b.com english notes

Upload: ramzanm

Post on 06-Apr-2018

237 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    1/26

    9f

    4908:3.943,38.42!,79

    ,9844/

    %0244/41,;07-8902,33073.90,.94347.43/9438.43.0;0/473903/0/

    3389070,709700;07-244/8

    3/.,9;0,;07-89,93,3,55,70391,.947,83,6:08943%8890,;07-8,70

    3472,:80/338

    2507,9;0,;07-89,93,.422,3/47706:089

    $:-:3.9;0,;07-0570883,/4:-9/08708:554894347.43/943.4397,7941,.9

    2507,9;0$03903.0

    3 2507,9;0 803903.0 ,88 706:0898 47 .422,3/8 8420430 94 /4 842093 3

    2507,9;0803903.0/7458908:-0.9

    $42092080382590;07-41,32507,9;0803903.087010770/94988,/94-03

    902507,9;0244/,25084,,

    !0,804,,

    43.42007050,80

    438349908:-0.9-:9,/70.9,//7088

    @f@9

    f ff f f 9 f

    f 9 f nn f f fn f

    9f 9 f fn f f

    9 fn n n fn

    9 f % f f

    f 9 n f n

    nnf 9 f f f

    9 fn n n

    f9ffnffnnffn

    #010;0!7434:3

    3 7010;0 57434:3 7010.98 , 34:3 47 57434:3 - 9,3 90 5,.0 41 98 ,390.0/039

    039034:34757434:38/43842093949801

    3387010;057434:38,70 14720/ :89 039038;0 57434:38-,//3 80147

    80;089490744957434:3

    ,25080:3/077,90/4:780;08-01470907,.0

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    2/26

    9f

    %0.,9,80/07801.,701:907943:0

    %0437010;057434:38324/07338,70901443

    28014:780128010780198014:780;084:780;08,3/90280;08

    &%$,3/!#!$%$

    43:3.9438 ,70 :80/94 .4330.947/8 57,808 47 .,:808,3/!705489438

    ,70 9480 .4330.93 47/8 9,9 84 90 70,94341,34:3 47 57434:3 944907

    47/83,803903.0

    &%$:80/3.4330.9347/857,80847.,:808

    ,447/3,9043:3.94388:.,8,3/,3/-:9,705,.0/309949047/8

    ,3/ /0,8 90 .4330.9 ,2508 O 0 ,8 89743 3 -4/ ,3/ 23/

    O$0,8897432039,-:934958.,

    - $:-47/3,90 43:3.9438 ,70 :80/ 03 430 /0, 3 , 803903.0 8

    /0503/039:543,34907/0,%08:-47/3,90.43:3.9438:80/94.4330.990

    /0503/039 9 90 2,3 94:9 ,2508

    94 3/.,90 .43.08843 0 ,94: 0;03 1 94:

    O %4: 8420 41 90 ;4:390078 30;07 840/ 0 89 5,.0/ , 70,9

    3:2-0741-408

    94 84 .,:80 0 34 9,9 -0.,:80 ,8 83.0

    O 0 ,8 90723,90/ -0.,:80 41 8 0.088;0 ,-80390082

    94 057088 , .43/943 0 1 43 574;/0/ 9,9 0.059 9,9 :3088

    O %0 40 5740.9 -0 /0,0/ :3088 9,9 852039 ,77;08 94/,

    94 3/.,90 5:75480 0 3 47/07 9,9 84 9,9

    O 0 .,0/ 3 , 705,.02039 84 9,9 80 .4:/ 4 420,3/09 8420 7089

    94 1 ,920 0,843,8 0;07 83.0:39,19070334 9,9-01470

    O;0783.00389,0/9,9308419,7097,.34:7852039880,807

    .4770,9;043:3.9438,709480:80/35,78 030907347090747

    349 43-:9 ,84 ,3/ 84:/ -0 5,.0/ 309 94 90 47/8 90 .4330.9

    ,2508O 9 07 0 2009 90 -:/09 47 /4383 -0 90 ,9073,9;0

    O $0 8 70850.90/ - 30907 07 .0398 347 07 .40,:08

    O %0 349 43 1380/ 90 5740.9 43 920 -:9 ,84 .,20 3 -04-:/09

    !#!$%$,70:80/94849070,94341,34:34757434:394

    ,3490747/390803903.0

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    3/26

    9f

    ,2508

    O %0 /0103/,39 ,8 84.0/ - 90;07/.9 1742 90 :7

    570548943-8489070,943419034:3;07/.99490;07-84.0/

    ,70 2:89-0 9,03 9 90:80 41 5705489438 1903 9070 8 .431:843

    :839014435705489438

    ,

    99 O .40,:08 070 ,37 9 20 349 ,9 20

    O 0 ,8 ,37 ,9 90 /0.8438 -03 2,/0 349 9 90 /0.8438

    O %0 .4397,.947 ,8 25,9039 ,9 90 /0,8 349 9 90 /0,8

    O$0,825,9039907./703349,907./703

    ,243 -09003

    O%0574.00/8070/;/0/,2439090,2202-078349-090039090,2

    202-078

    O %0574.00/8 070 /;/0/-09003 90 94 5,79.5,398 349 ,243 90

    945,79.5,398

    3394

    O%4227,339029398,8

    O%4227,3394902039070/902

    ,700/94439

    O 0 ,700/ 94 90 90728 41 90 .4397,.9 349 ,700/ 9 90 90728

    O%0-4,7/202-078,700/4325020393,7317000 349,700/9

    25020393

    O$0,700/9%42948,703907085438-908

    ,9803/07

    03/07701078949084.,,997-:908,3/455479:3908,884.,90/9-032,0,3/102,0,3/

    90 70,943858-090034203,3/203 ,3/78,3/-48,80 ,8 90 70,9438 -09003

    4203 ,3/ 9480 -09003 203 %080 ,997-:908 455479:3908 ,3/ 70,943858 ,70 84.,

    .43897:.90/,3/ ,700,730/974:84.,,943574.08808%0,70.43909920850.1.,3/

    .,30,-0

    ,98,3,39432

    fffnffff

    3,394328:8:,,3,/0.9;047,/;07--:9.,33.:/0;07-147288:.,8.423

    430,/31443,3/00/33473

    ,250%0,3943241:58/43

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    4/26

    9f

    9070,2508

    $2,8,3,3943241-

    %0,394324182,794:/-0:3390039

    ,.,3-0,3,39432417:3

    ,558,3,39432418,/475488-,37

    ,9.8,3,3943241974,..,3-0,3,3943214790

    03,39432700

    0390,3943274:

