english poems notes

8/18/2019 English Poems Notes

1/36

QUESTION NO.1

(a) No time to see, in broad daylight,

Streams full of stars, lie sies at night.

(b) !ill lie o" nights In the bony arms of #eality and be $omforted.

($) %ountains, o$eans, leaf and stone star shine, moon glo& you"re all that

I $an $all my o&n.

(a) No time to see ''' sies at night.

#EE#EN*E

(i)+oem Leisure

(ii) +oet William Henry Davies

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines 7-8/14

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet laments that modern man has drowned so

much in the ocean of temporal charms that he has no time to see and enoy the

!ature li"e trees# animals# streams and $eauty% He concludes that such a sorrowful

life is a poor life%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poet says that modern man has ceased to &e ima'inative

and the reason is 0la$ of time% He is so &usy in his worldly pursuits that he has

no time to o&serve the &eauty of streams% He cannot understand how does the

natural li'ht of sun fall on the runnin' water of the hilly streams% He cannot perceivehow does this (uic"ly )owin' water stri"e a'ainst the pe&&les and thus re)ect a

twin"lin' li'ht li"e that of the stars shinnin' at ni'ht in the s"y% In short# he cannot

notice that these 'ushin' streams are the 0gala2ies of earth.

She &als in beauty, lie the night

Of $loudless $limes and starry sies.

*Lord $yron+

(b) !ill lie o" nights ''' be $omforted.

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem !ew ,ear esolutions

(ii) +oetess .lia&eth 0ewell

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines 7-/


2/36

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poetess e2presses her three revolutionary

resolutions &efore the dawn of the new year% 0he resolves to remain most of the

time silent# thin" a&out what she is and face the realities with contention%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poetess has personi3ed #eality. 0he has 'iven it the

(ualities of a hus&and% 0he has decided to spend her ni'hts in the &ony arms of r%

eality% In the &e'innin' it was a very &itter and unpleasant practice &ecause &onyarms can 'ive no oy or satisfaction to his wife% $ut the poetess is not an escapist%

With the passa'e of time# she has &ecome ha&itual to it% !ow she has understood

and comprehended the fact that 0truth is beauty. 5hus she is comforted in the

&ony arms &ecause these 'ive her self-satisfaction# &lessed relief and spiritual

e2ultation%

($) %ountain, o$eans, ''' $all my o&n.

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem Woman Wor"

(ii) +oetess aya 6n'elou

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines -8/8

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poetess descri&es her dis'ust for domestic chores

and love for !ature% 0he is fed up &y loo"in' after the children# &uyin' and coo"in'

food# and maintainin' her house% 0o she lon's for the &lessin's of !ature to 'ive

her power to &ear this dull life%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poetess e2presses her ina&ility to 3nd any human &ein'

whom she can trust and call her own e2cept Nature. 0he cannot call her hus&and

own &ecause she has always found him full of threats of separation or divorce% 0he

cannot call her children own &ecause they either do no o&ey her fully or show their

inclination towards their father% 5hus she has 'ot tired of human &ein's% However#

she can call o&ects and phenomena of !ature li"e mountains# oceans# leaves#

stones# star shine and moon 'low etc her own &ecause

0Nature did ne3er betray the heart that lo3ed her.

*William Wordsworth+

QUESTION NO.4

(a) It is 3ery good that &e ha3e rebels you may not 5nd it 3ery good to be

one.

(b) Thus I entered, and thus I go in trium6hs 6eo6le ha3e dro66ed do&n

dead.


3/36

($) The musi$ in my heart I bore, long after it &as heard no more.

(a) It is 3ery good ''' good to be one.

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem 5he e&el

(ii) +oet Dennis 9oseph .nri'ht

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e -:;/:;

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet discusses the waverin' &ehaviour of people%

5hese people do what the common people do not do# and do not do what the

common lot do% 5he poet calls them


4/36

would have died at the moment of his 'reat triumph li"e some of the heroes in

history# for e2ample Quaide/7am# it would have &een &etter for him% He wanted

to receive full reward of his stru''le in this very world &ut his wish remained

unful3lled%

($) The musi$ in ''' heard no more.

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem 5he 0olitary eaper

(ii) +oet William Wordsworth

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines :1-:/:

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet praises the son' of a hi'hland 'irl# sin'in' and

reapin' in a valley of 0cottish mountains% He thin"s her voice more melodious than

that of the ni'htin'ale and the cuc"oo% 5hus he saves her son' in his memories to

enoy it ever-afterwards%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poet says that a thin' of &eauty is a oy forever% 5he

melodious voice of the son' of


5/36

(i) +oem 6ll the WorldAs a 0ta'e

(ii) +oet William 0ha"espeare

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Line 1-/8

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet says that the world is a sta'e and man is an

actor% He performs seven roles in his life on this sta'e% He starts his performance asan infant# then a school &oy# a lover# a soldier# a ustice# a retired person and 3nally

an old man%

E-+/N/TION

In these prover&ial lines the poet has used two &eautiful metaphors% Birstly he

says that the planet earth is a hu'e platform where the performance of the drama

named 0life "eeps on ta"in' place%


6/36

should also la&our hard continuously till our death so that the comin' 'enerations

may remem&er us a 0heroes for our su&lime actions and deeds%

($) In the morning ''' beneath the tree.

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem 6 >oison 5ree

(ii) +oet William $la"e

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines 1E-1/1

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet descri&es the development and e@ects of an'er%

Fnce the poet &ecomes an'ry with his foe and &ottles up his wrath% 5his hatred

&ecomes a tree which &ears a poisonous apple% His enemy eats this apple and dies

there and then%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poet says that triumph always 'ives happiness and

satisfaction% Death is an occasion for 'rief &ut for the poet it turns out to &e an

occasion for oy &ecause his hatred has won at the cost of his enemyAs death% 5he

poet had# in fact# planted a tree of hatred for his enemy% 5his tree &ore a &ri'ht &ut

poisonous apple% His enemy was tempted to eat it li"e E3e was tempted to eat the

apple in >aradise% 6t last his enemy ate it stealthily at ni'ht and died there and

then% When the poet went to his 'arden in the mornin'# his oy "new no &ounds

&ecause his enemy was no more than a ri'or mortis# lyin' on the 'round &eneath

the tree%

QUESTION NO. >

(a) /nd on her dul$imer she 6layed singing of %ount /bora.

(b) !aled through a &ood, sa& the birds in the trees. They ha3e no

6oliti$ians and sang at their ease.

($) /nd yet those 3oi$es If you &ere not afraid, you &ould ill him:

(a) /nd on her dul$imer ''' %ount /bora

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem Gu&la Ghan

(ii) +oet 0amuel 5aylor olerid'e

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines 4;-41/E4


7/36

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet 'ives an ima'ina'y description of a

wanderland# anadu% It has a pleasure-doom# a sacred river# ancient forests# a

wailin' woman# a mi'hty mountain# caves of ice and a damsel sin'in' of mount

6&ora%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poet depicts a very romantic scence at Gu&la GhanAs

wanderland# -anadu% 5he poet dreamt that a youn' &lac" woman was standin' inthis wanderland% 0he was# in fact# an 6&yssinian maid% In her hands# she was

holdin' two li'ht-wei'ht hammers% With these hammers she was palyin' a musical

instrument called dulcimer% 5he music of this ither was creatin' a pleasin' e@ect%

oreover# she was sin'in' a melodious son' in praise of sacred mountain called

6&ora% 5hus the presence of the youn' woman# the playin' of the musical

instrument and the sin'in' of the praise son' all add to the &eauty and charms of

this land%

The hills are ali3e &ith the sound of musi$

!ith the songs they ha3e sung

*Fscar Hammertein II+

(b) !aled through a &ood '' at their ease.

