuksa esa

gh vFkZ Li"V djus esa lgk;rk djsaxhA

rks vkb;s tkus fd 'kCndks’k dk mi;ksx dSls djsa&

Hkk"kk ds o.kZekyk ds Øekuqlkj 'kCndks’k dks foHkkftr djsaA

ml 'kCn dh orZuh ¼Spelling½ o o.kZØe ds vk/kkj ij 'kCn [kkstsaA

blds vf/kxe vkSj mPPkkj.k ¼Pronunciation½ ns[ksA

leku 'kCn ds fofHkUu lUnHkZ¼Contexts½ esa mi;ksx ns[ksaA

cksyus ¼Speech½ ds Hkkx vFkkZr laKk] fØ;k] fo’ks"k.k vFkok dksbZ vU; lEcfU/kr 'kCn ns[ksaA

leukFkhZ ¼Synonyms½ ;k leku 'kCn vkSj foykse ¼Antonyms½ ;k foijhr 'kCn ls lEcfU/kr

'kCn ns[ksaA

4

vkb;s dqN fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth 'kCndks’k ds ckjs esa tkus&

uoy th ¼2010½-ukyUnk fo’kky 'kCn lkxj- vknh’k cqd fMiks]ubZ fnYyhA

Sahni,S.B.& Sahni, N. (2014). Sahni Advanced Dictionary, Hindi-Hindi-Eng, Publishers,

Sahni Brothers, Agra.

Kumar, S. & Sahai, R. (2014). Oxford English-English- Hindi Dictonary, Published In

India by Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

4-3 fo’odks’k ¼Encyclopaedia½

fo’odks’k xzhd 'kCn *,u*¼esa½ ls fudyk gS Kyklios ¼pؽ vkSj Paedeia ¼Kku½] nwljs 'kCnksa

esaA Kku dk pØ dHkh&dHkh Kku dh Ja[kyk ds :i esa dgk x;k gSA ,d fo’odks"k esa dbZ fo"k;ksa ls

lacaf/kr lkekU; tkudkjh gksrh gSA fo’odks’k] ,d egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ midj.k ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA

fo’odks’k Kku dh fdlh 'kk[kk dk O;kid lkj gSA ,slk xzUFk ftlesa o.kZØe esa O;ofLFkr

vf/kxe dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa vFkok {ks=ksa ij izdk’k Mkyk tkrk gSA

fo'odks’k cgqr ls xzUFkksa@lkfgR;ksa dk ladyu gksrk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds thou xkFkk

lEcU/kh rFkk lkekU; izdkj ds ys[k gksrs gSaA fo’odks’k esa f’k{kk ls lacaf/kr {ks=ksa dk o.kZu Hkh gksrk gSA

fo’odks’k esa fo"k; lkexzh dk laxBu lkekU;r% o.kZekyk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

,d iw.kZ o foLrr fo"k;lwph] izfrlUnHkZ@y?kq q izfof"V;kW rFkk fofHkUu ladsr vko’;d :i esa

blesa lfEefyr gksrs gSaA f’k{kk ds ,d vPNs Lrj ds fo’odks’k esa ys[k fo}rkiw.kZ gksrs gSa rFkk mldk

lEiw.kZ izk:i O;fDrxr ys[kksa ds Lo:i ,oa izdkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA O;fDrxr ys[k fo’odks’k ds

lkekU; izk:i dh 'kSyh vkfn ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds lHkh i{kksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA

fo'odks’k esa fo’ks"kKksa }kjk fy[ks x, fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij laf{kIr lwpuk;sa gksrh gSaA muds vUrxZr

lwpukvksa ds vuqdwy lk/ku vkSj izk;% m)j.k vkSj lUnHkZ iqLrdsa vkrh gSaA

fo’odks"k] lanHkZ iqLrd gS tks tkudkjh vkSj rF;ksa dks ns[kus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkrh gS

rFkk tks fd ,d fo’ks"k fo"k; ij ,d lkekU; i`"BHkwfe iznku dj ldrs gSaA

fo’odks"k dk mi;ksx yksx vius fo"k;ksa ij vius Kku dks c< +kus ds fy, djrs gSaA izk;% vuqla/kku ds

{ks= esa dk;kZsa dks djus ds fy, fo’odks"k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

5

fo'odks’k ds vUrxZr vusd fo"k;ksa ij lkjxfHkZr ys[k gksrs gSa tks vkf/kdkfjd fo}kuksa }kjk fy[ks

x;s gksrs gSaA buesa vYi iz;kl ls gh vusd egRoiw.kZ lUnHkZ <w¡<s tk ldrs gSaA fo'odks’k ds vUrxZr

'kSf{kd leL;kvksa ij vU;Ur egRoiw.kZ vuqlU/kkuksa ds o.kZu gSA izR;sd fucU/k ,d vf/kdkjh fo}ku }kjk

fy[kk x;k gSA

vkb;s fo’odks’k ls lacaf/kr dqN egRiw.kZ xzaFkkas dks tkus&

Walter,S.Monroe, ed.(1968). Encyclopaedia of Educational Research, American Education

Research Association, Revised ed., The Macmillan Co., New York.

Henry, D. Rivlin and Schueller, H.(1943). Encyclopaedia of Modern Education, Philosophical

Library, New York.

Paul Monroe, ed. ( 1911). Encyclopaedia of Education, The Macmillan Co., New York.

Ralph, B. winn, Ed.,(1943). Encyclopaedia of Child Guidance, Philosophical Library, New

York.

Oscar, J. Kaplan ed., ( 1948). Encyclopaedia of Vocational Guidance, Philosophical Library,

New York. vkb;s fo’odks’k ls lacaf/kr dqN egRiw.kZ xzaFkkas dks tkus&

gekjs ns’k esa yxHkx 35 o"kZ iwoZ Jh ts-ih-uk;d us loZizFke Hkkjrh; f’k{kk dk fo’odks’k RkS;kj djus dk

iz;kl fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj ds fgUnh funs’kky; }kjk f’k{kk dk fo’odks’k 1980 esa izdkf’kr fd;k

x;kA

rks vkb;s dqN izdkf’kr Hkkjrh; f’k{kk ds fo’odks’k ds ckjs esa tkusa&

Rajput,J.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Indian Education. Volume I (A-K), N.C.E.R.T., New

Delhi.

Rajput, J.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Indian Education Volume II, (L-Z), NCERT, New

Delhi.