    ,98,83432,3/,42432

    8343217427008394342,3,208,47/9,9,8908,2020,33,8

    ,3490747/4:.,3/841,,70834328

    42432 8, 47/ 9,98 57434:3.0/0,3490747/ !,705,7,3/50,7,70

    42432842432817427004248,204342,3,20,7084209208

    !,798418500.!,79

    47/8 ,70 /;/0/ 394 /1107039 .,8808 43 90 -,88 41 907

    7,22,9.,-0,;47%080/1107039.,88084147/8,70 .,0/ 90

    !,798 41 $500. ,3:,08 /1107 1742 430 ,34907 3 90 5,798 41

    8500.905488088381470,250,8095,798418500.

    4:3

    !7434:3

    /0.9;0

    '07-

    /;07-

    43:3.943

    !70548943

    39070.943

    490 9,9 /090723078 ,3/ /0700 24/1078 ,70 ,84 84209208

    70.430/,85,798418500.

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    5/26

    9f

    4:3

    34:38,47/:80/,8903,2041,5078435,.04793,2508

    ,70-497003/,!,78,208005,39.4:397-0,:909.

    O $44243,8,803

    O %043890341-0,898

    O 43089890-08954.

    O 3/,890,7089/024.7,.39047/

    O 43/43843907;07%,208

    /0.9;0

    3,/0.9;08,47/:80/94,//842093949020,3341,34:3

    ,2508 ,70 3/ -0,:91: .,701: 347,39 .0;07 -7,;0 9039039178909.

    O 08,.0;07-4

    O $08,3.07

    O %039504500705708039,99020093

    O 043901789570

    !7434:357434:38,47/:80/3890,/41,34:3,2508,70 0809

    9028420-4/,39309.

    O 43//39.420-0.,:800,80709057434:308:80/

    94,;4/9070509943419034:343

    9fn9f

    '07-

    ;07-8,47/0,82,0,94,3/47489;07-87010794

    ,.94384789,908

    O ,39944

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    6/26

    9f

    O $02,/0,.,0

    O 04783,1,.947

    O ,80/2,6:08943

    O $07490,09907

    /;07-

    3,/;07-8,47/:80/94,//842093949020,3341,;07-

    ,2508,70.,701:06:.3490394/,09.

    O $0.,3850,380

    O 01380/820,6:.

    O 0470/,7/

    O ,3994434!70548943

    5705489438,47/:80/9,34:347,57434:39484490

    50784347 93 /03490/ - 90 34:3 47 57434:389,3/8 3 70,943 94

    8420 4907 47/ 3 90 803903.0 ,2508 ,70 3 4:9 41 94 147

    :3/07,-4;01742-0900309.

    O

    08,9:3/07909700O %0438390.,0

    O 08,943909,-0

    43:3.943

    .43:3.9438,47/:80/944347/847803903.08,2508,70

    ,3/-:947-0.,:8083.0,894:09.

    O

    ,208,3/.0,70.4:838O 08;07,7/473-:98-749078,

    O 4:.,3,;090,47.41100

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    7/26

    9f

    39070.943

    3 39070.943 8 , 47/ . 05708808 8420 8://03 1003

    ,2508,70,,8:77,09.

    O ,80,;0489902,9.

    O :77,0,;043902,9.

    9fnn

    ,20 90 5,79 41 8500. 41 0,. 9,.0/ 47/ 3 90 1443

    803903.08

    .08;07390039

    $9,90787:3/005 0 80,7.0/ 147 2

    0;07070

    %0,77;0/8443,1907

    0,33088 8 309 94

    4/3088

    /8428-

    099079,37.0870.430/81,.0,943.0

    0.4:/3493902,9.

    ,.,3/,81;013078

    0,899039003.0

    0489,80,9

    0.,980.4/,907

    38078

    ;07 ,/;07- 24/108

    390039 390039

    ,/0.9;0 24/108 90 34:3

    .0 89 ,/0.9;0 24/108 90

    34:3,90787:3;07-

    0;07070,/;07-415,.0

    90 57434:3 8443 ,/;07-

    24/10890;07-,77;0/

    .0,3308834:3 -09907 .425,7,9;0 ,/0.9;0

    7.0834:3

    70.430/;07-

    2,9.34:3

    0,. ,/0.9;0 24/108 90

    34:3 ,3/ 1;0 ,/0.9;0

    24/1089034:313078

    990 39003.0 24/108

    9034:339003.0

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    8/26

    9f

    , ,/0.9;0 24/108 90

    34:30,9

    10 ,/0.9;0 24/108 90

    34:3.,98,90734:3

    4908

    $97.9850,39047/810,8420,3989,90,.43094-4909.,70349,/0.9;08%0,70,.9:,/090723078.

    /0907230 47 29 9020,3341 9034:38 9,9 14440;07 3

    97,/943,7,22,78908047/8,70.,8810/,8,/0.9;08

    /0.9;08

    /0.9;08,7047/8 0.0;07-0,:91:3/4/390039,3/

    82,79 3 ,/0.9;0 2, /03490 , 902547,7 47 5072,3039 6:,9

    ,884.,90/9,34:3

    $9:/901443803903.08

    O .08,3.07 070 90 ,/0.9;03.0848,93/41

    7.08

    O 0 ,;0 20 9700 ,5508 070 90 ,/0.9;0 9700 ,38078 90

    6:0894342,32,3408

    O /43909,9-407090,/0.9;09,9,38078906:08943

    .-4

    8 4:2, ,;0 349.0/,3 ,/0.9;0 8, 47/:80/9 ,34:394

    /08.7-0,902547,7475072,30396:,9,884.,90/99034:3

    !4894341,/0.9;08

    489,/0.9;08.,343942,35,.083,803903.0

    ,,997-:9;0548943-01470,34:3

    O %0,-4,85:380/

    O 08,.0;07-4

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    9/26

    9f

    -570/.,9;0548943,1907-0800244-0.420,3/4907.45:,7

    ;07-8

    O $0448,55

    O %,9/70888-0,:91:

    fn

    /0.9;082,-0/;/0/394901443.,904708

    /0.9;08 41 6:,9 ,84 .,0/ /08.759;0 ,/0.9;08

    /0.9;08 41 6:,9 /03490 90 3/ 47 6:,9 41 , 507843 47 93

    24/10/-90,/0.9;0,2508,703/3.0.0;07390039

    -7,;024/089/0.039,997,.9;0011.03909.O $08,3,997,.9;042,307090,/0.9;0,997,.9;0848,

    .079,36:,9,884.,90/99034:342,3

    O 08,3011.039:

    O :2-,8,,70.9

    O $08,3.07

    O

    .0;07

    1443.03;90/,894794/3092/0.9;08416:,399

    /0.9;08416:,399/0349042:.41,93820,39,2508

    ,708420109902:.,,3344009.

    O 0,899039003.0

    O 704:0993034:8005

    O 0,9084207.0

    O 0,8489,80,9

    O 0//3490,9,37.0

    /0.9;08 41 3:2-07 ,84 .,0/ 3:207, ,/0.9;08

    /0.9;08 41 3:2-07 84 4 2,3 5078438 47 938 ,70 20,39

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    10/26

    9f

    %02,,843/.,903,947/07,507843479389,3/84909,9

    3:2-078 -49 .,7/3, ,3/ 47/3, .420 :3/07 98 .,9047

    ,2508,70430949700178980.43/9039,8909.

    O ,.,3/,81;013078

    O $:3/,8901789/,419000

    O -4:994,5508

    O .0,890,8950784394,77;0

    fn9f

    !74507,/0.9;08

    /0.9;08 14720/ 1742 574507 34:38 ,70 41903 .,0/ 574507,/0.9;08,2508,703/,3798!078,3%:7809.

    O 3/,31,

    O !078,3.,7509

    O 703.30

    897-:9;0,/0.9;08

    897-:9;0,/0.9;0870107940,.43041,74:5415045047938,2508,700,.0;0709073090709.

    O ,.,3/,81;013078

    O ;072,32:89/48/:9

    O 9072094/879

    O 0907,38078.4770.9

    490 9,9 /897-:9;0 ,/0.9;08 ,70 1440/ - 83:,7 34:38 ,3/

    83:,7;07-8

    O 0907 7 ,8,-0 94 84;0 90 574-02 %0907 78

    070,-09484;090574-02

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    11/26

    9f

    O ,. -4 ,8 ;03 , 20/, % ,. -48 070 ;03 ,

    20/,

    0243897,9;0,/0.9;08

    0243897,9;0 ,/0.9;08 5439 4:9 90 507843 47 93 9,9 8 20,39

    ,2508,70989,990809480

    O %8-489,079,39,9-4

    O %0802,3408,708009079,394802,3408

    O %08078,7043948.44

    0243897,9;0,/0.9;08,3807906:08943.

    984:/-03490/9,998,3/ 9,9,70:80/983:,734:38,3/

    9080,3/9480,70:80/95:7,34:38390774,9;0,/0.9;08

    390774,9;0 ,/0.9;08 ,7047/8 0.,9 ,3/480%0

    ,70:80/934:3894,86:089438

    O 480503898

    O .-44390570

    O

    ,992089

    n

    !.4:9 90 ,/0.9;08 3 90 1443 803903.08,3/ 89,90 94 .

    .,880,.41902-0438

    %0 .,7 8:89,30/ 0,;

    /,2,0390,../039

    ;07/4,88/,

    0,87990380;07,894708

    /0,/2,3.,39,

    08,2,3411047/8

    0907,380786:9079

    ,992089

    ..447/44:0

    08178950784394.2-9

    ;07089

    .0:813880.43/

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    12/26

    9f

    %070 209 ,3 4/42,3

    9,.7440/3480

    0/0/,474:8/0,9

    38078

    /0.9;0416:,90,;

    897-:9;0,/0.9;00;07

    :207,,/0.9;080;07,

    /0.9;0416:,9/0,/

    /0.9;0416:,39910

    897-:9;0,/0.9;030907

    390774,9;0,/0.9;0,9

    390774,9;0,/0.9;0.

    :207,,/0.9;01789

    /0.9;0416:,93.0

    /0.9;08 41 6:,9 4/

    .7440/

    /0.9;0416:,9474:8

    79.08

    f

    01470,;4090,79.0,.,30894,3425,70/4.,93

    005,393 47,303 ,550490 9,9 90 .4.0 -09003, ,3/ ,3

    /0503/8 43 5743:3.,943 349 8503 0 :80 ,3 -01470 , ;40

    84:3/0;0319-0389,.43843,3934:7%,4:73!

    %

    @fn

    0 :80 ,,3 94 9, ,-4:9 , 5,79.:,7 507843 47 93 03 90

    89030770,/07/40834934.430820,3908434:99

    ,#:88,3 7 %0 890307 /40834934.#:88,37 $0

    4783,5:-,3.,3-0:80/949,,-4:9,3430202-0741,

    .,88

    4:3

    013943

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    13/26

    9f

    %05,79418500.4747/.,889,98:80/943,2047/0391,

    5078435,.0936:,947,.943/0.9;03423,

    %508414:38

    %070,7080;07,,894.,8819095084134:389,9089 3

    9038 ,3:,0 397,/943,7,22,734:38,709,:9 94

    -0 47/8 9,9 70107 94 50450 5,.08 938 47 ,-897,.9 /0,8

    0 24/073 3:89.8 13/ 98 /013943 94 -0 574-02,9.

    -0.,:809 700843343850.1.34:388:.,89394850.1.,

    /0130,9 , 34:3 8 2:.41 4:7 84., :3/0789,3/3 41 ,9

    34:38,70/01078949097,/943,/013943

    !745074:38

    !74507 34:38 ,70 34:38 9,9 70107 94 850.1. 039908 79078 41

    38 .,59,0 574507 34:38 0 0-7,8, $90;0 ,7;,7/ 47

    904:809484907/893.9431742.4224334:38

    422434:38

    42243 34:38 70107 94 0307, :3850.1. .,904708 41 039908

    070,8 0-7,8, 8,574507 34:3-0.,:80 9 83108 ,850.1.