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem 0ay 5his ity Has 5en illion 0oul

(ii) +oet Wyston Hu'hes 6uden

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines :7-:8/48

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet descri&es the misera&le condition of ?erman

9ews% 5o 'et rid of HitlerAs cruelties in ?ermany# the 9ews )ed to 6merica to ta"e

refu'e% $ut the immi'rants had to face estran'ement# alienation and maltreatment

in 6merica%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poet re'rets that human life has fallen &eneath the animal

level and the maor reason is the presence of politicians amon' humans% When theauthorities of Ne&


8/36

#EE#EN*E

(i) +oem 0na"e

(ii) +oet David Her&ert Lawrence

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e Lines :-:7/7E

(ii) *ontent In this poem the poet descri&es his encounter with a sna"e that

comes to drin" water at his water-trou'h% He is much impressed &y its physical

&eauty% However# the voices of his education compel him to attac" it% 6fter his

departure# he feels sorry for his mean action%

E-+/N/TION

In these lines the poet e2presses the con)ict in his mind a&out how to treat

the sna"e which has come to his water-trou'h to (uench its thirst% 5he poet has

li"ed the presence of this &eautiful sna"e in his house% However# on the other hand#

he is a'ain hearin' the inner voices of his conscience and social education% 5hesevoices are alarmin' him that sna"e is a dan'erous and poisonous reptile% It is a

'reater enemy of man% 5hus the rational voices are ur'in' him that if he is not a

coward or pavid and if he does not feel afraid of it# he must "ill the venomous sna"e

to save himself and others from its &ite%

/nd ? mid this tumult @ubla heard from far

/n$estral 3oi$es 6ro6hesying &ar:

*0%5% olerid'e+

QUESTION NO. A

(a) 0ua, tell them in the stables that Toby isn"t to ha3e any oats all to

day.

(b) 0ortunately, I ha3e other means of im6ressing you. The 6o&er of the

6urse goes a long &ay in this &orld. I 6ro6ose to use it.

($) There ain"t no $riminal $lasses, any more than 3irtuous $lasses. The

rogues and the rulers may both $ome from the gutter, or the +ala$e.

(a) 0ua, tell them ''' oats all today.

#EE#EN*E

(i) +lay 5he $ear

(ii) +lay&right 6nton he"hov

*ONTE-T


9/36

(i) O$$urren$e Last line of the play

(ii) *ontent >opova# a dowa'er# is visited &y 0mirnov# a creditor of her late

hus&and% 0he is not in a position to repay the loan% 5he situation advances in such a

manner that they are ready to 3'ht with pistols% $ut later# they are en'a'ed in love-

ma"in'%

E-+/N/TION

5his sentence is spo"en &y the heroine of the play# >opova% 0he utters it

when Lu"a and other servants come to &eat 0mirnov with di@erent tools% It shows

that she has &e'un to li"e 0mirnov and despise ihailovitvh# her late hus&and%

When >opova loved her late hus&and# she also loved his favourites% 5hus 5o&y was

not only the favourite horse of ihailovitch &ut also of >opova% In the &e'innin' of

the play she says to Lu"a# 0Tell them to gi3e him(Toby) an e2tra feed of oats %

$ut now >opova has &ecome very cruel to 5o&y% hilip# a soldier# comes &ac" after the war to the house of ncle

9ames% 9ames wants to &rin' him into his am &usiness% In his nap he dreams that

>hilip does not a'ree with him% However# when he wa"es up >hilip accepts his

proposal%

E-+/N/TION

5hese lines are spo"en &y a main character of the play# Un$le Cames% He

utters these lines when >hilip says to him that his an'er is not so impressive as thatof his $ri'adier% 0o he plans to use hilip% He thin"s

that money has a 'reat power in this world% >hilipAs father has died% He has left a

tidy sum of money for >hilip% However# >hilip cannot 'et his money until he is

twenty-3ve% $efore that he cannot withdraw his money without ncle 9ames

permission% ncle 9ames holds the purse-strin's% 0o when ncle 9ames fails to

in)uence >hilip with his an'er# he threatens him to use


10/36

(i) +lay 0omethin' to 5al" 6&out

(ii) +lay&right .den >hillpotts

*ONTE-T

(i) O$$urren$e 6lmost middle of the play

(ii) *ontent 5he Wolf# a &ur'lar# &rea"s into the house of 0ydneys% Fne &y one# all

the family mem&ers come into the room where the Wolf is tryin' to ro& theirhristmas 'ifts% 5hey appreciate him &ut do not want to lose their 'ifts% 0o they

cunnin'ly send him to their nei'h&ourAs house%

E-+/N/TION

5hese lines are spo"en &y the central character of the play# the Wolf% He

utters these lines to contradict Lady edchester when she uses the words alace%

Question No. D

(a) !hat is the role of Ni$ /dams in 0The @illers

(b) 0I &ould rather ha3e been lo3ed, not feared says Featri$e before

dying in 0#a66a$$ini"s 8aughter. Elaborate.

($) 8es$ribe the Guarrel bet&een Ustad %angu and the =ora Soldier. (The

Ne& *onstitution)

(a) #ole of Ni$ /dams

Fle 6nderson# 6l# a2# ?eor'e# 0am and !ic" 6dams are the main characters

of the story# 0The @illers% However# the prota'onist is !ic" 6dams% He is a typical

Hemin'way hero who is learnin' 0the $ode% He is a teena'e &oy# responsi&le

citien and peace-lovin' individual%

Birstly# he is a little dude of a&out ei'hteen or nineteen who wor"s at HenryAs Lunch-

oom with ?eor'e and 0am in 0ummit% His a'e &ecomes evident when 6l and a2

moc" his masculinity &y callin' him a 0bright boy% oreover# when 0am

says# 0ittle boys al&ays no& &hat to do# his teena'e 'ets proved%

0econdly# he is a responsi&le citien% 6fter the departure of 6l and a2# he

'oes to HirschAs $oardin' House% 5here he warns Fle 6nderson of the impendin'

dan'er to FleAs life from 6l and a2% He also o@ers him his help &y sayin'# 08on"t

you &ant me to go and see the 6oli$e

5hirdly# he is a peace-lovin' person% He reco'nies the horror of evil and attempts

to do somethin' a&out it# &ut when he cannot# he decides to run away from the area

of 'an'sters% 5hus when he comes &ac" HenryAs Lunch-oom# he says to

?eor'e# 0I"m going to get out of this to&n.


11/36

(b) Featri$e"s !ish to be o3ed

>oisonous women have lon' &een the em&odiment of fear% History and

literature presents many e2amples of it% $eatrice is also a poisonous 'irt &ut she

never wants to &ecome an o&ect of fear &ut of love% 0he wishes to &e loved

&ecause she is alone# her soul is pristine and her mind is depressed%

Birstly# she is a lonely maiden% Her life is con3ned to her house and 'arden%

He 0sister6lant cannot re(uite her love% 5hus# to "eep her emotionally sound

and psycholo'ically &alanced# she wishes to love of society%

0econdly# her soul is pristine% 6lthou'h her sinister father has impre'nated

her &ody with poison# her soul remains pure% Her evil power is merely a super3cial

dis'uise% Hence she says# 0=io3anni, belie3e it, though my body be fed &ith

6oison, my s6irit is =od"s $reature, and needs lo3e as its daily food.