Monroe,P.(2006). Encyclopedia of Teaching Methods. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi.

6

4-4 lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk, a ¼News Papers and Journal½

lekpkj i= f’k{kk ds {ks= esas u;s fodkl] lEesyu] vfHkys[k vkSj Hkk"k.kksa vkfn dh uohure

lwpuk;s nsrs gSaA uohu ?kVuk;sa vkSj 'kSf{kd lekpkj Hkh lekpkj i=ksa esa izdkf’kr gksrs gSaA lekpkj i=

,d jk"Vª dh laLd`fr dk nSufUnu dk ys[kk&tks[kk gSA gekjs ns’k esa fgUnh] vaxzsth] mnwZ] laLd`fr] ejkBh

,oa vU; {ks=h; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh vusd lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk,a fudyrh jgrh gSa ftlls fo|kFkhZ

izfrfnu dqN&u&dqN bu lekpkj i=ksa ,oa if=dkvksa ls Kku xzg.k djrk jgrk gSA bl izdkj ls ;s

if=dk,a fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vukSipkfjd :i ls f’kf{kr djrh jgrh gSaA lu~ 1953 esa izFke izsl vk;ksx dh

flQkfj’k ds vk/kkj ij 1 tqykbZ 1956 dks Hkkjr ds lekpkj i= iath;d ;k izsl iath;d dk dk;kZy;

vfLrRo esa vk;kA egkjk"V ª ls izdkf’kr ns’k dk lcls iqjkuk lekpkj **ckEcs lekpkj* gSA

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

UkksV% ¼v½ viuk mÙkj iz’u ds uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,A

¼c½ vius mÙkj dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls dhft,A

1- 'kCndks’k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa rFkk 'kCndks’k fdl Øe ds fn;s tkrs

gSaA

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2- fo'odks’k ls vki D;k le{krs gSa\

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3- fo’odks’k ls lacaf/kr fdUgh nks xzaFkksa ds uke fyf[k, \

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4- ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk izdkf’kr fdlh ,d fo’odks’k dk uke fyf[k,A

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7

vkb;s lekpkj i=ksa ds egRo] ykHk] izeq[k lekpkj i= ,oa ,Ttsfl;ksa ds ckjs esa tkus&

lekpkj i= dk egRo

orZeku ;qx esa lekpkj i= gekjs thou dk ,d izeq[k vax cu x;k gSA izkr% mBrs gh ge

lekpkj i= dks i<+us ds fy, csPkSu ls gks mBrs gSaA lqcg gksrs gh lekpkj i= forfjr djus okyk

gkWdj gekjs ?kj bfPNr lekpkj i= igqpk nsrk gSA lekpkj i=ksa ls gesa izfrfnu ns’k&fons’k ds lHkh

{ks=ksa ds lkekpkj ?kj CkSBs izkIr gks tkrs gSA buls gekjs Kku esa o`f) gksrh gS vkSj ge muls cgqr dqN

lh[krs gSaA lekpkj i= O;kikfjd oLrqvksa ds foKkiu ds yksdfiz; lk/ku gSaA

vkt lekpkj i=ksa dh O;kidrk bruh vf/kd c<+ gks xbZ gS fd ;s tu&ekul dk izeq[k vax

cu pqds gSaA lekpkj i= iztkrkaf=d 'kklu iz.kkyh ds izeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSaA blds ek/;e ls O;fDr

vius Hkkoksa] vuqHkoksa o laosnukvksa dks lekt o jk"Vª ds lEeq[k fu"i{k vkSj fuHkZ; gksdj O;Dr dj

ldrk gSA lekpkj i=ksa ds ek/;e ls fdlh fo’ks"k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr yksxksa dk er ;k mudh jk; Hkh

tkuh tk ldrh gSA [ksy txr esa gksus okyh xfrfof/k;kas ds vk;kstu ds ckjs esa irk py tkrk gS fd

Hkfo"; esa dkSu ls vk;kstu fdl frfFk vkSj dgka ij gks jgs gSaA fo’o ds egkure oSKkfudksa]

f’k{kkfonksa] egkiqj"kksa] jktuhfrKksa ,oa f[kykfM;ksa vkfn dks yksdfiz; cukus esa lekpkj i= izeq[k Hkwfedk

vnk djrs gSaA lekpkj foKkiuksa ds ek/;e ls fo|ky;] egkfo|ky;] ,oa fo’ofo|ky; vius laLFkku dk

izpkj&izlkj djrs gSa] ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks viuh vPNh laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esa irk py tkrk gS fd gesa

dkSu ls laLFkku esa izos’k ysuk gSA

vr% lekpkj i=ksa dk ekuo ds thou esa fo’ks"k egRo gSA lekpkj i= fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k lekt ds

fy, ugha vfirq iwjs lekt o jk"Vª ds mRFkku dh Hkkouk ij dk;Z djrs gSaA

lekpkj i=ksa ls ykHk

fofHkUu ljdkjh ,oa xSj uhfr;ksa uhfr;ksa o ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh lekpkj i= ds ek/;e ls gksrh gSA

[ksydwn] laLd`fr] flusek] f’k{kk laca/kh vkfn lekpkj bu lekpkj i=ksa esa Nirs jgrs gSaA blls O;fDrRo

opfj= dk fodkl gksrk gSA izfrfnu lekpkj i= i<+us ls gekjh Hkk"kk vkSj fopkj izdV djus dh {kerk

dk fodkl gksrk jgrk gSA

lekpkj ,UtsfUl;k¡ ¼News Agencies½

vkb;s lekpkj i=ksa dks izdkf’kr djus okyh Hkkjr dh izeq[k lekpkj ,tsfUl;ksa ds ckjs esa tkus&

8

Press Trust of India(PTI): ;g Hkkjr dh lcls cMh lekpkj ,tsUlh gS tks fcuk fdlh

equkQs ds pykbZ tkus okyh lgdkjh laLFkk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 27 vxLr 1947 dks gqbZ vkSj 1

