baudl novice pack sy13

8/14/2019 Baudl Novice Pack Sy13

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Mass Transit Starter Pack

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MASS TRANSIT AND POVERTY:YOU DECIDE

BAUDL NOVICE PACK:

MASS TRANSITTransportation is critical to our daily lives. From the Montgomery Bus Boycott to the Freedom Rides, it has

proven itself important for freedom and opportunity. Public transportation is crucial to get people to get to

school, work and home. In some communities it can be efficient, clean, safe and easy to use. Yet in other

communities, it can be unreliable, dirty, dangerous or even not available at all.

So what should be done? Should we improve public transportation for communities in need?

The Affirmative argues that we should, claiming that that by improving access and the quality of public

transportation in low-income communities, we can:

help people find jobs and work their way out of poverty help students get to school on time and get a good education create diverse, healthy communities.

When you are on the Negative side, you can choose among arguments like these:

cars private property are better than public transportation at solving the problems of the plan instead of doing the plan, we should give money directly to people living in poverty an increase in access to public transportation will cause an increase in criminal activity by youth some privileged communities are opposed to racial integration and could create a backlash

Who is right and who is wrong? The answer is up to you.

Welcome and Hot Tips................................................................................................................................................................ 2

Evidence for the Affirmative: Core Aff .................................................................................................................................. 31AC: Plan Text ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Evidence for the Affirmative: Answers to Neg ................................................................................................................ 12

Evidence for Negative: Core Neg .......................................................................................................................................... 20

Evidence for the Negative:Answers To Aff ....................................................................................................................... 27


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WELCOME AND HOT TIPS

Welcome to Debate.

Debate is an opportunity for you to build your voice and be heard.When you debate, you will have the chance to speak your mind on topics from Iraq to poverty in the inner

city, and to prove your skills against young people from all over the bay. Debate is a sport: it calls on you

to join a team, represent your school, and win trophies, championships, and prizes.If you commit yourself

to this sport you will have much fun; most importantly, you will gain the tools to better yourself, to earn

college scholarships, and to speak up for your entire community.

What is Debate?

Debate is a competition between two teams, each with two debaters. One team takes the Affirmative,

proposing a plan to change the world and explaining why it is a good idea. The other team is the Negative,

who attacks the plan and tries to prove that it will do more harm than good.

There are 8 speeches and 4 cross-examinations in a debate round. You and your partner will each take

the lead on 2 speeches (1 Constructive and 1 Rebuttal) and 1 cross-examination.


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EVIDENCE

FOR THE

AFFIRMATIVE:

CORE AFF


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1AC:HARMS &INHERENCY

Robert Bullard, (2004). Prof Sociology, Dir. Env. Justice Resource Center, Clark Univ. Highway robbery : transportation racism &new routes to equity. Cambridge, Mass: South End Press. p.1

The struggle against transportation racism has always been about civil rights, social justice, equity, andfair treatment. For more than a century, African Americans and other people of color have struggled toend transportation racism. Harbingers of the modern civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and theMontgomery Bus Boycott of the 1950s challenged transportation racism. Later, the Freedom Riders of the1960s defied Jim Crow on interstate transportation. Despite the heroic efforts of many and themonumental human rights gains over the past five decades, transportation remains a civil rights andquality of life issue. Unfortunately, it appears that transportation-civil rights issues have dropped off theradar of many mainstream civil rights and social justice organizations at a time when racist political forcesdisguised as conservatives attempt to roll back and dismantle many hard-won civil rights gains.

Your Words. What is the difference between the kinds of people that ride on AC transit v. BART? Do you noticedifferences between transportation in your community and privileged communities? What do this differences mean forquestions ofjusticeand equity? *

Glossary: Harbingers -A person or thing that announces or signals the approach of another. Foreshadows what is to come.Conservatives - Favoring traditional views and valuesDismantle - To take apart; disassemble; tear down.

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1AC:PLAN TEXT

Thus we offer the following plan:

USFG should substantially increase transportation infrastructure

investment in mass transit, focusing on improving equity of access for low-

income communities and communities of color.

We will clarify our intent.


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1AC:SOLVENCY

Moss 2005Doug. E Moss, 4/05, Save our Cities, Towns (and Jobs) with Public Transit, ProQuest.

http://search.proquest.com/docview/229056230

But according to the National Business Coalition for Rapid Transit (NBCRT), every $1 billion invested inpublic transit projects generates 30,000 jobs, and the same amount invested in transit operations generatestwice that. Public transit also provides access to jobs, making it possible for poorer citizens to get to workwithout a car. It keeps downtowns thriving by enabling people to get there, work there or live therewithout a car, and it cuts congestion and improves productivity, too, by eliminating the fatigue of

commuting in traffic - all the while reducing energy usage and cleaning the air.