    89,909047/89,9098018,.4224334:3-0.,:809.,37010794

    ,3 41 90 89,908 3 90 &390/ $9,908 ,7;,7/ 701078 94 ,

    5,79.:,7 3899:943 41 07 0,733 0 90 .42243 34:3

    :3;0789.,37010794,38:.3899:943

    4:39,-04:38

    %4 3:898 9080.4:3934:38.,34..:73-49830,3/5:7,

    14728 .,3 -0 24/10/ - 3:207,8 ,3/ .,3 .44..:7 9

    6:,391.,943,/09072307802,32489247080;07,09.

    47 0,250 90 34:3 -0 8 .4:39,-0 34:3 438/07 90

    1443803903.0

    %0708,-039,9,7,0

    3980,2509047/-0 883:,7,89 701078 94430-0

    9,985708039708/33,5,79.:,7,7,0

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    14/26

    9f

    40;07-0.,3,844..:73905:7,1472

    %070,708-7403-0839,9,7,0

    3980,2509034:3-087010789424709,3430-0,898

    -0324/10/-903:207,8

    3 ,//943 .4:39,-0 34:38 .,3 .44..:7 9 6:,391.,943,

    /090723078

    39,9,7,080;07,-08,70-7403

    %8 803903.0 8 7,22,9., ,8 90 34:3 -0 .,3 9,0 90

    24/1.,94341906:,391.,943,/0907230780;07,

    &3.4:39,-04:3847,884:38

    43;0780 8420 34:38 ,70 349 .4:39,-0 ,3/ ,70 .,0/

    :3.4:39,-034:38472,8834:38470,2509047/.:99078

    ,2,8834:3

    %,9,7,081:41.:9907

    %8 803903.0 2,08 7,22,9., 80380 40;07 90 1443

    0,250/408349

    %,9,7,081:41.:99078

    ,88 34:38 .,3 349 9,0 5:7, 14728 ,3/ 90701470 , 803903.0

    .439,339047/.:990788:37,22,9.,

    $:-89,3.086:/8,3/54/078,700399089,9,70419038310/

    - 2,88 34:38 8:. ,8 44/ 8,3/ ,907 ,3/ 14:7 907

    0,2508 4:/ -0 2 , 7 1:739:70 1 700/42 7.0 ,3/

    39003.0

    40.9;04:38

    3 0307, .40.9;0 34:38 ,70 34:38 9,9 70107 94 , 74:5 41

    8420933,850.1.2,33071903.40.9;034:38,70:80/94

    701079474:5841,32,8438/07901443803903.08

    44,990,0410080%070:80/94-007/841/-:11,4

    439057,70-0;418,3888223390543/.443

    41,398;0390,39

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    15/26

    9f

    3 90 ,-4;0 0,2508 ,0 07/8 -0; ,3/ .443 ,70

    .40.9;034:38

    43.70904:38

    43.709034:38,7034:389,9.,3-094:.0/8200/8003109

    479,890/$90,9,-0/4,7,8,9,3/44,70,0,2508

    41.43.709034:38

    ,35094:7/4!0,805,88908,94:780,90782,/041

    13044

    43.709034:38.,3-0507.0;0/-,90,89430414:7803808

    -897,.94:38

    47009070, 904709., .43.0598 :80 ,-897,.934:38 94 70107 94

    90243.0598 0 1700/42 4;0 5407,3/ 70/025943,70,

    0,250841,-897,.934:38

    %0,90:81474:71700/424:300/84;002:8919

    905407

    3 9080 803903.08 90 ,-897,.9 34:38 70107 94 .43.0598 /0,8

    5484508,3/49070399089,9.,3349-0.43.7090507.0;0/

    !07843,57434:38,7095084134:389,99,0905,.04134:38

    03701077394504505,.0847938%0507843,57434:38338,704:0809,3/90

    2478,9,1407845$0478,9,1407845

    %070083;0390//024.7,.%03;0390//024.7,.

    %080 57434:38 9,0 43 4907 14728 /0503/3 43 ,9 950 41

    1:3.94390,70507147233,803903.0470,25003:80/

    94 831 548808843 41 ,34907 34:3 57434:38 9,0 43 907

    5488088;014728:.,82304:78078,3/9078

    %,95,-043894,70%,95,8078

    03:80/,8 904-0.9 41 ,57054894357434:38 9,043 907

    4-0.9;0.,80,25083.:/020720:8,3/902

    ,3/9024304;0794033107,3/9024304;079407

    %054.0,70439443,3/#,%054.0,704394902

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    16/26

    9f

    4254:3/34:3

    013943

    %447247034:38.42-30/941472,83034:3

    4254:3/34:38,7079903,8805,7,9047/8 7,5017:9 :.0

    ,8 47/8 30/ - , 503 889073, 47 ,8 430 47/

    8.4490,.07

    -897,.934:3

    013943

    34:3 8:.,8 .4:7,047 1700/42 9,9 3,208,3 /0, 0;039

    6:,947.43.0594397,899.43.709034:3

    9244

    74290,93/7,3,,

    %'%##%'$%$

    %7,381472901443803903.083949030,9;0

    ,3/90390774,9;0

    ,250

    .,3/,3.0

    .,39/,3.0.,3349/,3.0

    ,3/,3.0

    ,$0.,382

    -%0.,3054:

    .0.,37/0,4780

    /0.,3/7;0,477

    09.,31

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    17/26

    9f

    425:90755.,943.42!,79

    ,98&

    &89,3/81479079209.4.:39,3/98,339073,5,794190574.08847.8

    :80/ 147, 902,902,9.,,3/ 4., 4507,9438%0 4507,943841 90& 3.:/08

    2:95390 -3,7;,:08,3/ 50714723904.,4507,94388:.,8#,3/

    #39007,79209.4507,9438,3/981934507,943809.&8901:3/,2039,

    -:/3-4.4190574.08847

    4,,.,-0

    4,, .,-0 8 90 3/ 41 .45507 .,-0 :80/ - .,-0 %' .425,308 -09003 90

    .422:39 ,39033, ,3/ :807 4208 ,3/ -:8308808 4,, .,-0 8 84209208 :80/ -

    9005430 .425,308 1742 907 .0397, 411.0 94 90 9005430540830,7:8078 9 8 ,84/0 389,0/147:80 3-:83088 ,3/ .47547,943 907309 ,3/ 4907 950841 4.,,70,