Qjojh 1949 ls blus viuh lsok,a izkjEHk dj nhA ;g fgUnh vkSj vaxszth esa viuh lekpkj

lsok,a ns jgh gSA

United News of India(UNI): United News of India dh LFkkiuk 19 fnlEcj 1959 dks gqbZA

o"kZ 1982 esa ;w-,u-vkbZ- iw.kZ :i ls fgUnh rkj lsok *;wuhokrkZ* dk 'kqHkkjEHk fd;k tks Hkkjr dh

igyh lekpkj ,tsUlh cu xbZA UNI fo’o dh lcls cMh lwpuk dEiuh *jk;Vj* ds ek/;e ls

fo’o ds lekpkj forfjr djrh gSA

Indian Press Council(IPC): Hkkjrh; izsl ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk lekpkj i=ksa dh Lorau=rk dh

j{kk djus] Hkkjr esa lekpkj i=ksa o lekpkj ,tsfUl;ksa ds Lrj dks cuk, j[kus vkSj mlesa lq/kkj

ykus ds mn~ns’; ls laln ds vf/kfu;e ds rgr dh xbZA bl ifj"kn~ ds v/;{k Hkkjr ds

mPpre U;k;ky; ds lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh’k gksrs gSaA ;g iathdr lekpkj i=ksa vkSj lekpkj

,TksfUl;ksa ls 'kqYd olwy djrh gSA dsUnz ljdkj ls vuqnku Hkh izkIr djrh gSA

xqVfujis{k lekpkj ,TksUlh iwy& ;g xqVfuis{k fn’kksa dh lekpkj ,tsfUl;ksa ds chp lekpkj

vknku&iznku djus dh O;oLFkk gSA ;g o"kZ 1976 esa 'kq: gqvkA iwy ds lekpkj pkj Hkk"kkvksa esa

izsf"kr fd, tkrs gSa& vaxszth] Lisfu’k] Qzsap vkSj vjchA

Hkkjr ds izeq[k lekpkj i=

tulRrk] fgUnqLrku] nSfud tkxj.k] nSfud HkkLdj] ubZ nqfu;k] fgLnqLrku VkbLe] VkbLe vkWQ

bafM;k] gfjHkwfe] uo Hkkjr vkfn gSa

¼c½ if=dk,a% le;&le; ij fudyus okyh if=dkvksa dks ,d izdk’ku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k

gS tks fd Øec) Hkkxksa esa izk;% ,d fuf’pr vUrjky ds ckn rFkk vfuf’pr dky rd pyrs jgus ds

mn~ns’; ls izdkf’kr gksrh gSA buds vUrxZr okf"kZd&iqfLrdk] vfHkys[k]ekfld-f=ekfld&Nekgh&okf"kZd

if=dk,a] ,oa le;&le; ij izdkf’kr gksus okyh vUrjkZ"Vªh; if=dkvksa dh lwpkad vkfn vkrs gSaA ;s

if=dk,a lkekU;r% if=dkvksa ds dejs esa [kqyh vyekfj;ksa esa j[kh tkrh gSaA

rks vkb;s f’k{kk ds {ks= esa izdkf’kr gksus okyh dqN egRoiw.kZ if=dkvksa ds ckjs esa tkus&

Journal of All India Association For Educational Research

Journal of Educational Planning and Administration

9

Journal of Indian Education

Indian Education Review

Anweshika: Journal of Teacher Education

Indian Educational Abstract

School Science

Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f’k{kk

izkFkfed f’k{kk

4-5 dSls@fdl izdkj djsa

Hkk"kk dh le> dSls ;k fdl izdkj djsa] vkb;s tkus

;fn cPpksa esa Hkk"kk dh O;kid le> fodflr djuk pkgrs gSa rks ’kCndks’k@miyC/k lkfgR;

dh le> cPpksa esa fodflr djuk gksxkA ’kCndks’k@lkfgR; gesa Hkk"kk ds vusd vk;keksa ij fopkj djus]

lkspus vkSj dYiuk djus ds fofo/k rjhdksa ls ifjfpr djkrk gSA ;gh ugha mlesa Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu ç;ksxksa

dh le> ds lkFk gh vusdkusd lkekftd vuqHko Hkh xqaFks jgrs gSa] ftlesa ekuoh; laosnuk,¡] thou ewY;

vkSj vusd thou vuqHko 'kkfey gksrs gSaA buls Lo;a dks tksM+dj ns[kuk lkekftd laosnuk dks fodflr

djus ds fy, csgn t+:jh gSA

Hkk"kk dh le> fodflr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr dkS’kyksa ,oa ladsrdks a dks Hkh tkuuk vR;ar vko’;d

gSA

Lkqudj le>uk

Lora= :Ik ls viuh ckr dg ikukA

dfork@dgkuh@fooj.k vkfn gko&Hkko lfgr lquk ikukA

nwljksa ds vuqHko lqudj vius ’kCnksa esa lquk ikuk A

le>dj i<+uk

i<+s x, ikB dk lkjka’k vius ’kCnksa esa crk ikukA

funsZ’k@lwpukvksa dks i<+dj le> ikukA

i<+h xbZ lkexzh ds izeq[k rRo xzg.k dj ikukA

10

Hkk"kk fo’ys"k.k

Hkk"kk esa O;kdj.k ds fu;eksa dks igpku ikukA

eqgkojs] dgkorksa vkfn dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dj ikukA

fdlh okD; ;k vuqPNsn eas 'kCn@'kCnksa dks muds i;kZ;okph ;k foykse ls foLFkkfir djus

ij vFkZ esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks le> ikukA

uohu fopkj dh dYiuk

eu ls dgkuh] dfork] ys[k vkfn cuk ikukA

nh xbZ dgkuh] dfork] ys[k vkfn esa ik=ksa@fooj.k vkfn dks cnydj fy[k ikukA

fn, x, fo"k; ij fofHkUu lkexzh@fo"k;oLrq dks i<+dj viuh le> cuk ikukA

rdZ djuk

fdlh ikB~;oLrq ds okD;ksa dks lgh Øe esa yxk ikukA

nh xbZ fo"k;oLrq ij] iz’u cukuk@iz’u djuk@mÙkj ns ikukA

viuh ckr dks D;ksafd] blfy,] vFkkZr] ysfdu vkfn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, LFkkfir dj ikukA

Lora= ,oa l`tukRed vfHkO;fDr

fdlh dfork] dgkuh dks fp=ksa }kjk iznf’kZr djukA

dfork] dgkuh] fooj.k vkfn dks gko&Hkko rFkk mrkj&p<+ko lfgr lquk ikukA

fp=] ?kVuk] LFkku] mRlo vkfn dk o.kZu dj ikukA

fdlh x|ka’k vkSj i|ka’k dks vius 'kCnksa esa fy[k ikukA

fn, x, fo"k; ij vuqPNsn] i= fy[k ikukA

dfork o ukVd dks dgkuh esa rFkk dgkuh dks ukVd esa cny ikukA

fp=dFkk dks laokn ns ikukA

Hkk"kk esa vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx ¼ Use of Learning Resources in Language½