Your Words. Imagine there was no such thing as public transportation. How many BAUDL students do you thinkwould not be able to debate? When the judge votes for you, why does it mean they are supporting youth? *

Glossary: Congestion - Overcrowding; clogging: severe traffic excess.Fatigue - Extreme tiredness, typically resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.

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http://search.proquest.com/docview/229056230http://search.proquest.com/docview/229056230http://search.proquest.com/docview/229056230


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Byrd, Ricardo 1999 (Executive Director of the National Association of Neighborhoods (NAN) for cleanenergy, Using Public Transportation to Reduce the Economic, Social, and Human Costs of PersonalImmobility. Washington: National Academy, 1999. Print.)

AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Almost four in ten American households do nothave public transportation available within two miles. It is widely believed that persons who are poor,disabled or elderly cannot participate fully in society without an automobile or high quality, low-costpublic transportation. Some of the major reasons for these barriers to full participation are:

*Lack of access to job opportunities for inner-city residents;*Need to improve basic services in the inner city to reduce travel needs;*Deficient rural and small town transit services;*Inadequate funding to improve mobility for the transportation disadvantaged; and*Need for improved public safety to reduce fear of travel by public transit.

Retaining basic public transportation services is critical to improving the mobility of the transportationdisadvantaged. In these days of declining funds, it is important to recognize the fundamental premise ofavailability which underpins this research; therefore, the first and most obvious finding of this research isthat public transportation must be available if it is to be used to address immobility. A case study of theAC Transit District in Oakland, California concluded that urban bus services can be enormouslyproductive economically, and its curtailment, even in low-patronage, off-peak hours, can create added

travel costs and income losses for riders that exceed by many times the dollar savings to transit agenciesfrom service reductions. Although AC Transit was able to balance its budget by service reductions whichsaved $4.8 million, the economic impact on riders was $48.1 million in lost income and added travel timeand expenses.

Your Words. Include a story about yourself or anyone you know who has been unable to get to work because oftransportation. What is the impact on their life? Explain why this means that you should win this debate round.*

Glossary: Deficient: Insufficient or inadequateUnderpins: Support, justify, or form the basis for somethingCurtailment: the temporal property of being cut shortLow-patronage: lack of support or encouragement of a person who provides financial or other supportPremise - to set forth beforehand as an introduction

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Lexer Quamie, Counsel, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, 2011[Race, Poverty & the Environment, Autumn Awakening Vol 18, No 2, 2011, http://urbanhabitat.org/18-2/intro]

Today, most housing stock is not accessible by public transit nor is it located in pedestrian- or bike-friendly areas close to jobs. When families seek housing with lower rents and mortgages, they have tomove to the suburbs which raises their transportation costs. Currently, working families in the 28 largestmetropolitan areas spend about 57 percent of their income on housing and transportation, with roughly 29percent going to transportation. Our transportation dollars have limitless potential to help our

communities, as long as we make targeted and equitable investments to provide access to opportunity forall. Indeed, transportation is a key component in addressing poverty, unemployment, health, andcommunity development needs.

Your Words. If you and your family didnt have to pay for transportation, what else would you be able to afford? Nowextend this to your whole communitywhat impact would high-quality affordable public transportation have for them?

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http://urbanhabitat.org/18-2/introhttp://urbanhabitat.org/18-2/intro


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Sanchez et al 2003.MOVING TO EQUITY: Addressing Inequitable Effects of Transportation Policies on Minorities.http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/metro-and-regional-inequalities/transportation/moving-to-equity-addressing-inequitable-effects-of-transportation-policies-on-minorities/sanchez-moving-to-equity-transportation-policies.pdf)

One study found that students traveling to or from school in cities of more than 500,000 accounted for 15percent of all public transportation trips. It was estimated in 1996 that 20 percent of school children inCalifornia were using public transportation or other special transportation service to go to school and thatgrowing numbers of students were relying on public transportation in other states such as Ohio. As TheNational Academies Transportation Research Board stated, transit services in large urban areas have

long been used to transport students, particularly those in high school and junior high school.Whilethere is no research documenting how many of these students taking public transportation are minorities,it stands to reason that many of the K12 (kindergarten through 12th grade) students who depend onpublic transportation are minorities located in urban areas with a developed public transportation system.Supporting this idea is the fact that Los Angeles, Houston, and Washington, DCcities with significantminority populationsprovide discounted public bus fares for students.

Although the large majority of K12 students do not need to rely on public transit to get to school, forthose who do, access to that transportation may mean the difference between attending and missingschool. For instance, during efforts to obtain free student transit passes from the MetropolitanTransportation Commission serving the San Francisco Bay area, evidence was presented that students

without access to public transportation would not attend school.A number of high school students inOakland and El Cerrito, which have significant minority populations, testified that they needed freetransit passes because their families sometimes had to decide between food and bus fare.