5hirdly# her heart and mind is 'rief-stric"en% 6ll the three characters ma"e her

life misera&le% $a'lioni causes hatred in the heart of ?iovanni for $eatrice%

appaccini uses her as a guinea 6ig% ?iovanni accuses her of his &ein' poisonous

and even calls her 0terrible In this dilemma# she only needs love# love and love%

($) Quarrel Fet&een Ustad %angu

and the =ora Soldier

It was the mornin' of 1st 6pril# 1:E in 0outh 6sia% 5he day when a new

constitution was supposed to &e promul'ated% stad an'u# the hero of the

story# 0The Ne& *onstitution &y 0aadat Hasan anto# 'ot up earlier than usual%

He set up his ton'a and came on the road% He moved a&out in the city to see colour

and li'ht# &ut there was none%

He went to the cantonment% 5here he saw the ?ora soldier who had a&usedhim the year &efore in the drun"en state% He was waitin' for a conveyance% an'u

drove towards him% 5he ?ora soldier wanted to &e carried to the dancin' 'irlsA

&aaar% 5o recover the amount spent on the new plume of his horse# an'u

demanded 3ve rupees for the service%

5he demand of 3ve rupees caused a violent &ic"erin' &etween the two% 5he

?ora soldier hit an'u with his stic"% an'uAs thi'h was inured% He )ew

into e2asperation% He thou'ht that the new constitution was in force% 0o under the

illusion of e(ual ri'hts# he hit a &low under the chin of the soldier% any &lows

followed% He 'ave the soldier a sound &eatin'%

In desperation# the soldier &e'an to shout for help% 0oon a crowd 'athered

there% >olice also appeared on the scene% an'u was apprehended% He

shouted# 0Ne& $onstitution: 0Ne& $onstitution: $ut he was told that there

was no new constitution% 6t last# the common Indian was put &ehind the &ars and it

'ot proved that the $ritish were still in rule%

QUESTION NO. H


12/36

(a) !hy does E3e turn do&n e3ery o9er of #osen in 0Tae +ity

(b) o& does the S&allo& sa$ri5$e his life for the lo3e of the a66y

+rin$e

($) 8es$ribe the e9e$t of romanti$ lo3e on the adoles$ent mind of the

Small Foy. (/raby)

(a) E3a"s #efusal to #osen"s el6

Hitler "ills relatives# mi'ration ruins &usiness# disease snatches hus&and and

dau'hters &ecome &urden% 0o .va is in a 'reat predicament% ?od ta"es pity and

sends an an'el of help named osen% However# .va reects all his o@ers of help

&ecause she li"es self-dependence# possesses self-respect and loves her lat

hus&and very much%

Birstly# .va wants to lead an independent life% 0he thin"s that no&ody will

marry a poor widow with two dau'hters% .ven osen is ready for marria'e &ut she

refuses% 0he fears that the sic" osen will soon leave her in the lurch li"e that of her

sic" hus&and% 5hus she says# 0I had enough &ith si$ men.

0econdly# she is a para'on of self-respect% 0he has a 3rm &elief in her own

inte'rity% osenAs pity# charity# love and marria'e proposal all hurt her self-respect%

0he prefers starvation and loneliness to dis'race of her self-respect% Hence she

plainly says no to each and every o@er of help &y osen%

5hirdly# she has a 'reat love for her late hus&and% 0he still calls hem 0%y

/le2% 0he does not want to let his name down% In the end it seems that she 'oes

to osenAs window to surrender% $ut it is ust the hallucination of osen as he wants

to see her &rea"in' down &efore him% $ut .va never &rea"s down%

(b) The #ole of S&allo&

5he 0wallow is a very lovely character in the short story 0The a66y

+rin$e &y Fscar Wilder% 6t the start of the story# he is shown to &e a romantic &ird

who &elieves in physical love% However# as the tale advances# he falls in true love

with the statue of a prince% ?radually his love is transformed into aga6e% 5he love

for which he postpones his seasonal mi'ratory )i'ht towards .'ypt# &ecomes an

a'ent of charity and even sacri3ces his life%

5he 0wallow is mi'ratin' to .'ypt where he is awaited &y his friends%

However# on the re(uest of the statue# he procrastinates his ourney three times% Fn

the 3rst ni'ht he stops to help a seamstress and his ill son with the ru&y from the

statueAs sword-hilt% Fn the second ni'ht he delays his trip to help a starvin'

playwri'ht with one of the sapphire eye of the statue% Fn the third ni'ht he stays to

succor a destitute match-'irl with the other sapphire eye of the statue%

When the statue &ecomes &lind of &oth eyes# the 0wallow decides to live with

him forever# He )ies over the city and narrates the su@erin's and miseries of the

people to the statue% Fne &y one he pluc"s the 'old leaves that cover the &ody of

the statue and distri&utes them amon' the indi'ent of the city% In the meantime#

snow is followed &y frost% 5he 0wallow 'rows colder and colder% In his mori&undity#


13/36

he )ies to the statueAs shoulder# "isses him on the lips and falls down dead at his

feet%

($) E9e$t of #omanti$ o3e

6ccordin' to reud# a love which has a &loc"ed se2ual ur'e is called romantic

love% 0/raby &y 9ames 9oyce &eautifully depicts the e@ect of romantic love on the

adolescent mind of a small &oy who is infatuated with the sister of a play-mate% 5his

is the &oyAs 3rst and unre(uited love which ma"es him an ima'inative dude#

parasitical follower and sentimental fool%

Birstly# love ma"es the &oy hi'hly ima'inative% He is always o&sessed in the

sweet thou'hts of his sweet-heart% He always "eeps her with him in his ima'ination%

6t day in the class-room and at ni'ht in the &ed-room# he envisa'es her

&eautiful 0bro&n 5gure &etween him and the pa'e of &oo" he strives to read%

0econdly# love converts him into a parasitical follower% He wants to han'

around his &eloved all the time% .very mornin'# he lies on the )oor of his front room

and an2iously waits for his &eloved to come our of her house for school% 6s soon as

she comes at her doorstep# he (uic"ly ta"es his &oo"s and follows her to that point

where their ways diver'e%

5hirdly# love ma"es him a sentimental fool% He promises his darlin' to procure

a souvenir for her from


14/36

a 03ulture eye% 5he eye chills him to the &ac"&one% 5he revulsion e2ceeds to

such an e2tent that he decides to "ill the old man# perhaps his master%

0econdly# the process of "illin' 'enerates horror% Bor seven ni'hts# the

narrator 'oes to "ill the old man% 5he eye &ein' closed# he ta"es no action%

However# on the ei'hth ni'ht# the old man wa"es at a certain noise% 6fter 'loatin'

over his victimAs fear an hour# the prota'onist lets out a ray of li'ht at the 0e3il

eye% 5he si'ht infuriates him% He pounces upon the old man and smothers him

under &ed%

5hirdly# the corpse of the old man 3lls us with shudderin' horror% We feel near

nausea when the merciless "iller hac"s the corpse into pieces to conceal it under

the wooden plan"s of the )oor% 5he horror 'ets intensi3ed manifold when the

conscience of the "iller &e'ins to hear the relentless thro&&in' of the dead manAs

heart 'ettin' louder and louder each moment%

(b) Satire on Lanity of !omen

6 literary wor" in which human vice or folly is attac"ed throu'h irony# derision

or wit is called satire% 0The Ne$la$e &y ?uy de aupassant is an e2cellent satire

on the vanity of women% 5hrou'h the characters of atilda and Borestier# the writer

has satiried three aspects of womenAs vanityK discontent with life# e2cessive pride

in physical &eauty and e'oism to hide truth%

Birstly# womenAs dissatisfaction with life has &een satiried% Canity is# in fact#

the (uality of &ein' vain and valueless% atilda is not satis3ed with her poor

hus&and# hum&le house and other modest &elon'in's% 5he a&sence of e2pensive

stu@ in her life ma"es fer feel worthless and futile% 5he writer condemns this vain

and pessimistic attitude of life%

0econdly# womenAs e2cessive pride in their physical &eauty has &e criticied%

atilda is very proud of her physical &eauty% 5o &ecome a beauty Gueen at a &all#

she procures a costly froc" and &arrows a diamond nec"lace which are sym&ols of

her vanity% 5he writer manifests that vanity has a fall% 5he nec"lace is lost and

atilda has to pay a heavy price for it%

5hirdly# womenAs e'oism to hide the truth has &een ridiculed% It is the e'oism

of Borestier that she does not tell atilda that the nec"lace is fa"e% 0imilarly# atilda

does not tell Borestier that the nec"lace has &een lost% 5hus &oth women have fear

of &ein' ori'inal and this attitude is intimately connected to vanity or 3ainglory.