    30947

    039.425:93

    .039 8 ,3 ,55.,943 47 88902 9,9 ,..08808 , 702490 807;.0 43 ,34907 .425:907

    88902343,8,807;07-,41,30947(%09072,81789,550/94 /0;.089,9

    070349.,5,-0417:3339074389,3/,4305747,28-:9.4:/3907,.99702490

    .425:9078;,,30947%080/:2-90723,8070.039841909208,732,317,20

    .425:907

    %0 .039807;0724/08 89:80/ 94/,039,3/807;07.,37:343908,202,.30

    ,3/.4330.9;,&3/42,384.098&83390730984.098,:8072,.4330.994,807;.0

    4507,93 43 , 5488- 702490 88902 974: 90 3907309 57494.4 8:90 $07;078 809 :5

    8903384.098,3/.039839,90.4330.94389,9,807;072, ,..0590--748078,70

    .03989,9.4330.9940-807;078,3/70970;00-5,08147/85,48950450:8002,

    .0398 94 70970;0 907 02, 1742 907 3907309 807;.0 574;/078 2, 8947,0 807;078

    330.,9:808,;,70941.0398.;,7/0503/34390.,957494.4-03:80/

    :95,074330,2082,7:3,8,200398430,.4.,.425:907

    $0993%,-!4894383.74841947/

    %,-347/574.088390728890:254:7.:78472,08174243054894394

    ,34907034:57088909,-0434:70-4,7/

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    18/26

    9f

    4:79,-0448098

    /;,39,08413907309

    %0702,3,/;,39,0894:839039073098:.,8

    O 2,

    2,834,3088039,.422:3.,94394483-:830889 8,840.003914700533

    94:.91,2,3/1703/8%0,/;,39,089402,89,998170034.,70507:80

    03.425,70/9490054301,,3/5489,807;.08

    O 31472,943

    %0708,:0,24:394131472,943,;,,-043903907309147:89,-4:90;078:-0.9

    343 94 2,3 7,33 1742 4;0732039 , ,3/ 807;.08 97,/0 1,78 ,3/ .4310703.08

    2,70931472,94330/0,8,3/90.3.,8:55479

    O $07;.08

    ,3 807;.08 ,70 34 574;/0/ 43 90 3907309 8:. ,8 4330-,334- 8003,3/

    ,55.,9438 ,3/490 70807;,9438 1903 9080 807;.08 ,70 349 ,;,,-0 41130 47 .489

    2470

    O : 47 80 574/:.98

    %039073098,;070110.9;0,94-:,3/80574/:.98,4;079047/

    O 422:3908

    422:3908 41,9508,;0857:3 :543 90 3907309 98 ,70,9, 942009 :59

    504504182,73907089,3//8.:88.4224388:08

    8,/;,39,08 41 903907309%01941!07843,31472,9430.9743.2088,0880394;07903907309.,3-00,8

    834450/,3/97,.0/70;0,3489,39442,3/,990,709,3,-4:91

    4::80 90 3907309 4:7 507843, 31472,9438:.,8 4:7 3,20 ,//7088 .70/9 .,7/

    -,3/09,8,3/490731472,943.,3-0,..0880/-.:579814::80,.70/9.,7/47

    3907309-,331474330845539034:7/09,8.,3,84-089403

    0,9;0 0110.98 43 1,2 .422:3.,943 94: 9070 ,70 .431.93 7080,7.

    13/384398945.,3,79.05:-80/-$.03.0,7054790/9,9920850394390

    3907309 ,8 ,884.,90/ 9 ,907 /0.308 3 93 4:80 1,2 .422:3.,943 ,3/ ,

    /0.70,803903:2-07411703/8,3/,.6:,39,3.089.90059908

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    19/26

    9f

    3907309,//.943 %070 8 8420 .43974;078 4;0709079 85488-0 94 ,.9:,-0

    ,//.90/94 90 390730947 349$4207080,7.078 .,2 9,9 9 8 825 50450 97394

    08.,50907574-0283,3433047/,3/.,3349-0.,8810/,8,3,//.943

    907 58.44898 -00;0 9,9 3907309 ,//.943 8 , 97:0 58.44., /847/07 9

    /013,-08259428%08259428,70 .425,7,-0 94,3,//.9439/7,, 48841

    70,943858474-,3/831.,39920.438:25943

    /703:83 903907309,8-0.420,-.43.0734895,70398/434970,090

    /,3078 3;4;0/03 907 ./703 4 4394 90 390730903 ./703 9, 94 49078

    4330 90/4349 70,0 90 .4:/ ,.9:,-0 9,3 94, ,721: 5078434704;07

    547347,58,84,;078074:8 88:0.43.07339039073090850.,039.4208

    944:3./703 %070,70 94:8,3/841547347,5. 890843 90 3907309 9,9 .,3-0

    0,814:3/,3/.,3-0,/0972039940993./703:80903907309

    '7:8 970,9 %4/, 349 43 ,70 :2,38 0993 ;7:808 -:9 .425:9078 ,70 ,84

    425:9078,702,30993 9080;7:8081 742 903907309'7:88 8,5747,2.