Hkk"kk dks ljy] :fpdj ,oa vkuannk;h cukus ds fy, ge fofHkUu vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A

Rkks vkb;s tkus fd Hkk"kk esa vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx D;ksa vko’;d gS&

/;ku vkdf"kZr djus %& vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds /;ku vkdf"kZr djus rFkk

ikB~;oLrq dks cks/kxE; cukus esa mi;ksxh gksrh gSA

11

fo"k;oLrq dks ljy cukus %& dfBu fo"k; ls lacaf/kr vo/kkj.kkvksa dks ljy] jkspd ,oa

Li"V cukus esa mi;ksxh gksrh gSA

euksoSKkfud ykHk %& cPPkksa dk LoHkko izk;% ubZ oLrqvksa dk fujh{k.k ,oa ijh{k.k djus dh

vksj lnSo vxzflr jgrk gSA os fdlh Hkh uohu oLrq ds izfr :fp ,oa ftKklk iwoZd

tkudkjh dks izkIr djus ds fy, lnSo iz;Ru’khy jgrs gSaA vr% vf/kxe lzksr ds Ikz;ksx ls

Nk=ksa dks v/;;u ds izfr :fpiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k cukuk ,oa vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk

euksoSKkfud nf"V ls ykHknk;d gSA

KkusfUnz;ksa dk vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx %& uohu vuq“o xzg.k djus ds fy, ftruh vf/kd ls

vf/kd KkusfUnz;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mlesa mruh gh vf/kd lqfo/kk gksrh gSA

le; dh cpr %& vf/kxe lzksr dk iz;ksx fd, tkus ls v/;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ nksuksa ds gh

le; dh cpr gksrh gSA dbZZ eq[; ckrsa ,slh gksrh gSa ftUgsa vxj ’kCnksa ds }kjk gh v/;kid

le>kus yxs rks mls cgqr vf/kd le; yxrk gSA

,dkxzrk %& tc v/;kid d{kk esa vf/kxe lzksr dks cPpksa ds lEeq[k izLrqr djrk gS rks os

mu uohu oLrqvksa dks ftKklkiwoZd ,dkxzfpr gksdj ns[krs] lqurs o le>rs gSaA

vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx d{kk esa dc] dSls ,oa fdl izdkj djsa &

d{kk esa vkrs dh vf/kxe lzksr dks u rks nhokyksa ij yxk,a vkSj u gh vU; LFkkuksa ij [kqyk

j[ksaaA

d{kk esa ftl le; vf/kxe lzksr dk izn’kZu djuk gks rHkh mls cPpksa dks fn[kkuk pkfg,A

vf/kxe lalk/ku@lzksr dks Ik;kZIr ÅWpkbZ ij j[kdj iznf’kZr djuk pkfg, rkfd lHkh

cPpksa dks fn[kkbZ nsA

;g fo"k;oLrq o Nk=ksa ds vuqdwy gksA

vf/kxe lzksr mnn~s’;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, i;kZIr] mi;qDr] Li"V ,oa iBuh; gksA

vf/kxe lzksr vklkuh ls le> esa vkus okyh vkSj d{kk esa lh[kus dh fØ;kvksa dks

izksRlkfgr djus okyh gksA

vf/kxe lzksr cPpksa ds LFkkuh; ifjos’k] fo"k;oLrq vkSj lkekftd i`"BHkwfe ls tqM+h gksA

12

fofHkUu vf/kxe lzksr &

Hkk"kk iz;ksx’kkyk

fo"k;oLrq ,oa f’k{k.k fof/k lEcU/kh 'kSf{kd lkexzh

iz’u cSad

f’k{kd gLriqfLrdk

Nk= dk;ZiqfLrdk

Lo&vf/kxe 'kSf{kd lzksr

f’k{k.k lzksr fdV

pkVZ] ekaMy

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

UkksV% ¼v½ viuk mÙkj iz’u ds uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,A

¼c½ vius mÙkj dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls dhft,A

5- lekpkj i= ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA United News of India dh LFkkiuk

dc gqbZA

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6- if=dk ¼Journal½ ls vki D;k le{krs gSa\ fdUgh nks if=dkvksa ds uke

fyf[k,A

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7- Hkk"kk dh le> fodflr djus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dkS’kyksa ,oa ladsrdksa

dks crk;k x;k] buds eq[; fcUnqvksa dks fyf[k,A

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13

4.6 d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k }kjk Okkn fookn vkSj ppkZ

¼Debate and Discuss Through Classroom Interaction)

vk/kqfud dky esa f’k{k.k ls rkRi;Z fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Kku iznku djuk ek= gh ugh gS cfYd

f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds e/; vUr%fØ;k ls fy;k tkrk gSA ¶ys.MlZ ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k ,d lkekftd fØ;k gS

tks f’k{kd o fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds e/; vUr%fØ;k ls lEiUu gksrh gSA d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k eq[;r% f’k{kd vkSj

fo|kFkhZ ds e/; pyrh gSA f’k{k.k izfØ;k esa ,d vksj fo|kFkhZ lh[kus okyk gS rks nwljh vksj f’k{kd

fl[kkus okyk gksrk gSA d{kk esa f’k{k.k ds vUrxZr f’k{kd] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk voyksdu djrk gS] mudh

Hkkoukvksa dk vuqHkwfr djrk gS rFkk vf/kdkf/kd le>us dk iz;kl djrk gS] fo"k;oLrq dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

lEeq[k izLrqr djrk gS] mldk fo’ys"k.k djrk gS ,oa O;k[;k djrk gS vr% bu lHkh f’k{k.k fØ;kvksa eas

Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA f’k{k.k eq[;r% ,d 'kkfCnd O;ogkj gksrk gS ;|fi f’k{kd ds psgjs ds

gko&Hkko] 'kkjhfjd fØ;k;sa vkfn tSls v’kkfCnd O;ogkj Hkh d{kk esa gksrs gS ijUrq fujh{k.kksa ls ;g irk

pyrk gS fd d{kk f’k{k.k esa 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dh gh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA

f’k{k.k fØ;kvksa dh lqO;fLFkr iz.kkyh gS ftlesa vf/kxe f’k{kd&fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikjLifjd

fØ;kvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA f’k{kd vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikjLifjd@vUr%fØ;k dks f’k{k.k dgrs gSaA

f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ,oa fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ ds e/; 'kkfCnd lEizs"k.k ds fujh{k.k rFkk vadu fof/k dks gh d{kk

vUr%fØ;k fo’ys"k.k izfof/k Hkh dgrs gSaA

d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k dk oxhZdj.k pkj izeq[k ?kVdksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&

d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k

Classroom Interaction

'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k v’kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k

izR;{k vizR;{k izksRlkgu grksRlkgu

14

d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k eq[;r% nks :Ikksa esa gksrh gS&

¼v½ 'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k ¼Verval Interaction½

d{kk esa tc f’k{kd rFkk fo|kFkhZ cksydj ppkZ djrs gSa rks bl O;ogkj dks 'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k

dgrs gSaA blesa vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e ekSf[kd] fyf[kr RkFkk izrhdkRed gksrk gSA izk;% 'kkfCnd

vUr%fØ;k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA

izR;{k% ;g og O;ogkj gksrk gS ftlesa f’k{kd d{kk esa viuk izHkko o izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dh ps"Vk

djrk gS] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fopkjksa o O;ogkjksa dh vkykspuk djrk gS] d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Lora=rkiwoZd

cksyus dk volj iznku ugh djrk gSA blesa fo|kFkhZ dks oS;fDrd&fHkUurk ds euksoSKkfud rF; dks

Lohdkj ugh fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh bPNk] Lrj] ewY;] mn~ns’;] fu.kZ;] dY;k.k ds

fy;s dksbZ LFkku ugh gksrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fodkl ,oa 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa ck/kk

mifLFkr gksrh gSA

vizR;{k% ;g og O;ogkj gksrk gS ftlesa f’k{kd d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dk;Z djus dh] mUgsa fopkjksa dks

vfHkO;Dr djus dh LorU=rk iznku djrk gS rks bl izdkj ds O;ogkj ds vizR;{k O;ogkj dh laKk nh

tkrh gSA f’k{kd] fo|kFkhZ ds fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS rFkk mudk Li"Vhdj.k djrk gS] og vius

fopkjksa dks ekuus ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ck/; ugha djrkA d{kk esa f’k{kd de cksyrk gS vkSj fo|kfFk Z;ksa

dks cksyus dk vf/kd volj iznku djrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks le> dj mudk lek/kku

djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ,slk f’k{kd iz’u vf/kd iw WNrk gS ftlls fo|kFkhZ v/;;u&v/;kiu izfØ;k esa

fØ;k’khy jgus dh izsj.kk izkIr djrs gSaA

¼c½ v'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k ¼ Non-Verval Interaction½

v'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k og O;ogkj gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ rFkk f’k{kd ds e/; cksydj Hkkoksa o

fopkjksa dk lEizs"k.k ugh gksrk gS vfirq gko&Hkko o ladsr ds }kjk gksrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izksRlkfgr

djus ds fy;s f’k{kd dk flj fgykuk] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks cksyus ls jksdus ds fy;s vaxqyh dk iz;ksx]

eqLdjkuk vkfn lHkh fØ;k;sa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f’k{kd ds fopkjksa o Hkkoksa ls voxr djkrh gSA fdlh fo|kFkhZ

ds xyr dke ij f’k{kd ;fn Øks/k ls yky ihyk gksdj mldh vksj ns[krk gS] rks fuf’pr gh fo|kFkhZ

le{k tkrk gS fd mls dke ugh djuk pkfg,A fdlh fo|kFkhZ }kjk dk;Z fd;s tkus ij f’k{kd ;fn

psgjs ij eqLdjkgV ykrk gS] ruko dks de djrk gS vkSj flj fgykrk gS rks fo|kFkhZ ml izdkj ls dk;Z

djus ls vf/kd izksRlkfgr gksrk gSA

15

4.6.1 fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ (Student-Student)

d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ds le; fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ ds e/; vkil esa okn~&fookn~ ;k ppkZ,a Hkh gksrh

jgrh gaSA d{kk esa izk;% fo|kFkhZ vius lgikBh ;k lewg ds lkFk CkSBrs gSa ;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vyx&vyx

lewg cuk fn;k tkrk gSA

fo|kFkhZ (Students) fo|kFkhZ (Students)

fo|kFkhZ (Students) fo|kFkhZ (Students)

fp= 1% d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k

d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ds le; fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ izk;% fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh ppkZ,a ,oa okn~&fookn~

djrs gSaA

i<+kbZ tk jgh fo"k;oLrq ij% d{kk esa i<+kbZ tk jgh fo"k;oLrq ds dfBu foUnqvksa ij

fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ vkil esa ppkZ djds leL;k dk lek/kku fudkyus dk iz;kl djrs gSa vkSj ;fn

leL;k dk lek/kku ugh fudky ikrs rks fQj f’k{kd ls iwaNrs gSaA

f’k{kd ds Kku ij% tc fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f’k{kd vius fo"k; dks vPNs <a+x ls i<+krs gS] cPpksa dks

le> esa Hkh vkrk gS rFkk cPpksa }kjk iwNs x;s izR;sd iz’u dk tckc Hkh nsrs gaS rks fo|kFkhZ vkil

esa ppkZ djrs gSa fd bl f’k{kd dks fo"k; ds ckjs essa cgqr vPNk Kku gSA blds foijhr tc

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f’k{kd vPNs <ax ls ugh i<+krs gS] izk;% fo"k; dkss vkSipkfjdrk ek=k Ik<+krs gS

ftlls cPpksa dks le> esa ugha vkrk gS rFkk cPpksa }kjk iwNs x;s iz’u dk tckc Hkh Bhd <+ax ls

ugha nsrs gaS rks fo|kFkhZ vkil esa ppkZ djrs gSa fd bl f’k{kd dks fo"k; ds ckjs essa vPNk Kku

ugh gSA

16

x`gdk;Z ij% d{kk esa i<krs le; f’k{kd] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks x`gdk;Z Hkh nsrs gSa ftldh ppkZ fo|kFkhZ

vkil esa Hkh djrs gSaA

ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ij% fo|ky; esa gks jgh ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa fo|kFkhZ vkil esa

ppkZ djrs gSaA cPps fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku fp=dkjh] dgkuh] dfork] xhr] isfUVax]vkfn