Your Words. Do you or your friends and peers rely on public transportation to get to school? How is free publiceducation really free if it costs money to get there every morning? Why is your personal experience more important thanacademic evidence like what the neg is trying to use against you?*

Glossary: Diminishing - Make or become less.National Academies Transportation Research Board One of 6 divisions of the National Research Council, the NRC is jointly administered bythe National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine.

Metropolitan Transportation CommissionCreated by the State Legislature in 1970, the MTC is the transportation planning, coordinating andfinancing agency for the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. (Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara,Solano, and Sonoma counties)

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Themba-Nixon et al -- 2001.(Makani Themba-Nixon, Julie Quiroz-Martinez, Vernellia R. Randall, and Gavin Kearney workfor Transnational Racial Justice Initiative (TRJI), a program of the Applied Research Center in partnership with the CommitteeAgainst Anti Asian Violence (CAAAV), CAUSA and the Center for Third World Organizing.. The Persistence of WhitePrivilege and Institutional Racism in US Policy. 2001. PDF)

By creating and maintaining racial and economic segregation, exclusionary land use practices alsoperpetuate inequality in the educational opportunities of white students and students of color. Because asignificant proportion of educational funding comes from property tax revenues at the local municipallevel, significant disparities exist around the country in the resources available to educate central citystudents, who are more likely to be of color, and suburban students, who are more likely to be white.Furthermore, because of the numerous other challenges that poor families face in finding stable housing,caring for the health needs of their children, and so on, poor school districts and teachers within themmust spend greater time and resources dealing with the basic needs of students, a burden which becomesincreasingly difficult as levels of economic segregation increase.

Your Words. How does the current economic situation impact your schooling and education? Imagine someone witheven less resources than you. How would their lives be different if you couldnt afford to get to school, or to a debatetournament?

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CambridgeSystematics, 05(Provider of management and planning consulting services and information systems to thepublic and private transportation industries, Public Transportation and the Nations Economyhttp://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/vary.pdf)

Transit capital investment is a significant source of job creation. This analysis indicates that in the yearfollowing the investment 314 jobs are created for each $10 million invested in transit capital funding.Transit operations spending provides a direct infusion to the local economy. Over 570 jobs are createdfor each $10 million invested in the short run. Businesses would realize a gain in sales 3 times the public

sector investment in transit capital; a $10 million investment results in a $30 million gain in sales.Businesses benefit as well from transit operations spending, with a $32 million increase in business salesfor each $10 million in transit operations spending. The additional economic benefits from thetransportation impacts of transit investment in major metropolitan areas are substantial. For every $10million invested, over $15 million is saved in transportation costs to both highway and transit users. Thesecosts include operating costs, fuel costs, and congestion costs. Business output and personal income arepositively impacted by transit investment, growing rapidly over time.

Your Words.*What does a job mean to a persons dignity? According to the card above, the affirmative plan wouldcreate thousands of jobs. What impact does this have on peoples lives?

Glossary: InfusionThe act or process of infusing (to introduce, for example introducing new money into the economy)RealizeTo become fully aware of (something) as a fact; understand clearly: "he realized his mistake at onceCapitalMoney that is invested in a particular project, for example transit capital is the money invested in transportation projects.

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http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/vary.pdfhttp://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/vary.pdfhttp://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/vary.pdf


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EVIDENCE

FOR THE

AFFIRMATIVE:

ANSWERSTO NEG


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USA Today 2011(USA Today, Ridership up on mass transit shows more people are workinghttp://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-12-07/mass-transit-ridership/51720984/1 12/8/11)

People are turning to public transit as a less expensive option to high gas prices, which, he says, "All of usreach a threshold of pain in our commutes." Regular gasoline averaged $3.29 a gallon Wednesday, up 33cents from a year ago, according to the Oil Price Information Service. About 60% of public transit ridersare commuters going to and from work, Melaniphy says. More use mass transit Trips in billions for the

first nine months of each year. Source: American Public Transportation Association Data for the thirdquarter show no let up in the trend. Overall ridership was up 2% to 2.6 billion in July through Septemberfrom a year earlier, and 162 of 210 transit agencies had increases. Still, the number of rides falls short ofthe third quarter of 2008 when ridership reached 2.73 billion . At that time, a gallon of regular gashovered between $3.68 and $3.95 a gallon. The increase is part of an upward trend in transit ridershipthat has been taking place since the mid-1990s, says Bradley Lane, a professor of urban planning andtransportation at the University of Texas at El Paso.