    /87:598903472,1:3.9433414:7.425:907889028425:9078,99,.0/943907309

    ,70247057430 94;7:8,99,.8,3/ 90.,303/:5 394.7,83 4:740,7//8

    .,:834:.438/07,-00,/,.0

    $5,223 841903;00/,8 90,.941 803/3:384.90/02, %82:95047 ;,89

    02,3841903.425,70/942,88:32,38 9300/0884-897:.9900397088902

    48985,28.42207.,,/;0798341903147/:-4:8574/:.98097.6:.8.020847

    6:,80,807;.08$5,2.489890803/07;0799094803/24894190.4898,705,/

    147-9070.50394790.,770787,9079,3-90803/07

    !70.8793

    570.8 8,8479 8:22,7 9 8349 , 5,7,57,80 . 2070 8,8 3 /1107039,3/

    8250747/80,.9,9905,88,0-035,7,57,80/,8948,5,7,57,802,-0,

    43,8 90 5,88,0 9801 570.8 7,70 824709,343097/ 90 03941 90473,

    800.943,3/2,-04343014:79,843

    570.8 ;08 43 90 0,79 41 , 5,88,0 9 4298 70509943 ,3/ 8:. /09,8 ,8

    0,2508:897,9438,3/,/0.9;08:308890,7041:3:8:,25479,3.0

    570.88799030397039047/84190507843793934939047/84190

    473,800.943;4/9090259,943 9419 4357,808,3/40803903.08 1742 90473,

    570.8 8 79903 1742 90 5439 41 ;0 41 90 ,:947 480 47 8 -03

    8:22,70/4349-039 8:.057088438,8 %8,:9478,847%05,7,7,520,3803,894:4:0708:22,734:743793

    3793,570.8574.00/,81448

    O #0,/.,701:803903.0-803903.0905,88,094-08:22,70/%7947,8590790782,35439$54993 90945. 803903.0 0544 :53 90/.943,7

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    20/26

    9f

    ,347/848020,338349,-84:90.0,784:70,/9,0-7013490894-0

    :80/34:7793

    O 034: ,;0 13, /0./0/,990,:94782,3 5439 8790 94:9 34:74347/84349:809047/34190473,0.059147.079,3047/8.

    4:2, 13/ 3/85038,-01 4: .,3349 97,38,90 90 /0, 394 ,3:,0 41 4:743 4: /4 349 :3/0789,3/ 902 ;070 0 0850., .,701: 349 94 70 944

    2:.4390945.803903.04349,//,345343847/0,8414:743

    O #0;804:7793:394:,708:709,94:,;0;03,3,..:7,908:22,7

    O &8:,4:13/4:7570.889444319824709,343097/900394190 473,4393:0 4:770;843:394:,;0 70/:.0/90570.894 90574507

    039398.,701:70;8430890573.5,;,:04190570.8,8, .42548943007.80

    !!#%!#$#%

    570.884:/70/:.0900394190473,5,88,0-,90,899497/8

    ;0725479,39/0,2:89-0709,30/570107,-39047/073.9,550,783

    90473,

    &325479,39543983.:/3/09,8:897,9438,3/,30./490884:/-0/8.,7/0/

    1789/7,19 4190570.8 84:/-079903 903.0.0/ 94 800 9,9 9 .439,38 90

    2,3/0,841905,88,0

    94:4:84:/-0,8-701,85488-0:,7/,,389-0384.43/0380/9,94:

    4-8.:70905439415,88,0

    %7 94 .,59:70 90 9430 47 1003 41 90 473, 5,79.:,7 1 9 8 /0-07,90

    :2474:8743.47-,80/

    0. 90 /7,19 147 05708843 077478 70509943 47 ;,:0 57,83 903 790 ,

    824490713,;07843

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    21/26

    9f

    425:907,8.8

    ,98425:907

    .425:9078,300.9743.2,.309,9,..059831472,9438947089:399031472,9438

    300/0/574.088089031472,943,..47/394903897:.9438574;/0/-90:807,3/13,709:738

    90708:9894 90:807 %0.425:907.,389470,3/2,35:,90 ,706:,3990841/,9,,9 ;07

    8500/-:9,.425:907.,334993.425:9072,08/0.8438-,80/438250.425,784388:.,8

    4303:2-07-03,7079,3,3490794:90.425:907.,30584;0,970203/4:8;,70941

    574-02898825,2,.309.,334984;0574-028439843

    894741425:9078

    $3.0 .;,9438 -0,3 2,3 41 90 ,/;,3.08 2,/0 - 8.03.0 ,3/ 90.344 ,;0

    /0503/0/ :543 90 ,-9 94 574.088 ,70 ,24:398 41 /,9, ,3/ 5071472 .4250 2,902,9.,

    .,.:,9438 4794:8,3/8 410,782,902,9.,388.039898,3/-:83088203,;080,7.0/ 147

    .425:932,.3089,9 .4:/5071472.,.:,9438 ,3/,3,0/,9,6:.,3/011.039 30

    8:./0;.0,890,-,.:8

    %0,-,.:8,8,325479,39.4:3932,.303,3.039,-433,,3/974:4:9

    :74500709,8:80/:3990,902//0,089,81440/-,80708412574;0203983

    20.,3.,.4:3932,.3089,90/:59490/0;045203941,..:7,9020.,3.,,//32,.308

    3 90 8 %080 2,.308 :80/ , .425.,90/,884792039 41 0,78,3/ 0;078 94 5071472 90

    .,.:,9438 -:9 90070 1,7 948494 -0 412:. :80 948.039898 84,2,.30 .,5,-041

    2,38250/0.84388:.,8.3:2-078,707,8300/0/2,.30.,5,-0412,3

    /0.84388.,0/,.425:907

    %01789.425:90702,.30,890,7/0;0450/-,90,21742,3/,7;,7/

    &3;07899:80/20.,3.,900543070,8948947031472,943,3/9574.0880//,9,039070/43

    5:3..,7/8%82,.30,8349,97:0.425:90783.09.4:/3492,0/0.8438

    3 :30 47 -0,343 90 47/ 8 1789 00.9743. .425:907 9 ,8 -:9 ,9 90

    &3;078941 !0338;,3,,8 , 80.709 29,7 5740.9/:7347/,7 ,3/,8 94-0 :80/94

    .,.:,90 90 97,0.947 41 ,7907 808 9 .4;070/ 86:,70 1009 ,3/00/ 9438 %0

    5740.9,8349.425090/:39-:990011479,8349,890/ 343041981789/0243897,9438

    90 .425:90784;0/ , 574-02 3 80.43/89,9944 , 90,2 412,902,9.,389700 /,8 %8

    2,.30,8,;,892574;020394;079020.,3.,.,.:,932,.30841905,89-0.,:809:80/

    ;,.::29:-083890,/4170,89.089.439,30/4;074190809:-08.070908,20

    9509:-08:80/37,/48,99,9920

    %03;03943419097,3889472,/082,07,3/08805038;0.425:90785488-094:

    .425:907887,33809007089:0-94/,889,3/,7/834907334;,94394.425:9078

    3908,889473/,9,439,503890,/415:3..,7/8%8,;0.425:907890,-99489470

    ,3/70970;0/,9,6:.,3/70,-

    ,881.,94341425:9078

    ,317,20425:9078

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    22/26

    9f

    3.425:9078

    .74.425:9078

    $:507.425:9078

    ,317,20.425:9078,70;07,704190313,3039707442%0.,389470034724:84131472,943.,3

    5071472 2,3 9,88 ,9 90 8,20 920 .,3 .422:3.,90 92,3 :8078 ,990 8,20 920 ,3/ ,70 ;07

    05038;0 %0 57.0 41 , 2,317,20 .425:907 1706:039 7:38 394 90 2438 41 /4,78 ,317,20

    .425:9078:8:,,;02,390723,8.4330.90/94902%08090723,844082,.425:9078-:990

    ,7043/0;.08:80/94803/,3/70.0;031472,943174290,.9:,.425:907:83708%0723,8.,3-0

    4.,90/3908,2074429902,317,20.425:907-:990.,3,84-03/110703974428-:/3847

    .908,70-:83088084;0732039,03.08,3/:3;078908:8:,:809895041.425:907

    3.425:9078,702:.82,079,32,317,20.425:9078,3/90,70,842:.08805038;0%0.48941

    9080.425:9078.,3;,71742,1094:8,3//4,789480;07,:3/70/94:8,3//4,78%054880882489

    419010,9:70814:3/432,317,20.425:9078-:943,2470290/8.,0%0.,389,;02,390723,8

    -:9349,82,3,8902,317,208%0.,389470,970203/4:8,24:394131472,943-:9,,3:8:,349

    ,82:.,8902,317,200/:2,3/82,-:830880895.,:809080.425:9078

    .74.425:9078,7090950841.425:90780,70:8334:7.,8808,9 4/400%080.425:9078,70

    :8:,/;/0/394/0894524/08 ,3/,594524/08 %0 ,709077-290/3,990.,3/403

    .425,70/9490,70724/08/8.:880/,-4;0-0.,:8090.,343-0:80/-430507843,9,92090,70

    2:. 8407 9,3 90 ,707 .425:9078 ,3/ 90 .,3 349 89470 30,7 ,8 2:. 31472,943 -:9 90 ,70

    0.003903:80/382,-:83088084208,3/8.44.,8874428%080.425:9078,70305038;0,3/

    0,894:80%0,;0-0.420,33/85038,-05,794124/07310

    425:907%,88 35:9

    $947,0

    !74.0883

    :95:9

    03,.425:9078,80/94/4,4-9,3/08909,83,;07850.,,

    9,..05989031472,943174290:807%88.,0/35:9

    989470/9031472,943:399 870,/147:80 %0.425:907,820247.58.,70/0830/94

    4/31472,943:3998300/0/

    9574.08808 9031472,943 %0 .425:907 ,8 ,3 00.9743. -7,3 .,0/ 90 0397, !74.0883&39

    .87085438-0147574.0883,/,9,,3/3897:.9438;039490.425:907

    9903709:73890574.0880/31472,9439490:807%88.,0/4:95:9

    ;07 .425:907,8 850., 5,798 94/4 0,. 41 90 4-8 890/,-4;0 0907 9 8 , 2:9243 /4,7

    2,317,20 47 , 94:8,3/ /4,7 507843, .425:907 9 ,8 90 1443 14:7 .425430398 35:9 0247

    0397,!74.0883,3/:95:9

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    23/26

    9f

    %0.0397,574.0883:39 !&89000.9743.-7,34190.425:907%0!&3, 507843,.425:9078

    :8:, , 830 .5 947,308 ,3/ .,7708 4:9 3897:.9438 9,9 .420 1742 0907 90 :80747 1742 90

    8419,70 %0574.0884782,/0:5412,3.425430398-:99441902,704792039433,9985439

    %080,7090 ,79209.,3/ 4.:39,3/ 90.43974:39 %0.43974:39.439748 9000.9743. 14 41

    31472,943 ,74:3/ 90 .425:907 %0 ,79209. ,3/ 4. :39 & 8 7085438-0 147 2,902,9.,

    .,.:,9438,3/4.,.425,78438

    %0 574.08847 8 5:0/ 394 90 .425:9078 24907-4,7/ %0 24907-4,7/ 8 , 7/ 70.9,3:,7 .,7/

    .439,33 90.7.:97 9,9.4330.9890 574.08847,3/, 904907.425430398 9,92,0:54:7507843,

    .425:907 32489507843,.425:9078842041 90.425430398,70,99,.0//70.994 9024907-4,7/,3/

    8420,704:80/439074382,.7.:9-4,7/89,95:3949005,38438498-:93949024907-4,7/

    35:90;.08

    .425:9074:/-0:8008894:98420,1474:943907,.999-0.,:80902,.302:89-0,-094

    70.0;04:73897:.9438,3//0;0790708:984190803897:.9438944: 35:9/0;.08,..059 3897:.9438

    ,3//,9,17424:90:807$420545:,735:9/0;.08,70890/-04

    0-4,7/

    4:80

    $.,3307

    .745430

    #

    489.