($) %oral 8e$aden$e of the English /risto$ra$y

5he act or process of fallin' into an inferior condition is called decadence% 5he

story 0The 8u$hess and the Ce&eller written in 1:8 &y Cir'inia Woolf clearly

re)ects the decadence of moral values of the .n'lish aristocracy after the Cictorian

.ra% ?am&lin'# stealin'# cheatin'# 'reediness and insolence were the prevailin'

vices amon' the elite class% 5here are two main characters in the story M Oli3er


15/36

Fa$on and a 8u$hess% 5hese characters fully re)ect the moral decadence of the

.n'lish aristocracy%

Fliver $acon is a representative of naoveau aristocracy% His character amply

reveals the moral decadence of the contemporary upper class% He is a very 'reedy

man% .ven thou'h he has &ecome the richest eweler in .n'land# yet he is not

satis3ed% oreover# he is a philanderer% He has deceived ademoiselle who used to

stic" roses in his &utton hole% !ow he &uys fa"e pearls from the Duchess in

e2chan'e of passin' a wee"end with her dau'hter 8iana# his new &eloved%

Fn the other hand# the Duchess represents inherited aristocracy% Her

character also hi'hli'hts the la2 ethics of the no&ility of that time% 0he is a thief% In

order to 'et money for 'am&lin'# she steal the pearls of her hus&and% 0he has no

respect for her hus&and% 0he calls him villain# sharper and &adAun% 0he is so

&an"rupt morally that she sta"es the honour of her dau'hter for money% 0he o@ers

her dau'hter Diana for amour to Fliver $acon in her own house%

QUESTION NO. M

(a) The !ife in 0The Shado& in the #ose =arden $annot hel6 digging her6ast. 8is$uss.

(b) 8es$ribe the lo3e bet&een the ren$h Soldier and the +anther.

($) o& is isby di9erent from her elder sister

(a) The !ife ' / Nostalgi$ *hara$ter

0ome memories fade away with the passa'e of time% However# the

reminiscence of 3rst love refuses to wither away% 5he Wife in 0The Shado& in the

#ose =arden &y D%H% Lawrence still retrospects her 3rst love passionately% Her

issuelessness# choosin' a familiar place for outin' and eaculation of pent-upemotions prove that she cannot help di''in' her past%

Birstly# the Wife is childless% 0he married Bran" three years a'o% 0ince then

she has &een livin' with him in $ridlin'ton under the same roof% However# she has

not 'iven &irth to a &a&y% It means she has not compromised with her present% 0he

has not developed conu'ality with her hus&and% In other words# she still loves her

past%

0econdly# when the hus&and arran'es for an outin'# the Wife deli&erately

selects a sea-side villa'e to revive her yore% Here there is her sweet memorial place#

a rose 'arden% 0he visits this 'arden alone% 5his lush# enchanted 'arden# 3lled withred# pin" and white roses reminds her of the time spent there with /r$hie# her

erstwhile lover%

5hirdly# her dischar'in' of repressed emotions shows her love for past% In the

'arden# she encounters 6rchie% Watchin' him alive &ut mad pertur&s her 'reatly%

Her mind is so full of the memories of past that it refuses to hide the present shoc"%

5hus after comin' &ac" the 'arden# she &lurts out a confession of her a@air with

6rchie to her hus&and%


16/36

(b) o3e Fet&een the ren$h Soldier

and the +anther

6n emotion of stron' a@ection and personal attachment is called love% 0/

+assion in the 8esert &y Honore De $alac is a wonderful lo3e fantasy% It

descri&es a stran'e type of love &etween a human and a &east% 5he male lover is an

escaped Brench soldier while the female lover is a panther% 5heir encounter in a den

of desert 'radually develops into a love a@air &etween the two%

Fn the mornin' of second day of his escape# the soldier dares to caress the

panther% Love &e'ets love% 5he panther wa's her tail voluptuously% 0oon they

&ecome friends% 5he soldier calls her with lovin' names% However# &ein'

apprehensive of her ferocity# he once tries to )ee &ut falls in a (uic"sand% 5he

panther comes to his rescue% 0he seies him &y the collar and pulls him up%

6fter this incident# the love &etween the two 'rows stron'% 5he soldier says to

the panther# 0!e"re bound together for life and death. Brom that time the

desert seems inha&ited to him% Fn the other hand# the panther &ecomes ealous in

love% Fnce when the soldier shows interest in an ea'le# she shows her ealously &y'rowlin' and hoppin' a&out%

Love ta"es a trial% 5he soldier a'ain tries to desert the panther% 0he clutches

his le' in her aws to "eep him &ac"% He misunderstands that the panther is 'oin' to

devour him% 0o he sta&s her with his di''er% In her mori&undity# she loo"s at the

wild soldier without any an'er or enmity% 0he dies there and then &ut wins in the

trial of love.

($) 8i9eren$e Fet&een isby and er Sisters

Lis&y 6very is the heroine of the short story 0The ittle !illo& &y Brances

5owers% 0he has two elder sisters# harlotte and $renda% When we have a

comparative study of the characters of the three sisters# we 3nd that Lis&y is (uite

di@erent from her si&lin's% Her &eaut# love and morality do not correspond with that

of her sisters%

Birstly# Lis&y is not physically attractive and 'lamorous &ut has

a tremendous inner &eauty% Fn the other hand# hers sisters lac" spiritual &eauty &ut

outwardly they are ?$harmers"% 5hey wear dresses of &ri'ht eye-catchin' colours%

harlotte has a face li"e La Belle Ferroniere and $renda has the )ower-li"e delicacy

of Piero della Francesca.

0econdly# Lis&y &elieves in true love% 0he only loves 0imon $yrne and

remains constant in her love% 6s for her sisters# they are playful and )irtin' 'irls%

5hey pretend to &e in love with all the eli'i&le army oNcers who visit the ourt

House% 5heir love is sel3sh and &usiness li"e% In short# they are 0the ty6es of the

sedu$ti3e &oman in any age.

5hirdly# Lis&y is a moral 'irl% .ven the war has not pertur&ed her morality% 0he

still li"es


17/36

respect for her ancestors% However# her sisters are heartless# insensitive and

immoral% 5he deaths of their erstwhile lovers have no e@ect on them% 5hus they

remind us one of GeatsA 0a Felle 8ame Sans %er$i.

QUESTION NO. 1

(a) 8is$uss the 6lay 0The Fear as a far$e.