Your Words. Include a story about you or someone you know who has been affected by high gas prices. Why wouldthis make it more likely for people to use mass transit? *

Glossary: Ridershipthe amount of passengers using public transportationThresholdA point of entry or beginningQuarter A three-month period on a financial calendar

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Gordon, 2011Economic Analyst at Charles River Associates (Michael, Funding Urban Mass Transit in the United States,Boston College Economics Honors Thesis, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2007981,p. 4-5, 3-23-11)//AWV

Public transportation in the United States is at a critical juncture as many systems enter the post-recessionperiod with large deficits and debts, and limited funding at their disposal. Urban mass transit systemsacross the country provide critical services to their cities and the inhabitants of those cities. Nearly everymajor American city relies on some form of urban mass transit, including bus and rail systems. Many ofthese transit systems have used funds from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)

for capital improvements, yet struggle to cover rising operating costs. As urban populations continue togrow and roads become more congested, efficient urban mass transit will become even more important.Many different people rely on the public services of urban mass transit, including the elderly and the poor,who use it to commute to work. In addition to its other benefits, urban mass transit reduces congestion bytaking cars off the road, which also improves public health and the environment by reducing pollution.But because systems must provide below-market fares to remain accessible to everybody and keepridership high, fares alone cannot cover system costs. Instead, many systems utilize federal, state, andlocal subsidies to provide the difference.

Your Words. Imagine that you are the federal government, trying to decide whether you were going to spend money

to support cars or public transportation. Why would you be in a better position to effect more people by funding publictransportation instead of cars?

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Ross, C. L., & Marcus, M. (2010). Roadways and health: Making the case for collaboration. In S. Malekafzali (Ed.), Healthy,Equitable Transportation Policy Recommendations and Research (p. 81). Retrieved fromhttp://www.convergencepartnership.org/atf/cf/{245a9b44-6ded-4abd-a392-ae583809e350}/HEALTHTRANS_FULLBOOK_FINAL.PDF

Roadways, including highways, streets, and parkways, are linked to health outcomes in numerous ways.Foremost are physical inactivity, crashes, vehicle emissions, and equitable access to jobs and services. Lack ofsafe, convenient places and ways to walk and bicycle have led to sedentary lifestyles, feeding a massive

epidemic of obesity and chronic diseases. Current levels of motor vehicle emissions contribute to manynegative health outcomes, including increased incidence of asthma, lung disease, and cardiovascular disease.

Increased levels of greenhouse gases, to which cars and trucks are a major contributor, are causing climateinstability resulting in natural disasters, food scarcity, unhealthy ecological and weather patterns, andpremature deaths. Traffic crashes result in nearly 42,000 deaths and three million injuries every year onAmerican highways. Even the economic health of a community and its residents is affected by the cost,availability, and mode of transportation used for daily activities. Emotional well-being is challenged by trafficcongestion, long and stressful commutes, and noise. Every community is affected, and often vulnerablepopulations face the greatest risk

Your Words. Include a story about why cars cause safety issues and problems. Explain why a story like this one would bemore important than academic evidence like what the neg is trying to use against you.*

Glossary: CorrelatedA connection between two or more things.ForemostSomething that stands out and is prominent/prevalent.Sedentary A type of lifestyle that involves little or no physical activity.OrientedA guide, and or directed position aimed somewhere specific.

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James L. Payne, 1999. " Why the War on Poverty Failed: Handouts Provide the Wrong Incentives." The Freeman49(1).http://www.thefreemanonline.org/features/why-the-war-on-poverty-failed/

In adopting the handout approach for their programs, the war-on-poverty activists failed to noticeorfailed to carethat they were ignoring over a century of theory and experience in the social welfare field.Charity leaders of the nineteenth century had lived with the poor and had analyzed the effects of differentkinds of aid. They discovered that almsgivingthat is, something for nothingactually hurt the poor.First, it weakened them by undermining their motivation to improve themselves. If you kept giving a man

food when he was hungry, you undermined his incentive to look for a way to feed himself. Second,handouts encouraged self-destructive vices by softening the natural penalties for irresponsible and sociallyharmful behavior. If you gave a man coal who had wasted his money on drink, you encouraged him todrink away next months coal money, too. Finally, the nineteenth-century experts argued, handouts wereself-defeating. People became dependent on them, and new recipients were attracted to them. So this typeof aid could never reduce the size of the needy population. With handouts, the more you gave, the moreyou had to give.

Your Words.Why would government assistance make people lazy and dependent? Include a story if you know one,and explain why stories like these be more important than academic evidence like what the neg is trying to use against you?*

Glossary: IncentiveA method of encouraging a type of action or discourse.UndermineTo weaken a base or supporting foundation of something.

Almsgiving - making voluntary contributions to aid the poorVice(s) immoral or wicked behavior and/or activity involving prostitution, pornography and alcohol and drugs.

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Dorfman, L., & Schilardi, P. (2001). Youth, race, and crime in the news. Retrieved fromhttp://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/pre/01-04_REP_OffBalanceNews_JJ-RD.pdf

The studies reviewed here confirm that the news medias cumulative coverage of youth, race and crimemisrepresents crime, who suffers from crime, and the real level of involvement of young people in crime.