    0247

    507843,.425:9072:89,;0,20,38 41 8947331472,943/,9,,3/3897:.943884 9,99 .,35071472

    574.08839,884390/,9,!07843,.425:9078,;09495084120247%080,70/8.:880/-04

    #0,/30247#

    # 8 , 82, ,70, 41 5072,3039 20247 9,9 574;/08 89,79:5 3897:.9438 03 90

    .425:90789:730/434:.,334989470,3/,9,3#%03897:.94383#,70809

    -902,3:1,.9:707,3/.,3349-0.,30/-90:807%0,893897:.9433#/70.98

    90.425:907944,/904507,9388902

    ;07.425:907300/8,34507,9388902%88,850.,.425:9075747,29,92:89-0

    4,/0/ 39420247,8 8443 ,8 90 .425:9078 9:730/43 98 5:754808 9497,38,90 4:7

    3897:.94383383943,7849,990.425:907.,3:3/0789,3/4:73897:.9438%0

    4507,9388902,8497,38,90890708:980307,90/-4:7.425:907394380398

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    24/26

    9f

    1380/849,90.,3:3/0789,3/,3/:8090708:98%04507,9388902.42089,

    .425:907

    #,3/42..0880247#

    %8890,70,4120247070/,9,,3/5747,23897:.9438,7089470/090.425:907

    834507,943%88902547,720247%%0/,9,89470/3#84891470;07

    0390540789:730/411 479870,84398;0725479,399,94:8,;04:747

    -014709:7334114:7.425:907 %8 80,;0507507,8947,0/0;.08 04:7

    .425:9078,7//8,3/1455/809908

    !072,30390247:,7$947,0

    4:7108,7089470/35072,30392024743038,;0/944:7/83,/7;0478,;0/

    944:7.425:9078,7//8

    7;0.3904/400,-84:.,3,848,;04:74794,30947/7;00

    /8.:88983.,88

    %4-09907:3/0789,3/4,.425:907,3/0831472,943,3/94,84:3/0789,3/31472,9438489190

    5407 408 411 0989,0 ,.4807 44,94, .425:907,3/0831472,943 4:7.425:907 82,/041

    2438419300.97..7.:98470;07.7.:93,.425:907.59070,70945488-908

    ,300.97..7.:9148974:90.7.:947

    300.97..7.:9/40834914974:90.7.:9

    03,300.97..:77039148974:,.7.:990.7.:9843033400.97.914890.7.:98411

    343.7.:987057080390/ -903:2-07430,3/,3411.7.:98 7057080390/-903:2-07074

    %0943:2-078,3/,70.,0/-98%047/-9.42081742-3,7/9,.920,.425:90770,/8

    ,33897:.943997,38,9089,93897:.943394,8070841-988,3/8 32489.425:90780;07.,7,.907

    1742900-4,7/897,38,90/39409-98,.42-3,94341098,3/8,.74:54109-988

    .,0/,-90

    90%0,24:394185,.03202474743,/8300/0/9489470430.,7,.907-9890

    $3.0.425:9078.,3,3/08:.,703:2-07841.,7,.9078,94309202097.570108,70.42-30/990

    47/-9094;08420.422432:95084:03.4:39073.425:907907,9:70

    420,38 4-90 908

    0,20,38 0,-90 908

    ,0,38 ,-90 908

    9 98 5439 94:/-0 44/ 945439 4:9 31472,943 89470/ 3#8 489 1 90 5407 408 411

    438/0790,901443.,7,.9078,7097,38,90/394-3,7.4/0147:80-90.425:907

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    25/26

    9f

    438/0790.4:23,99079.7057080398490.425:90789470831472,943,.41908390

    80.43/.4:237057080398,.7.:99,984319054074084119080.7.:98.,3 %-043,32470

    -0.,:809000.97.9,8-0039:730/411,3/,3/,9,7057080390/-9080.7.:988489%880.,3

    3494;07025,809025479,3.0418,;34:74741903

    0397,!74.0883&39!&

    %0 .0397, 574.0883 :39 8430 41 90 94 2489 25479,39 .42543039841 4:72.74.425:907 9 890

    00.9743. -7,3 41 4:7 .425:907 3 ,//943 94 574.0883/,9, 9 .439748 90 1:3.943 41 ,90 4907

    .425430398 %0 2489 545:,7 2.74574.088478 3 .425,9-0 .425:9078 ,70 2,/0 - 390 %0

    0307,9438412.74574.088478,70890/-04

    !039:2 !

    !039:2

    !039:2'

    4:7.425:907,8,!039:2'574.08847

    :95:90;.08

    43947

    $50,078

    !73907

    25,.9

    49,97

    4325,.9

    309

  • 8/3/2019 B.com English Notes

    26/26

    ,807

    $947,00;.08

    ,7//8

    455/8

    %,50/7;0

    #

    %00.422:3.,9438

    %00.422:3.,943820,389,9 4:,70.422:3.,934;07 43/89,3.08:8:,:835430308 %8

    03,-08 4: 94 803//,9,94 ,3/70.0;0 /,9, 1742,34907 .425:907 9,9 .,3 -04.,90//43 90897009 3

    ,34907943473 ,34907.4:397 %00.422:3.,9438706:708,.422:3.,943/0;.0.,0/,24/02

    ..4330.98 4:7.425:907 94, 89,3/,7/5430 ,. 24/02 .43;0798 90 /9, 83,8 9,9 4:7

    .425:907:808394,3,483,89,9.,3-097,382990/4;07905430308%4:80,24/024:2:89,84

    ,;0.422:3.,9438419,7094,3/09097,3828843574.088

    425:907$419,70

    $8902$419,70

    $89028419,70 .420574;/0/90,..425:907,3/ 830.088,7 14790.425:9078 4507,943 %8

    8419,70 ,.98,8 ,33907570907-0900390.425:907,3/:807 93907570984:73897:.9438394-3,7.4/0

    ,3/080390757098-3,7.4/0394,3:,090:807.,3:3/0789,3/3905,894:2,,;0:80/$

    $47.7484198507,93$8902.,8,.422,3/3039071,.0%8147241889028419,70

    706:70/850.1..422,3/894-0950/3/488,247070.039;0784341889028419,70,3/8343

    ,8, 7,5.,39071,.0 %820,389,99:8087,5.847 .43894 705708039;,74:8 4507,9438 4:34

    4307,;094202470.422,3/84:825543994,3.43,3/..

    !747,2$419,70

    !747,28419,7088419,70:80/94790.425:9075747,283850.1..425:907,3:,08

    55.,943$419,70

    55.,9438419,708,38419,70:80/147850.10/,55.,94388:.,8

    47/!74.0883

    $570,/8009

    ,9,-,80

    !708039,9437,5.8

    422:3.,943

    %:947,8

    39079,32039,208