(b) !hat is the $onKi$t bet&een Un$le Cames and his ne6he&, +hili6

($) !hy has +rimrose de$ided to marry an ugly man

(a) 0The Fear /s a ar$e

Barce is a "ind of low comedy that raises roars of lau'hter rather than

smile% 0The Fear &y 6nton he"hov is an outstandin' archetype of this 'enre%

5he e2a''erative characters# ludicrous situations and impro&a&le plot are the maor

farcical elements in the play that produce &elly lau'hs# slapstic" humour and

rum&ustious entertainment%

Birstly# the play has e2a''erative characters% 5hey are ala7ons. 5hey in)ate

themselves to &e more than they actually are% 0mirnov e2poses himself a

miso'ynist% However# the way he e2ploits )attery to win >opovaAs love ma"es us

'i''le% >opova claims that she is inconsola&ly &ereaved &ut her powdered face and

passionate em&race with 0mirnov 'ive us a hearty cachinnation%

0econdly# the play is pre'nant with ludicrous situations% >opovaAs refusal to

pay &ac" 0mirnov the loan# >opovaAs acceptin' 0mirnovAs challen'e to 3'ht a duel

with pistol and 0mirnovAs teachin' >opova how to 3re a pistol are the most ludicrous

and ridiculous situations in the play% 5hese situations &reed a 'reat hee-haw and'u@aw%

5hirdly# the plot of the play is impro&a&le% It is full of suspense &ut the

suspense# curiously enou'h# is titillatin'# rather than 'rim% 5he twist at the end of

the plot is (uite humorous% In mas(uerades the e2pected tra'edy into comedy% 5hus

the end# o&viously ma"es the readers or the spectators lau'h a 'reat deal% HaJ HaJ

HaJ OOOOJ

(b) *onKi$t Fet&een +hili6 and Un$le Cames

5he opposition &etween two thin's is called con)ict% In 0The Foy *omes

ome &y 6%6% ilne# the element of con)ict is very prominent% 6lmost all the 3ve

characters are in con)ict &ut the a'on &etween >hilip and ncle 9ames is the soul of

the play% 5he maor factors which esta&lish con)ict &etween the two areP

punctuality# manners and >hilipAs career%

5he 3rst con)ict starts at &rea"fast on the issue of punctuality% >hilip has ust

repatriated from a nerve-shatterin' war% 0o he is in a mood of holiday% He wa"es up

late in the mornin'% He demands his &rea"fast at 1; oAcloc"% ncle 9ames does not


18/36

approve his unpunctuality% He has made a strict rule in his house to have &rea"fast

at 8 oAcloc" sharp%

5he second con)ict ta"es place in a dream on the matter of decorums% While

waitin' for >hilip in the mornin' room# ncle 9ames naps in front of the 3re% He

dreams that >hilip has a ci'ar in his hand% He li'hts it and starts puNn' in front of

his uncle without any permission% ncle 9ames does not li"e it at all%

5he third con)ict is seen in the dream on the concern of >hilipAs employment%>hilip wants to &e an architect while his uncle tries to push him into his am

&usiness% 6 showdown starts &etween the two% 9ames e2ploits the power of money

and >hilip uses the power of revolver% >hilip wins% However# when 9ames wa"es up#

>hilip is ready to oin the am &usiness%

($) +rimrose"s 8e$ision to %arry an Ugly %an

5he u'ly hus&and is a secret to successful marria'e% 5he $eauty and the

$east ma"e the most positive and supportive couple% >rimrose# the heroine of the

play 0SmoeS$reens &y Herold $ri'house# has realied it% 0he is a &eautiful

youn' 'irl of twenty% 0he has decided to marry an u'ly man# 9ohn# &ecause he is avery lovin'# solvent and secure man%

Birstly# she has decided to marry the u'ly man &ecause he is a very amorous

and lovin' person at heart% He ma"es her feel all funny inside% He hits her where

she matters% His love has made her &lind to his physical u'liness% 6nd love &etween

a man and a woman is an insanity that is only cured &y marria'e%

0econdly# she has proposed to marry the unattractive man &ecause he is

well-esta&lished 3nancially% He is an international player of a very earnin' 'ame# the

ru'&y foot&all% oreover# he is one of the most successful advertisin' a'ents in

London% 5hus she will have no 3nancial pro&lems after marria'e% 0he will roll inmoney%

5hirdly# she wants to marry the hideous man &ecause he is very secure% 0ince

he is u'ly# he is not a lady-"iller% 0he will have not worries re'ardin' his runnin'

after other women or other women runnin' after him% In other words# he will remain

a monogamous husband% He will not desert her the way her charmin' father has

deserted her mother%

QUESTION NO. 11

(a) In the light of iaGuat /li @han"s s6ee$h, e26lain the $ir$umstan$es

&hi$h led to the $reation of +aistan.

(b) !hat is the signi5$an$e of the $on$lusion that 0the &hole fabri$ of

$i3ili7ation &as modeled and moulded

($) 0!histling of Firds sho&s its &riter"s lo3e for nature. Elaborate.

(a) *ir$umstan$es for the *reation of +aistan

Irreconcila&le di@erences eventually lead to inevita&le separation% In his

speech


19/36

which led to the creation of >a"istan% 5hese circumstances were# in fact# the deep-

rooted di@erences &etween the uslims and the Hindus% 5he uslims and the

Hindus were poles apart demo'raphically# reli'iously# socially and economically%

5hus Hindu-uslim unity and amity were impossi&le in the su&-continent%

Demo'raphically# the uslims were a minority as compared with the Hindus%

eli'iously# the uslims were monotheists while the Hindus were polytheists%

0ocially# the uslims &elieved in the e(uality of all men whereas the Hindus

adhered to a caste system% .conomically# the uslims advocated private ownershipand the Hindus attached wei'ht to the concentration of wealth% 5hus the uslims

and the Hindus were di@erent in everythin' and must need di@erent territories%

5heir co-e2istence was incon'ruous% oreover# the su&-continent was vast enou'h

for two lar'e countries%

5he demand of the uslims for divorce was very 'enuine and reasona&le as it

was in the interest of &oth the uslims and the Hindus% It was also in the interest of

the world peace% 5he &o'us peace enforced &y the $ritish would have ended after

the departure of the $ritish from the su&-continent% In short# a separate homeland

was inevita&le for the uslims to live peacefully and accordin' to their own political#

reli'ious# social and economical life style%

There is no 6la$e lie home

/ll must ha3e a home of their o&n

*9%H% >ayne+

(b) Signi5$an$e of the *on$lusion

onclusion is# in fact# a lo'ical end of somethin'% 6s far as the conclusion of

the essay 0The E$li6se &y Cir'inia Woolf is concerned# it is very si'ni3cant% 5he

phrase 0the &hole fabri$ of $i3ili7ation &as modelled and moulded shows

the importance of the sun in the system of universe# stren'thens our &elief in 6llah

6lmi'hty and discloses the worth of those thin's which are found after their loss%

Birstly# the conclusion si'ni3es the importance of the sun for the world% 6fter

the eclipse# the li'ht is restored in the sun% 5his li'ht transforms the entire structure

of human civiliation into its ori'inal shape and splendor% Fnce a'ain# the world

&ecomes &ri'ht# colorful and populous% 5he farmhouses# the villa'es and railway

lines &ecome the centre of activity% 5hus the sun is the )esh and &lood of this world%

0econdly# the conclusion stren'thens our trust in 6llah 6lmi'hty% 6n eclipse is

a natural phenomenon% It warns that manAs place on this earth is very precarious%

6ll the advancements in "nowled'e and science cannot overcome this helplessness

of man% However# the return of li'ht in the sun 'ives us a messa'e of hope and

su&stantiates our faith in 6llah 6lmi'hty Who is controllin' all the processes of the

universe%

5hirdly# the conclusion implies that losin' somethin' ma"es us realie the

importance of that thin'% 5he sun is lost for twenty-four seconds durin' this eclipse%

However# when it is revived we realie that nothin' is more important to us than the

sun%


20/36

The thing that is found after its loss is $alled hea3en.

*Wasif 6li Wasif+

($) !riter"s o3e for Nature

D%H% Lawrence is a platonic lover of nature so he loves nature from &oth sides

of the coin% His essay 0!histling of Firds shows his a&sor&in' love for nature%

His faithful description of o&ects of nature# &eautiful presentation of phenomena of

nature and ac"nowled'ement of natureAs merciless potential# are evidence of his

love for nature%

Birstly# his faithful description of o&ects of nature shows his stron' aNnity

with nature% 5he presence of lam&s# turtles and doves etc# in this essay# sym&olies

his love for animals whereas daphne# crocus and celandine denote his love for

plants% $oth animals and plants are the livin' o&ects of nature and the writer is a

lover of them%

0econdly# his &eautiful presentation of the spectacular phenomena of nature

demonstrates his love for nature% He descri&es frost# wind# sunset and twili'ht as a

lover descri&es the features of his &eloved% He has presented these divine acts to

portray two other 'reat natural phenomenaK winter and sprin'% However# the

writerAs love for nature is the 'reatest natural phenomena%

5hirdly# the writerAs love for nature has reco'nied natureAs merciless

potential% 5hat is why he has 'iven the dismal details of lacerated cadavers of

lapwin's# starlin's# thrushes# red-win's and numerous other creatures% In short# the

writer is an a3id lo3er of nature"s duality.