The public relies on news for its knowledge of crime. We suggest that a misinformation synergy occursin crime news that profoundly misinforms the public. The synergy results from the simultaneous andconsistent presentation of three significant distortions in print and broadcast news. It is not just thatAfrican Americans are overrepresented as criminals and underrepresented as victims, or that young

people are overrepresented as criminals, or that violent crime itself is given undue coverage. It is that allthree occur together, combining forces to produce a terribly unfair and inaccurate overall image of crimein America. Add to that a majority of readers and viewers who rarely have any personal experience withcrime by Black youth, and a White adult population who must rely on the media to tell them that storyand we have the perfect recipe for a misinformed public and misguided power structure.

But if news audiences are taking the crime coverage at face value, they are accepting a serious distortion.They are likely to believe that most crime is extremely violent and that perpetrators are Black and victimsWhite. If news audiences have little contact with young people, they are likely to believe that youth aredangerousthreats, in part because there are so fewother representations of youth in the newsto thecontrary.

Your Words. When the negative team argues that youth are going to cause crime, how do they play into stereotypesof youth? How could those stereotypes be destructive to the debate and creating social change? *

Glossary: Cumulative - Increasing or increased in quantity, degree, or force by successive additionsSynergy Combined action or operationSimultaneous - Occurring, operating, or done at the same timeDistortions - The action of giving a misleading account or impressionOverrepresentation -A group that has a number of its members in some condition in greater numbers than their population would suggest. If a

group makes up 20% of the population then a researcher might for example predict, other things being equal, that they would represent 20%of offenders, victims and those in prison. For example, men are overrepresented in prisons, as are African Americans and Latinos.Underrepresentation - Not represented in adequate numbers or amounts

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Belzer,et al. 2006. (Dena. Preserving and Promoting Diverse Transit-Oriented Neighborhoods. Center for Transit OrientedDevelopment. October 2006. Accessed 20 July 2012. http://www.cnt.org/repository/diverseTOD_FullReport.pdf)

Todays transit zones support more race and income diversity than the average neighborhood. Eighty-sixpercent of transit zones are either more economically diverse, more racially diverse or more diverse onboth points than the average census tract (when the comparison area is either the average of all central citytracts in the region if the given transit zone is in the central city, or the average of all suburban tracts in

the region if the given transit zone is in a suburb). This is especially true in regions with extensive transitsystemsBoston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia and San Franciscobut is not limited to thesecities. Diverse transit zones are present in all transit regions, including Dallas, Cleveland and Syracuse.Furthermore, 59 percent of residents near transit are people of color.

Your Words. Think about all the people who fought for diversity and against segregation in the Civil Rights Movement.Why did they fight for diversity? How does your plan help carry through the goals of their movement?*

Glossary: Transit Zones Areas where there is abundant public transportation, particularly different modes (i.e. Bus depot, Rail station etc)Extensive - Covering or affecting a large area or large in amount or scale.

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Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2006. (Study reveals transit areas present opportunity to support diversity. 2November 2006. Accessed 23 July 2012. http://www.cnt.org/repository/diverseTOD_PR-FactSheet.pdf)

As hundreds of transit activists assemble in Chicago for the 2006 Rail~volution conference, a new reporthighlighting the growing demand for diverse housing near transit is being released by the Center forNeighborhood Technology (CNT) in conjunction with Reconnecting America and Strategic Economicsthe partners in the Center for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). The study reveals the significantdiversityeconomically and raciallycurrently present in transit-served neighborhoods, or transit

zones, and suggests that additional development of mixed-income, mixed-race housing in these areaswould respond to growing demand for affordable and livable communities while also providingnumerous benefits to cities, regions, and the environment.

We are excited about this research because it shows market support for one of CNTs key strategies formaintaining the sustainability of communities, said Scott Bernstein, President of CNT. This workreveals demand for transit service in markets, large and small, and offers evidence that TOD can provideaffordable housing opportunities and is not, as many people think, reserved only for the wealthy. Thestudy of 41 regions 32 regions with transit and 9 regions planning it entitled Preserving andPromoting Diverse Transit-Oriented Neighborhoods was funded by the Ford Foundation and highlightsdata on neighborhoods near transit today and the demand for such neighborhoods by 2030. The current

picture reveals a presence of diversity by race and/or income in transit neighborhoodswhether urban orsuburbanthat surpasses the diversity of the surrounding neighborhoods and overall regions.

Your Words. Millions of people in the United States cant afford a decent place to live. What impact does affordablehousing have on peoples lives?What does your plan do to help? *

Glossary: Conjunction - The act of joining or the condition of being joinedSustainability - The ability of an ecosystem to maintain ecological processes, functions, biodiversity and productivity into the future.