EkkSfyd@ mYys[kuh; dk;kZsa dks QksYMj@Qkby esa O;ofLFkrdj iksVZQksfy;ks ds :Ik esa la/kkfjr

djrs gSA iksVZQksfy;ks esa la/kkfjr dh xbZ fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dks cPps vius rFkk vius lkfFk;ksa

ds dk;kZsa dk voyksdu dj okn~&fookn~ ,oa ppkZ,a Hkh djrs gSaA

lkaLd`frd dk;ZØeksa ij% fo|ky; esa gks jgh fofHkUu lkaLd`frd dk;ZØeksa ij fo|kFkhZ vkil esa

ppkZ o okn~&fookn~ djrs gSaA

?kVuk ls lEcfU/kr% dHkh&dHkh vius lkFk ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh cPps ,d

nwljs ls ppkZ djrs gSaA

ijh{kk iz.kkyh ij % ijh{kk iz.kkyh ij Hkh cPps vkil esa ppkZ djrs gSa fd ijh{kk esa iz’u fdl

izdkj ls iwWNs tk;sxsA iz’uksa ds izdkj vFkkZr oLrqfu"B] vfry?kqmRrjh;] Yk?kqmRrjh;] nh?kZ

mRrjh; iz’uksa ds okjs esa cPps ,d nwljs ls okn~&fookn~ djrs gSaA

mijksDr fcUnqvksa ds vykok dHkh&dHkh cPps ,d nwljs ls vkil esa fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k] ikfjokfjd

okrkoj.k] lkekU; Kku] 'kSf{kd Hkze.k] fo|ky; esa gks jgs [ksydwn vkfn ij Hkh ppkZ djrs jgrs gSaA

4-6-2 f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ¼Teacher-Student½

bl fØ;k esa d{kk v/;kiu ds nkSjku f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds e/; fdlh [kkl fcUnqvksa ij ppkZ gksrh

gSA d{kk esa f’k{k.k ds varxZr f’k{kd&fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk voyksdu djrk gS] mudh Hkkoukvksa dk vuqHkwfr

djrk gS rFkk vf/kdkf/kd le>us dk iz;kl djrk gS] og fo"k;oLrq dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lEeq[k izLrqr

djrk gS] mldk fo’ys"k.k djrk gS] O;k[;k djrk gS] bu lHkh f’k{k.k fØ;kvksa esa Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk

IkMrk gSA Hkk"kk fl[kkus gsrq fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls vki mlh Hkk"kk esa ckrphr djsa ftl Hkk"kk esa vki fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dks fl[kk jgs gSaA vkidk okrkZyki tks ikB vkius i<+k;k gS mlh ls lacaf/kr gksxk] rks fo|kFkhZ blesa Hkkx

ysaxsA loZizFke d{kk esa iwNs] muds tokc ekaxs] lHkh ds tokc lqus ,oa lqudj ;fn dgha xyrh gks rks

Bhd djsa vkSj mRrj ';keiV~V ij fy[ksaA bl izdkj iz’uksRrj ds ek/;e ls d{kk esa okrkZyki tkjh

gksxkA

17

v/;kid¼Teacher)

fo|kFkhZ¼Student)

fp= 2% d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ¼Classroom Interaction)

vkb;s d{kk v/;kiu ds nkSjku f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds chp gksus okys okn~&fookn ,oa ppkZ dks ,d

mnkgj.k ds ek/;e ls le{ks fd fdl izdkj ls f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds chp d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k¼Classroom

Interaction) gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k% *voLFkk ds ifjorZu* ds ckjs esa ppkZ djukA

f’k{kd% D;k vki *voLFkk ds ifjorZu* ds ckjs esa crk ldrs gSaA

fo|kFkhZ% ugha

f’k{kd% rks vkb;s *voLFkk ds ifjorZu ds ckjs esa le>sA D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd nzo dh

fdruh voLFkk,a gksrh gSa\

fo|kFkhZ% gkW] nzo dh rhu voLFkk,a gksrh gSaA

f’k{kd% dkSu&dkSu lh gksrh gSa crkb;sA

fo|kFkhZ% Bksl] nzo ,oa xSl

f’k{kd% cgqr vPNkA ;fn vki cQZ dks rikvksxs rks D;k gksxk\

fo|kFkhZ% lj] ;g fi?kydj ikuh cu tk;sxhA

f’k{kd% 'kkck’k] bl izdkj cQZ dks rkius ij rjy cu tkrk gSA

rks vc crkb;s fd D;k ekse Hkh rikus ij fi?ky tk,xh\

18

fo|kFkhZ% gkW] ekse Hkh rikus ij fi?ky tk,xhA

f’k{kd% cgqr vPNkA crkb;s fd fi?kys gq, ekse dks B.Mk djus ij D;k gksxk\

fo|kFkhZ% fi?kys gq, ekse dks B.Mk djus ij ekse Bksl esa cny tk;sxhA

f’k{kd% 'kkck’k] rks crkb;s fd mijksDr mnkgj.k ls D;k fu"d"kZ fudyrk gSA

fo|kFkhZ% lj ugh ekyweA

f’k{kd% Bksl rikus ij rjy voLFkk esa vkSj B.Mk djus ij iqu% Bksl voLFkk esa cny tkrk gSA

fo|kFkhZ% rks D;k bls gh voLFkk ds ifjorZu dgrs gSaA

f’k{kd% gk¡] bls gh voLFkk ds ifjorZu dgrs gSaA

bl izdkj d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ds ek/;e ls f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds chp okn ~&fookn~ ls cPpksa dks

voLFkk ds ifjorZu ds ckjs esa le> fodflr gks x;hA

d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ds le; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lewg esa CkSBkdj f’k{k.k djokuk pkfg,] rkfd fo|kFkhZ vkil

esa Hkh ,d nwljs ls vUr%fØ;k dj ldsA

lewg esa f’k{k.k dk;Z djokrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&

lewg dk;Z djrs gq, cPpksa dk fujh{k.k djsa o mUgsa vko’;drk gksus ij ekxZn’kZu nsaA

lewg dk;Z djokrs le; lewg esa lHkh Js.kh ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks 'kkfey djsa] rkfd muesa vkilh

lgk;rk ls dk;Z djus dk fodkl gksA

lewg esa lHkh dks /khjs&/khjs ckr djus o gy djus gsrq izsfjr djsaaA

lewg dk;Z ds izn’kZu gsrq lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ekSdk nsaA