21/36

No s6ring nor summer beauty hath su$h gra$e

/s I ha3e seen in one autumnal fa$e

*9ohn Donne+

QUESTION NO. 14

(a) 8es$ribe =loria Emerson"s e26erien$e of 6ara$hute um6ing.

(b) =i3e an a$$ount of the disaster o$$urred on /ugust M, 1M>A at

Nagasai, as gi3en by I$himaru.

($) !hy does AP &y ichaito Ichimaru

'ives us a detailed narration of the destruction caused &y the atom &om& in

!a'asa"i# the city of 9apan# on 6u'ust # 14E% 5he atom &om& was dropped &y


22/36

6llied forces% 5he picture of the ruin comes alive &efore our eyes throu'h the

impressive narration of the writer%

5he writer narrates that it was a sunny day% 6ll of a sudden# at 11 am a &-

appeared and dropped an atom &om&% 5he &lac" rain started to fall% 5he &lue s"y

turned to &lac"% 5he air dose of radiation was more than 7;; raids% 5he people who

were comin' &ac" from hypo-center were in misera&le condition% 0Their $lothes

&ere in rags and shreds of sin hung from their bodies.

5housands of people were seriously inured% 5he noise of their cries was

un&eara&le% 5hey loo"ed li"e 'hosts% 5hey too died after a few days% 5he dead

&odies were lar'e in num&er that it was a &i' pro&lem to dispose them o@% 0o they

were piled up and &urnt with the help of woods% .verywhere there was death and

destruction%

5o sum up# it was an awful# horri&le and terri&le tra'edy which &efell the

people of !a'asa"i on that day%

($) *om6arison Fet&een =randmother and =randfather

5he essay 0%y =randfather &y W%$% ,eats &asically presents the memories

of writerAs childhood# especially related to maternal% However# 'reater part of the

essay reveals a character analysis of ,eatsA 'randfather and 'randmother%

5he writer says that his 'randfather# !illiam +olle2 en# was a man of his

own nature% 5hou'h he was never harsh or un"ind to him# yet it was a practice to

fear and praise him% >hysically he was very stron' &esides havin' a hard temper% He

could even handle the &ur'lars himself instead of 'oin' to the law% $ein' the only

son of his parents# he had very few friends% 5his shows his nature of remainin'

alone# thou'h he has ac(uaintance with some famous people% 6ll his children were

afraid of their proud father%

6s far as ,eatsA 'randmother is concerned# she was totally di@erent sort of

character% 0he was "ind-hearted# considerate and helpful &y nature% 5hou'h she

once punished him &ecause he was playin' with a servant# yet he always loved to

&e in her company% oreover# she had a fantastic aesthetic nature and admirer of

art% Her room was &eautifully decorated with di@erent paintin's% 0he always too"

"een interest in loo"in' after her 'arden% In short# she had a personality of her own

and every&ody loved and admired her%

5hese were the writerAs views a&out his 'randfather and 'randmother% ,eats

has included a comparison of their characters to ma'nify the salient features of each characters% 5his comparison also shows the di@erence &etween man and

woman# particularly old ones%

QUESTION NO. 1;

(a) !hy does ea$o$ regard the tailor as 0immortal

(b) +oint out the e2am6les of irony and humour in u2ley"s essay 0The

Feauty Industry.


23/36


24/36

08o$toring is not e3en the art of ee6ing the 6eo6le in health is a

thou'ht-provo"in' remar" of ?%W% 0haw in his essay


25/36

QUESTION NO. 1>

(a) o& does %a2 Feerbohm di9erentiate bet&een osts and =uests

(b) !hat are the real 6roblems fa$ed by a ba$helor

($) 0It is 3ery easy to see fanati$ism in other 6eo6le, but di$ult to s6ot in

oneself. Is it really so

(a) 8i9eren$e Fet&een osts and =uests

F@erin' or acceptin' hospitality is a (uality found in every human &ein'% Fn

the &asis of it# a2 $eer&ohm in his essay 0osts and =uests has divided the

whole man"ind into two distinct classesK hosts and 'uests li"e ?elett $ur'ess has

divided it into Fromides and Sul6hites% 6lthou'h this classi3cation is only on the

theoretical level# he has clearly drawn the 'eneral# temperamental and

circumstantial di@erences &etween these two classes%

Birstly# the writer tells the 'eneral di@erence &etween these two classes% 6

person 'ets the la&el of a host if he invites someone to dine with him at arestaurant# orders the meal and &ears the e2penses% Fn the other hand a person

'ets the la&el of a 'uest if he accepts the invitation with deli'ht# praises the food

while eatin'# does not pay the &ill and feels a pleasant sensation of not payin' for it%

0econdly# the writer 'ives the temperamental dissimilarity &etween these

two 'roups% .very human &ein' is either a host or a 'uest &y instinct% He is a &orn-

host or a &orn-'uest% His instinct dominates his personality% 6 person is a host if he

possesses an active or positive instinct to o@er hospitality% Fn the other hand a

person is a 'uest if he has a passive or ne'ative instinct to accept the hospitality%

5hirdly# there are circumstantial di@erences &etween hosts and 'uests%ircumstances react on the character% onventionally# the rich 'ive and the poor

receive% iches often nurture the instincts of a host and poverty usually fosters the

instincts of a 'uest% 5he rich and the poor is an undisputed division# however# the

rich as hosts and the poor as 'uests is a poor one% 0ome poor persons also love to

entertain others%

(b) +roblems a$ed Fy a Fa$helor

5he essay ro&a&ly# he 3nds himself mis3t in this environment &ut havin' no

alternative where to 'o% He is often found in parties wanderin' alone%

When a &achelor loo"s into a mirror# he has an alto'ether di@erent idea a&out

himself% 5he mirror 'ives him the re)ection of a healthy youn' man with a lot of

time# chance# and moneyK who can eat# drin"# and roam at will% He feels himself free


26/36

without a wife or children to loo" after% $ut same mirror sometimes 'ives him some

displeasin' aspects as well% He feels himself alone and unwanted &y society%

5here are t&o maor ty6es of &achelors% 5here is one who is handsome#

charmin' and always in search of new 'irls and even 'ettin' them% 5he other is a

&it mediocre# always considerin' himself a hero in dreams% He has intimacy with

pretty 'irls only in ima'ination# &ut a failure in real life% He always tosses in &ed &ut

sometimes fortunate enou'h to 'et a mee"er li"e him as a partner% $ut the pro&lem

with &oth of them is that they are not satis3ed with themselves% 5hey always needtrue love &ut seldom 'et and always 'et what they do not want%