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EVIDENCE

FOR THE

NEGATIVE:

CORE NEG


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Fred Barnes July 19, 2012Frederic W. Barnes is an American political commentator. He is the executive editor of the newspublication The Weekly Standard and regularly appears on the Fox News Channel program Special Report with Bret Baier.University of Virginia, Harvard University Despite efforts, Americans still prefer cars over mass transithttp://www.sfexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/2011/02/despite-efforts-americans-still-prefer-cars-over-mass-transit

For most Americansmake that most of mankindthe car is an instrument of mobility, flexibility andspeed. Yet officials in Washington, transportation experts, state and local functionaries, planners, andtransit officials are consistently puzzled about why their efforts to lure people from their cars continue to

fail. The Obama administration is only the latest to be bewildered. It has proposed every mass transitalternative it can think of.

Subways made sense decades agoin Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicagowhen jobs wereconcentrated downtown. Now 90 percent of jobs are outside the downtown in the top 50 urban areas,where mass transit cant compete with cars.Now the average commute by car takes half the time of masstransit. And the supposed cost benefits of mass transit, based on the old center city model, arentapplicable to decentralized metropolitan areas. Since 1982, when the Highway Trust Fund began to payfor non-highway projects, more than $200 billion in federal dollars has been spent on urban mass transit.Total spending at all levels of government has reached $1 trillion (in inflation-adjusted 2009 dollars). Theresult: Transits market share of urban passenger miles has fallen from 2.5 percent to 1.6 percent. In Los

Angeleswhere two subway lines, three light rail lines, and one busway have been builtthe ridershipon mass transit is lower than it was in 1985. Whos to blame for the overwhelming preference forautomobiles over mass transit? Do Americans have an irrational love affair with cars? No. A car not onlysaves timeits safe, increasingly fuel efficient, and less polluting than ever.

Your Words. How could having a car make it easier to get a job, take care of your kids, or succeed in school? Whydoes this mean that we should reject the Affirmative plan?*

Glossary: BewilderedPerplexed, ConfusedConcentrated - Wholly directed to one thing; intenseDecentralized - Tending away from a central pointInflation -A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money

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OToole, 10-American public policy analyst, Cato Institute Senior Fellow (Randal, Public Transit Proves Costly to Taxpayersand the Environment, The Tennessee Center for Policy Research, 6/3/10,http://www.beacontn.org/2010/06/public-transit-proves-costly-to-taxpayers-and-the-environment/)//LP

The Tennessee Center for Policy Research today released a policy report in conjunction withtransportation expert Randal OToole. The report, titled Tackling Public Transit in Tennessee, affirms thatTennessees public transit system has provided little in the way of cost or environmental efficiency.Seventeen years of expense data from the Federal Transit Administration show that not only are

automobiles a more cost-effective transportation option, but they also release far fewer greenhouse gasesinto the environment. Public transit is often portrayed as a low-cost, energy-efficient alternative to autodriving. In reality, transit is much more costly than driving and requires huge subsidies to attract anyriders at all, said OToole in the report. The average transit cost per passenger mile is $1.21, whiledriving costs just $0.23. Similarly, the average transit subsidy per passenger mile is $1.04, where drivingis subsidized merely $0.01 per passenger mile. OToole explained, Tennessee transit riders pay anaverage of less than 70 cents every time they board a bus, while taxpayers pay an average of more than $4to support that trip.

Your Words. The Card above argues that Public Transit is wasteful spendingwhat other programs should thegovernment spend its money on other than wasteful public transportation? Why would cars solve all of the problemsdiscussed by the Affirmative team? *

Glossary:Affirms To assert strongly and publicly; declare support for; to uphold or defendEfficiency - being effective without wasting time or effort or expense (effectiveCost-effective - productive relative to the cost; value for the moneyPortrayedto depict (someone or something); to describe in a particular way(someone or something).

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http://www.beacontn.org/2010/06/public-transit-proves-costly-to-taxpayers-and-the-environment/)/LPhttp://www.beacontn.org/2010/06/public-transit-proves-costly-to-taxpayers-and-the-environment/)/LPhttp://www.beacontn.org/2010/06/public-transit-proves-costly-to-taxpayers-and-the-environment/)/LPhttp://www.beacontn.org/2010/06/public-transit-proves-costly-to-taxpayers-and-the-environment/)/LPhttp://www.beacontn.org/2010/06/public-transit-proves-costly-to-taxpayers-and-the-environment/)/LPhttp://www.beacontn.org/2010/06/public-transit-proves-costly-to-taxpayers-and-the-environment/)/LP


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Tax Policy Center 10(The Tax Policy Center is run by theUrban InstituteandBrookings Institution,2010EconomicStimulus: What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective?

Fiscal stimulus should be well targeted in two ways. First, it should go to those households or businessesmost likely to raise spending in response to the stimulus and thus increase GDP in the short run. Second,it should provide the greatest benefit to those people most adversely affected by the slowdown. These twoaspects of targeting are complementary. Higher-income households can generally smooth their

consumption over the business cycle by drawing down their savings or borrowing. Therefore directingresources to them will likely have little effect on consumer spending. In contrast, lower-income familiesare more likely to have to cut back their consumption in hard times. These families are likely to spend anyadditional money they receive from tax cuts or transfer payments, which thus help protect them from thedownturn while also boosting the overall economy.