lewg dk;Z esa cSBd O;oLFkk o vuq’kklu ij fo’ks"k /;ku nsaA

ftl lewg dk d{kk esa csgrjhu izn’kZu gks mls vfHkizsfjr djsaA

19

4.7 lkjka’k

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki&

'kCndks’k dks le> lds fd ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd fof’k"V Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kCnksa dk ,d laxzg

gS] ftlesa lwpuk] ifjHkk"kk,a] mPpkj.k] vuqokn ,d 'kCn ds vusd vFkZ ,oa vU; tkudkfj;ka

miyC/k jgrh gSaA

fo’odks’k ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxs fd fo'odks’k cgqr ls xzUFkksa@lkfgR;ksa dk ladyu gksrk gS]

ftlesa fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds thou xkFkk lEcU/kh rFkk lkekU; izdkj ds ys[k gksrs gSaA

lekpkj i= ds egRo] YkkHk] Hkkjr ds izeq[k lekpkj i=] ,oa Hkkjr ds izeq[k lekpkj ,tsfUl;ksa

ds ckjs esa tkus lds fd ;s i= f’k{kk ds {ks= esa gks jgs u;s fodkl] lEesyu] vfHkys[k vkSj

ns’k&fons’k esa gks jgh fnu&izfrfnu dh ?kVukvksa vkfn dh egRoiw.kZ lwpuk;as iznku djrs gSaA

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

UkksV% ¼v½ viuk mÙkj iz’u ds uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,A

¼c½ vius mÙkj dh rqyuk bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls dhft,A

8- 'kkfCnd ,oa v’kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

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9- f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds e/; d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k esa izk;% fdl izdkj dh ppkZ

gksrh gSA

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10- 'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA

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20

f’k{kk ds {ks= esa izdkf’kr gksus okyh egRoiw.kZ if=dkvksa tSls% Journal of All India Association

For Educational Research, Journal of Indian Education, Indian Education Review,

Anweshika: Journal of Teacher Education vkfn dh mi;ksfxrk ds ckjs esa tku ldsA

Hkk"kk dh le> fodflr djus ds fy, fofHkUu dkS’kyksa ,o a ladsrdksa tSls% Lkqudj le>uk]

le>dj i<+uk] Hkk"kk fo’ys"k.k] uohu fopkj dh dYiuk] rdZ djuk] Lora= ,oa l`tukRed

vfHkO;fDr vkfn ds ckjs esa tku ldsA

Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu vf/kxe lzksr tSls% Hkk"kk iz;ksx’kkyk] fo"k;oLrq ,oa f’k{k.k fof/k lEcU/kh 'kSf{kd

lkexzh] iz’u cSad] f’k{kd gLriqfLrdk] Nk= dk;ZiqfLrdk]Lo&vf/kxe 'kSf{kd lzksr ,oa f’k{k.k

lzksr fdV ds ckjs esa tku ldsA

fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ ,oa f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds chp gksus okyh d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k dks Okkn~&fookn~

vkSj ppkZ }kjk le> lds fd buds chp fdl izdkj dh ppkZ,a gksrh gSaA

'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k dks le> lds fd ;g og O;ogkj gS ftlesa f’k{kd rFkk fo|kFkhZ cksydj

ppkZ djrs gSaA

v’kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k dks le> lds fd ;g og O;ogkj gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ rFkk f’k{kd ds e/;

cksydj Hkkoksa o fopkjksa dk lEizs"k.k ugh gksrk gS vfirq gko&Hkko rFkk ladsr ds }kjk gksrk gSA

4-8 vH;kl iz’u@fpUrukRed iz’u

1- 'kCndks’k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 'kCndks’k dk mi;ksx vki dSls djrs gSaA

2- 'kCndks’k dk D;k egRo gS] D;k vkius dHkh viuk 'kCndks’k cuk;k gS ;fn ugh rks D;ksa vkSj

;fn gkW rks fdl izdkj dkA

3- fo'odks’k ls D;k vk’k; gSA fo’odks’k dks mi;ksx fdl fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fo’odks’k ls

lacaf/kr rhu xzaFkkas ds uke fyf[k, tks bl bdkbZ esa u fn;s x;s gksaA

4- 'kCndks’k ,oa fo’odks’k esa D;k varj gS le>kb;sA

5- lekpkj i= dk D;k egRo gS ,oa Hkkjr dh izeq[k lekpkj ,tsfUl;ksa dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA

6- Hkkjr ds izeq[k lekpkj i=ksa ds uke fyf[k,A

21

7- if=dkvksa¼Journal½ ds ckjs esa vki D;k le>rs gSa\ if=dkvksa dk mi;ksx izk;% fdl fy, fd;k

tkrk gSA f’k{kk ds {ks= esa izdkf’kr gksus okyh egRoiw.kZ if=dkvksa ds uke fyf[k, ,oa ;s if=dk,a

dgka ls o dc&dc izdkf’kr gksrh gSa] fyf[k,A

8- vki Hkk"kk dh le> dSls ,oa fdl izdkj djsaxsA Hkk"kk esa vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx D;ksa vko’;d

gSA le>kb;sA

9- vf/kxe lzksr dk mi;ksx d{kk esa dc] dSls ,oa fdl izdkj djsaxsaA fofHkUu vf/kxe lzksrksa ds

uke fyf[k,A

10- d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ds oxhZdj.k ds izeq[k

?kVdksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

11- d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ds le; fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ esa fdl izdkj ls Okkn&fookn vkSj ppkZ gksrh

gSA vius 'kCnksa esa fy[kdj] mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA

12- d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k ds le; f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ esa fdl izdkj ls Okkn~&fookn~ vkSj ppkZ gksrh

gSA mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb;sA

13- ns’k dk lcls iqjkuk lekpkj i= dkSu lk gS ,oa ;g lekpkj i= dgka ls izdkf’kr gksrk gSA

14- ih-Vh-vkbZ ,oa ;w-,u-vkbZ dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZA

15- Hkkjrh; izsl ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk fdl mn~ns’; dh xbZA