In short# these are some common pro&lems faced &y an 6merican &achelor as

e2pressed in this essay%

($) inding anati$ism in Other +eo6le

Banaticism means e2cessive intolerance of opposin' views% It is an

unnecessary and unreasona&le enthusiasm for oneAs doctrine or stand-point% In his

essay 0Toleran$e# .%% Borster says# 0It is 3ery easy to see fanati$ism inother 6eo6le, but di$ult to s6ot in oneself. If we deeply loo" into the

matter# we 3nd out that it is really so% It is &ecause people lac" tolerance% 5hey are

e'oists# self-con3rmin' and 3ndfaulters%

Birstly# it is easy to see fanaticism in others and diNcult to spot in oneself

&ecause people lac" tolerance% 5olerance is a dull virtue so it is almost missin' in all

spheres of life M in the (ueue# in the street# in the railway station# in the oNce# at

the factory# at the telephone and a&ove all amon' classes# races and nations%

6&sence of tolerance and compromise ma"es people narrow-minded and fanatic%

0econdly# people are e'ocentric% 5hey consider tolerance a wea"ness orsurrender% 5hese people are responsi&le for the color (uestions and racial

preudices% 5hey produce hatred amon' people and distur& the peace of society%

5hey do not understand that puttin' up with people does not mean yieldin' to

them% It only means to &e &road-minded# li&eral# calm and patient%

5hirdly# people are self-con3rmin' and 3ndfaulters% 5hey consider their

thin"in'# &eliefs and creeds correct# truthful and the hi'hest of all% 5hey do not

respect the ideas of others% Bor e2ample# the .n'lishmen usually accuse the !ais

of &ein' intolerant to the 9ews% $ut are they not e(ually 'uilty of &ein' preudicial to

the $lac"S 5hus the writer ri'htly says#


27/36

(a) %anners are Infe$tious

Infectious means lia&le to &e transmitted to people% In his essay 0On Saying

+lease 6lpha of the >lou'h has very aptly commented on 'ood and &ad manners

as infectious% If the &ad manners of one person in)uence others and ma"e them

rude and ill-temperedK the 'ood manners of one person also a@ect others and ma"e

them polite and "ind% 5he writer has propa'ated his view point with two e2amples%

5he 3rst e2ample is of &ad manners% 6 fellow did not say rotestants and rotestants will 'o to Hell= as

asserted &y the atholicsK lotinus too" their ori'in in>latoAs utopia of eternal world% 5he worshipers of ithra founded their fanatical

creeds in a solar paradise% 5he early hristians even started persecutin' each other

for minor deviations of their fanatical creeds% 5he supporters of 5rots"y founded

their fanatical creeds in the ussian $olshevi" evolution of 117 for the forci&le

enforcement of communism% 6ll these totally di@erent fanatical creeds of hristians

atholicism and ussian ommunism have &een claimin' heavenly salvation at the

cost of earthly salvation%


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However# science on the other hand aims at the spread of earthly salvation

on the condition of all "inds of tolerance for each other%

($) Im6ortan$e of Litamins for uman Fody

6 vitamin is an or'anic compound re(uired &y an or'anism as a vital nutrient

in limited amounts% 5here are thirteen vitamins that a human &ody needs for health

and 3tness% 5hese include four fat-solu&le vitaminsK 6# D# . and G# and nine water

solu&le vitaminsK 8 $ vitamins and vitamin % In his essay 0The Litamins# Dr%Genneth Wal"er has &eautifully descri&ed the role of various vitamins for human

&ody%

.ach vitamin has speci3c o&s% Citamins 6 plays a really &i' part in &ody

'rowth# immune system and eye-si'ht% Citamin D is necessary for stron' &ones and

. is indispensa&le for fertility% Citamin G is the clot-master% $ vitamins help human

&ody to synthesie proteins and ener'y% Citamin helps to heal cuts and wounds%

5hus vitamins play a si'ni3cant role in "eepin' the human &ody healthy and 3t%

De3ciency and e2cess of vitamins also a@ect human health% 5he dearth of

vitamin 6 may lead to a curious condition of the eye called e2ophthalmia% 5he lac"of vitamin D can cause ric"ets% Fne of maor causes of human infertility is the lac"

of vitamin .% $eri-&eri and pella'ra are caused &y the scarcity of $ vitamins%

0imilarly hi'h dose of some vitamins may ma"e human &ody sic"%

In short# for the 3tness of human &ody an ade(uate (uantity of vitamin is

inevita&le% If the vitamins are missin' from human diet# then the supply of mere

car&ohydrates# proteins# fats and minerals fail to "eep us in proper state of health%

5he writer also proscri&es us to ta"e vitamins in the form of ta&lets% We must 'et

them from fresh ve'eta&les# fruits# cereals and meat to "eep our &ody ro&ust%

QUESTION NO. 1D

(a) !hat is 6ersoni5$ation E26lain 6ersoni5$ation in 0eisure.

(b) !hat in your o6inion is the most fan$iful image in 0Tartary

($) !hat are the ne& year resolutions of Eli7abeth Se&ell

(a) +ersoni5$ation in 0eisure

>ersoni3cation is a literary device% It is an ontolo'ical metaphor in which aninanimate o&ect or a&straction is represented as a livin' person% In his

poem 0eisure# William Davies has personi3ed Feauty% He has 'iven it the

(ualities of a youn' 'irl who has dancin' feet# sensory eyes and smilin' lips%

Birstly# adam $eauty has feet% 5hese are the terminal structures of her &ody

which have &ones# muscles and oints% With these anatomical structures# she is

leapin'# umpin'# s"ippin'# hoppin' and ivin'% nfortunately# modern man has no

time to enoy the &allet of this &allerina%


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0econdly# $eauty is &lessed with eyes% 5hese are the optical or'ans of her

3'ure which have attraction and perception% With these sensual or'ans# she not

only detects li'ht &ut also smiles from her milieu% Ironically# modern man has 'rown

&lind to his surroundin's%

5hirdly# $eauty possesses lips% 5hese are the e2pressive or'ans of her

physi(ue which 'ain smile from the eyes% 6lthou'h the smile ta"es no time to reach

the lips yet modern man is so &usy in his worldly pursuits that he cannot wait for

the arrival of smile on the &eautiful face of $eauty%

(b) The %ost an$iful Image

In Literature# a word or e2pression that refers to an o&ect or (uality which

appeals to one or more of the senses and the feelin's is called

ima'e% In his poem# 0Tartary, Walter De La are has employed at least twenty

concrete ima'es% In fact# the whole poem is a succession of visual# auditory#

olfactory# 'ustatory# tactile and "inetic ima'es% 0o it is diNcult to say which of the

ima'es is more fanciful than the others%

However# if we are forced to select the most fanciful i%e%# unreal and

wonderful ima'e# then it is the "inetic ima'e made in the last four lines of the third

stana of the poem% Here the poet saysP

0/nd ere should &ane the morningstar,

I"d don my robe and s$imitar,

/nd 7ebras se3en should dra& my $ar

Through Tartary"s dar glades.

5his is the most fanciful ima'e &ecause it is totally di@erent from reality

and is very wonderful% 5he other ima'es M the &ed of ivory# the throne of 'old#

peacoc"s in the court# ti'ers in the forests# 3sh in the pools# colorful lamps#

musical instruments and o&ects of !ature M are deli'htful ima'es &ut they

represent real scenes% However# the ima'e of 'or'eously attired potentate of

5artary# ridin' a chariot driven &y seven e&ras is pure fancy%

($) #esolutions of the +oetess

.ver since the $a&ylonian 6'e# people have &een ma"in' new year

resolutions to improve their life style% In her poem# 0Ne&


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0econdly# she pled'es that she will en'a'e herself in introspection two times

everyday% 0he will try to discover the reality a&out her inner personality% 0he will

remind herself of her responsi&ilities and lia&ilities% 0he thin"s that self-identity will

&e a school of profundity# morality and wisdom for her%

5hirdly# she decides to 'ra&&le with the realities of life% !o dou&t# reality has