Your Words. Imagine that you cant afford to buy your next meal or the meal that will feed your family. Would youwant the government to give the money to public transportation, or straight to you? Why does this mean we shouldreject the Affirmative Plan?*

Glossary: FiscalOf or relating to government revenue (taxes); of or relating to financial matters.Stimulus -A thing that rouses activity or energy in someone or something; a spur or incentive

Adversely - unfavorable; opposing direction; working against; contrary;Complementary - Combining of two or more different things in such a way as to enhance or emphasize each other's qualitiesDownturn -A decline in economic, business, or other activity

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http://www.urban.org/http://www.urban.org/http://www.urban.org/http://www.brookings.edu/http://www.brookings.edu/http://www.brookings.edu/http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/background/stimulus/characteristics.cfmhttp://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/background/stimulus/characteristics.cfmhttp://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/background/stimulus/characteristics.cfmhttp://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/background/stimulus/characteristics.cfmhttp://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/background/stimulus/characteristics.cfmhttp://www.brookings.edu/http://www.urban.org/


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DUBNER 10/23/2008 STEPHEN J. DUBNERColumbia University,Appalachian State UniversityStephen J. Dubner is anAmerican journalist who has written four books and numerous articles Quill Award for best business book, Book Sense Bookof the Year Award for Adult Nonfictionhttp://www.freakonomics.com/2008/10/23/could-a-public-transit-boom-result-in-a-crime-boom/

Ask virtually any store manager at the Saint Louis Galleria about shoplifting, and youll invariably gettwo responses: One, its out of control; and two, its gotten exceedingly worse since August 2006, whenMetroLink opened a stop just 500 yards from the high-end shopping center. In the first six months of this

year, Richmond Heights police made 345 arrests at the mall. Thats nearly double the number of arrestsmade in all of 2005, before MetroLink opened its Shrewsbury line. More alarming are the numbers ofjuveniles (kids under the age of 17) arrested at the mall. This year police are on pace to take 276 juvenilesinto custody for shoplifting and other offensesa sevenfold increase over the 39 kids arrested at theGalleria in 2005.

I know its not politically correct, but how else do you explain it? comments a frustrated Galleria storemanager who, like many Galleria shopkeepers interviewed by Riverfront Times, says her employerprohibits her from officially speaking for the company. Anyone can see all these people crossingBrentwood Boulevard from the MetroLink station, the manager continues. Most of them arent here toshop. Theyre here to hang out and cause trouble. Mall workers say its not just shoplifting thats causing

problems. In November 2006 police arrested five juveniles and four older teenagers following a fistfightat the Galleria that involved dozens of minors. Four months later in March, another fight in the mallthis one involving up to 100 teensled to three more arrests and the Galleria imposing new sanctions onteenagers. The so-called Parental Guidance Required policy, put in place in April 2007, prohibitsanyone under age 17 from entering the mall after 3 p.m. on weekends without an adult chaperone.

Your Words. Include a story about young people causing disruptions through public transportation (e.g., at Eastmontin downtown Oakland or Bay Street in Emeryville). Why would this story be more important than academic evidence likewhat the affirmative team is trying to use against you?*

Glossary: Exceedingly Extremely; to a great extentSanctionsA penalties or punishments for disobeying a law or rule

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https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=columbia+university+in+the+city+of+new+york&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLQz9U3MCw3zQUAncu8AQwAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJgBEJsTKAAhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=columbia+university+in+the+city+of+new+york&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLQz9U3MCw3zQUAncu8AQwAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJgBEJsTKAAhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=columbia+university+in+the+city+of+new+york&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLQz9U3MCw3zQUAncu8AQwAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJgBEJsTKAAhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=appalachian+state+university&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLUz9U3MCxKTykHALuCOvQNAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJkBEJsTKAEhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=appalachian+state+university&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLUz9U3MCxKTykHALuCOvQNAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJkBEJsTKAEhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=appalachian+state+university&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLUz9U3MCxKTykHALuCOvQNAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJkBEJsTKAEhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=appalachian+state+university&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLUz9U3MCxKTykHALuCOvQNAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJkBEJsTKAEhttps://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&qscrl=1&q=columbia+university+in+the+city+of+new+york&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLQz9U3MCw3zQUAncu8AQwAAAA&sa=X&ei=Rv4JUIPTFoGe2AWi2oHQBw&ved=0CJgBEJsTKAA


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Austin,Paige. 2012. (Bus Service Canceled Amid Allegations of Racism Los Alamitos-Seal Beach Patch. June 27, 2012.Accessed 20 July 2012 http://losalamitos.patch.com/articles/bus-service-cancelled-amid-racial-tension)