16- xqVfujis{k lekpkj ,TksUlh iwy fdl o"kZ 'kq: dh xbZA

17- D;k vki lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk,a i<+rs gSaA ;fn gkW rks dkSu lk lekpkj i= ,oa if=dk,a i<rs

gSa\

18- D;k vki if=dkvksa esa dfork] vuqla/kku isij ;k ys[k Nius ds fy, nsrs gSa ;fn gkW rks fdl

izdkj dh dfork] vuqla/kku isij ;k ys[k Niokus esa :fp ysrs gSaA

22

4-9 izxfr dh tkWp ds fy, mRrj

1- ,slk 'kCndks’k ftlesa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd fof’k"V Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kCnksa dk ,d laxzg gksrk gS

ftlesa lwpuk] ifjHkk"kk,a] mPpkj.k] vuqokn] vFkZ vkSj vU; tkudkfj;ka miyC/k jgrh gSaA

'kCndks’k eq[;r% Hkk"kk ds o.kZekyk ds Øekuqlkj fn;s tkrs gSaA

2- fo'odks’k cgqr ls xzUFkksa@lkfgR;ksa dk ladyu gksrk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds thou xkFkk

lEcU/kh rFkk lkekU; izdkj ds ys[k gksrs gSaA fo’odks"k esa dbZ fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa lkekU; tkudkjh

nh xbZ gksrh gSA ,slk xzUFk ftlesa o.kZØe esa O;ofLFkr vf/kxe dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa vFkok {ks=ksa

ij izdk’k Mkyk tkrk gSA

3- fo’odks’k ls lacaf/kr fdUgh nks xzaFkksa ds uke fuEufyf[kr gSa&

Henry, D. Rivlin and Schueller, H. (1943). Encyclopaedia of Modern Education,

Philosophical Library, New York.

Walter,S.Monroe, ed.(1968). Encyclopaedia of Educational Research, American

Education Research Association, Revised ed, The Macmillan Co., New York.

4- ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk izdkf’kr fo’odks’k dk uke gS&

Rajput, J.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Indian Education Volume II, (L-Z), NCERT, New

Delhi.

5- lekpkj i= f’k{kk ds {ks= esa u;s fodkl] lEesyu] vfHkys[k vkSj Hkk"k.kksa dh uohure lwpuk;s

nsrs gSaA uohu ?kVuk;sa vkSj 'kSf{kd lekpkj Hkh lekpkj i=ksa esa izdkf’kr gksrs gSaA lekpkj i=

,d jk"Vª dh laLd`fr dk nSufUnu dk ys[kk&tks[kk gSA United News of India dh LFkkiuk 19

fnlEcj 1959 dks gqbZA

6- if=dk ¼Journal½ % le;&le; ij fudyus okyh if=dkvksa dks ,d izdk’ku ds :i esa

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS tks fd Øec) Hkkxksa esa izk;% ,d fuf’pr vUrjky ds ckn rFkk

vfuf’pr dky rd pyrs jgus ds mn~ns’; ls izdkf’kr gksrh gSA

nks if=dkvksa ds uke fuEufyf[kr gSa&

Journal of All India Association For Educational Research

Journal of Indian Education

23

7- Hkk"kk dh le> fodflr djus ds fy, eq[;r% Lkqudj le>uk] le>dj i<+uk] Hkk"kk fo’ys"k.k]

uohu fopkj dh dYiuk]rdZ djuk] Lora= ,oa l`tukRed vfHkO;fDr vkfn gS dkS’kyksa ,oa

ladsrdksa dks crk;k x;kA

8- 'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k% d{kk esa tc f’k{kd rFkk fo|kFkhZ cksydj ppkZ djrs gSa rks bl O;ogkj dks

'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k dgrs gSaA blesa vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e ekSf[kd] fyf[kr RkFkk izrhdkRed gksrk

gSA v'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k% ;g og O;ogkj gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ rFkk f’k{kd ds e/; cksydj Hkkoksa o

fopkjksa ds lEizs"k.k ls ugh gksrk] vfirq gko&Hkko rFkk ladsr ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA

9- f’k{kd&fo|kFkhZ ds e/; d{kkxr vUr%fØ;k esa izk;% i<kbZ tk jgh fo"k;OkLrq ls lacaf/kr ppkZ

gksrh gSA tSls] blesa **voLFkk ds ifjorZu** ls lacafr/kr ppkZ dh xbZA

10- 'kkfCnd vUr%fØ;k dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS& izR;{k ,oa vizR;{kA

4-10 lUnHkZ@vU; v/;;u

AIAER. (2015). Journal of All India Association for Educational Research(AIAER), Volume 24,

Number 1, June, Bhubaneswar.

Buch,M.B.(Ed.).(1997). Fifth Survey of Research in Education. National Council of Educational

Research and Training (N.C.E.R.T.), New Delhi.

VCE. (2011). Research Pool. Volume-1, Issue-1, July-Dec., Victoria College of Education,

Bhopal.

Wragg. E. C. (1999). An Introduction to Classroom Observation (2nd Ed.). Routledge Falmer,

London.

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-¼2005½- jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf’k{k.k

ifj"kn~¼NCERT½] ubZ fnYyhA

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-¼2015½- izkFkfed f’k{kd]’kSf{kd laokn dh if=dk jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj

izf’k{k.k ifj"kn~¼NCERT½] ubZ fnYyhA

,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-¼2015½- 'kkyk baVuZf’ki] Mh-,y-,M-] ekWM;wy] jkT; f’k{kk dsUnz] jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku

vkSj izf’k{k.k ifj"kn¼SCERT½] HkksikyA

24

,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-¼2011½- f’k{kd f’k{k.k lkexzh] lkeF;Z] izf’k{k.k ekWM;wy] jkT; f’k{kk dsUnz] jkT; 'kSf{kd

vuqla/kku vkSj izf’k{k.k ifj"kn¼SCERT½] HkksikyA

,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-¼2012½- e-iz-xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr vf/kxe dk;ZØe] f’k{kd ekxZnf’kZdk] jkT; f’k{kk

dsUnz] jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf’k{k.k ifj"kn¼SCERT½] HkksikyA

'kekZ] ds-ds]; f=osnh] lq/kk ,oa vU; ¼2005½- f’k{kk 'kCndks’k] Lokfr ifCyds’kUl] t;iqjA

flag],y-lh-¼2005½- lw{e f’k{k.k-,p-ih- HkkxZo cqd gkml] vkxjkA

flag]jkeiky ,oa 'kekZ] vks-ih-¼2015½-'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh]vxzoky ifCyds’kUl] vkxjkA

jk;] ikjlukFk ¼2006½- vuqla/kku ifjp;- yEeh ukjk;.k vxzoky] vkxjkA