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Birstly# the poem has a solitary spea"er who is patently not the poet% He is an

erstwhile worshipful leader who is receivin' unearned punishment% In this critical

situation# he is freely 'ivin' vent to his feelin's to reveal the inner wor"in' of his

mind% He is# in fact# 0a soul in a$tion%

0econdly# the poem has a silent audience% 5here is no dialo'ue &etween the

spea"er and the audience% 5his audience consists of people who adore or a&hor

someone une2pectedly% 5his implied presence of an auditor distin'uishes this

dramatic monolo'ue from a solilo(uy in which the spea"er is alone%

5hirdly# the poem presents a tra'ic dramatic situation% It invo"es in us

feelin's of pity# fear and relief called catharsis% 5he leaderAs downfall e2cites

feelin's of pity in us% We fear &ecause we reco'nie similar possi&ilities in us%

However# the leaderAs &elief# 0?Tis =od shall re6ay I am safer so 'ives us

relief%

($) The /rt of osing

0One /rt is a &eautiful villanelle in which .lia&eth $ishop claims# 0The artis losing isn"t hard to master% However# we do not a'ree with her &ecause

material thin's are never lost# real losses are eternal and the poetess herself fails to

master this so-called art%

Birstly# material thin's are never lost &ut misplaced% Door "eys# watches and

houses etc are not lost &ecause they retain their e2istence% 5hey have chances of

retrieval% We may run into them any time% If they mislaid permanently# we can 'et

their su&stitutes% 5hus tan'i&le thin's are never lost%

0econdly# the real losses are the losses of those thin's that lose their

e2istence% 5he death of our dear ones is an e2ample of these losses% 5ime canassua'e the pain of loss &ut can never return us a lost mother# father or friend%

Hence it is impossi&le to master the art of losin'%

5hirdly# the poetess herself fails to master this art% 5he rhythm of the poem is

cho"ed up% 5here are many 'lottal pauses# si'nifyin' that the poetess is tryin' to

hold &ac" the tears and havin' trou&le controllin' her view point% 0o how can we

a'ree with her )ippancyJ

QUESTION NO. 1J

(a) !hy does !ords&orth $all the solitary rea6er"s song ?a melan$holy

strain"

(b) !hy does Shaes6eare $all old age ?a se$ond $hildishness"

($) o& a66ro6riate is the title of the 6oem 0/ +oison Tree

(a) / %elan$holy Strain

T6 melancholy strainA means a sad son'% In his poem# 0The Solitary

#ea6er# Wordsworth calls the son' of the solitary reaper Ta melancholy strainA

even thou'h he does not understand the lan'ua'e of the son'% It is &ecause the


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reaper is alone# her voice is superior to that of a ni'htin'ale and the poet himself is

prone to melancholy%

Birstly# the reaper is alone M an idea emphasied 3ve times in the poem% It

means there is no one in the society with whom she can share her pent-up

emotions% 5his has made her life melancholic% 5hus she shares her emotions with

!ature in loneliness and the poet ri'htly calls her son' Ta melancholy strainA%

0econdly# it is a traditional idea that ni'htin'ales are connected to the idea of melancholy% any poets use ni'htin'ales as a sym&ol of melancholy in their poems%

$ecause Wordsworth has compared the voice of the solitary reaper with that of the

ni'htin'ale so the son' of the solitary reaper is also Ta melancholy strainA%

5hirdly# the poet himself is prone to melancholy% 5o prove this# we ump to his

poem 08a9odils% 6t the end of this poem# he mentions that he sometimes 3nds

himself in a Tpensive moodA% 5hus he naturally calls the son' of the solitary reaper Ta

melancholy strainA%

(b) Old /ge B / Se$ond *hildishness

Life is a cycle and old a'e is a sta'e where the cycle is returned to its

&e'innin' i%e%# childishness% 5he Holy Quran states#


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Birstly# the poison tree of William $la"e stands for the tree in >aradise% $ut

this analo'y is not suita&le% 6dam and .ve did not die after eatin' the apple from

this tree &ut the poetAs enemy dies% oreover# ?od does not reoice in "illin' His

enemies li"e that of the poet%

0econdly# the poison tree is a physical manifestation of poetAs an'er# 'rowin'

in his mind for his enemy% $ut how does the enemy 'et into the poetAs mind without

the poetAs "nowin'S How does poisonous thou'hts "ill the enemyS Fnly its shows

the inappropriateness of the title%However# if the foe represents the poetAs mental disharmony and the poison tree

his wrath# then the title matches the content of the poem% In the end the poet is

happy &ecause his wrath has "illed the demons in his mind# and his mind is at

peace now% In short# diamond has $ut diamond%

QUESTION NO. 1M

(a) !hy does Emily 8i$inson use the image of ourney in 0Fe$ause I *ould

Not Sto6 for 8eath

(b) 0ights Out by Ed&ard Thomas d&ells on the 6o&er of slee6.Elaborate.

($) !hat does the em6ty barrel signify in 0/fter /66le +i$ing

(a) The Image of Courney

0Fe$ause I *ould Not Sto6 for 8eath is a hi'hly sym&olic poem in which

.mily Dic"inson has employed many ima'es% 5he dominant one is the ima'e of

ourney% It is# in fact# a metaphor for life-after-&irth and life-after-death% .arthly life is

a ourney &ecause ourney and life &oth have turns# o&stacles and destinations%

Birstly# a common ourney is traveled on the routes called hi'hways whichhave many turns% orrespondin'ly# life is traveled on the route called 0time% It has

also several turns e2cept a -turn% 5he poetess has mentioned three maor turns in

lifeK childhood# youth and old a'e%

0econdly# on the route of a common ourney# there are many o&staclesK &ad

roads# frosts# &umpers and &loc"a'es etc% 0imilarly# on the course of life# ups and

downs are common% 0urprises and losses 'ive violent olts% 0orrows and worries

cause inuries% 5hus the route of life is full of impediments%

5hirdly# a common ourney comes to an end when the destination is

approached% Life also come to a halt when death &loc"s the route and pushes thetraveler into the 'rave the 3nal destination% In short# the soourn of life on earth

ends and the odyssey of life-after-death starts from here%

(b) +o&er of Slee6

0leep is a state of rest for &ody# mind and spirit% It has so much potential in it

that no passion or sentiment can challen'e it% In his poem# 0ights Out, .dward


34/36

5homas e2(uisitely e2pounds the power of sleep% 0leep is so powerful that its

invasion is inescapa&le% Its dominance of a panacea and its end is a new &e'innin'%

Birstly# sleep is so potent that its invasion is irresisti&le% .ven the no&lest tas"#

the favorite &oo" or the dearest face cannot "eep us awa"e for a lon' time% 0leep is

cumulativeK if we resist it one day# it attac"s the ne2t day% We are helpless in the

hands of sleep% 6t last we have to surrender &efore the allurin' force of sleep%

0econdly# sleep is so powerful that its hold or dominance is a panacea% Itma'ically heals all despairs and miseries# and puts an end to all trou&les and

pro&lems% William 0ha"espeare ri'htly says a&out sleepP


35/36

which &ecome his fears% He fears that he will not &e a&le to achieve fame# enoy

&eauty and savour love &ecause he will sooner die of tu&erculosis%

5he 3rst (uatrain descri&es his fear of not 'ettin' fame as a poet% He worries that

his premature death will leave his poetry in parenthesis% 5hou'h he has a


36/36

poet warns him that sna"e is a mortal foe of man% Hence the natural feelin's of

a@ection are defeated &y the rational feelin's of hatred%

0econdly# he calls his education accursed &ecause it does not allow him to

appreciate the &eauty of the sna"e% !o dou&t# the uni(ue shape# coloration and

locomotion of sna"e ma"es it the most enoy the &eauty# fairness and 'race of the

sna"e &ut &eautiful animal in the world% 5he instincts of the poet wants

tothe o6hidio6hobia 'enerated &y his education ceases him to do so%

5hirdly# he condemns his education &ecause it misleads him% It compels him

to assassinate the sna"e% He hits it with a lo'% However# the sna"e does not come

&ac" to &ite him% It proves the innocence and harmlessness of the sna"e% 5hus the

attempt to "ill the sna"e was not an act of &ravery &ut of Candalism committed &y

an educated man%

english poems notes

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