At Mondays Long Beach Transit Board of Directors meeting, officials accused residents and some cityleaders in Seal Beach of harboring racist attitudes toward black residents and bus patrons in Long Beach.Based on comments made in May at a heated community meeting in Seal Beach, transit officials canceledplans to extend their bus service in Seal Beach and further eliminated existing bus routes in the city.Community members and your city council member in attendance expressed vehement opposition toLong Beach Transits proposed transit services in Seal Beach and made it clear that our customers are notwelcome. The level of angry, rude, and unprofessional behavior directed toward our organization helped

Long Beach Transit to clearly understand that any bus service directly linking Long Beach & Seal Beachis not in anyones best interest, Long Beach Transit President and Chief Executive Officer Laurence W.Jackson wrote in a letter to Seal Beach City Manager Jill Ingram.

Although it is best if I dont go into the details of specific comments, Seal Beach City staff present cangive you a sense of the colorful comments from residents and the Seal Beach Council member. Aprolonged dialogue putting one group of Seal Beach residents against transit users would not serve anyuseful purpose, but merely inflame deep-seated ugly feelings that were expressed during the meeting.While the Seal Beach residents main concern was about rerouting large buses to keep them off residentialstreets such as Marina Drive, one woman at the meeting reportedly expressed concerns about prostitutescoming to Seal Beach via the Long Beach buses while others reportedly called the Long Beach bus

patrons "those people." At this weeks transit board meeting, officials in Long Beach said the commentsreflected an era when black people from Long Beach were not welcomed in predominantly white SealBeach.

Your Words. The card above describes a backlash against public transportation systems that connect wealthy areas tolow income areas. Imagine the worst-case scenariowhat is the worst that a privileged community could do to keepundesirable people away from its nice neighborhood?

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Pollack, et al. 2010. (Pollack, Sephanie, Bluestone, Barry, and Billingham, Chase. Maintaining Diversity in Americas Transit-Rich Neighborhoods The Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy.http://www.dukakiscenter.org/storage/TRNEquityFull.pdf)

In some of the neighborhoods studied, the new transit station seems to have set in motion a cycle ofunintended consequences that reduced neighborhood residency by those groups most likely to use transitin favor of groups more likely to drive. Utilization of public transit for commuting in this problematicsubset of newly transit-served neighborhoods actually rose more slowly (or, in some cases, declinedfaster) than in the corresponding metropolitan area as a whole. Whether by displacement or

replacement, or a combination of the two, in some transit-rich neighborhoods the pattern of change isworking against the goal of attracting transit oriented neighbors: the most likely potential transit ridersare being crowded out by car owners less likely to be regular users of transit. This cycle, illustratedabove, raises concerns about both equity, because core transit riders are predominantly people of colorand/or low income, and about the success of new transit investments in attracting desired levels ofridership.

Your Words. Find a story of someone who has seen their neighborhood improve and seen the consequences thatcan happen: rents raise, less wealthy families move out, more wealthy families move in (e.g., West Oakland). Explain whythis story is just as important as academic evidence. *

Glossary: UtilizationThe act of using; the level of use of a particular service over time.ProblematicConstituting or presenting a problem or difficulty.CorrespondingSimilar in character form or function; able to be matched joined or interlockedDisplacement - The enforced departure of people from their homes

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EVIDENCE

FOR THE

NEGATIVE:

ANSWERS

TO AFF


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Rodrigue and Comtois, 09-PhDs in transportation (Jean-Paul and Claude, Transportation and Sustainability, 2009,http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ch8c4en.html//LP

Most studies agree that automobile dependence is related to an unsustainable urban environment.However, such an observation is at odd with the mobility choice and preferences of the global populationwhere the automobile is rapidly adopted when income levels reach a certain threshold. Other transportalternatives commonly do not measure up to the convenience of the automobile. Private and flexibleforms of transportation, such as the automobile, are thus fundamental to urban mobility and should not be

discarded as options for the sake of sustainability.

Your Words. For decades, cars have been connected to the American Dreamthe car you own is a symbol of whoyou are, a symbol of identity. Given how important cars can be, what would be so wrong about taking cars away?*

Glossary: ThresholdA point of entry or beginningThus -As a result or consequence of this; thereforeFundamental - Forming a necessary base or core; of central importance

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Randall Parker June 20, 2009(Dr. Parker is a graduate of Northern Illinois University where he received his B.S. ineconomics in 1982.) Mass Transit Bad For Your Hearinghttp://www.futurepundit.com/archives/006305.html

Imagine some corporation generated such noise levels without providing protection. It would get finedand sued. Why do government-owned mass transit systems get away with damaging hearing?In general,noise levels were significantly higher at platforms compared to inside vehicles for all forms of masstransit, except for ferries and the tram. The borough with the highest mass transit noise levels wasManhattan, followed by Queens and the Bronx. Major hubs were noisier than local stops and underground

trains and stations were significantly louder than those aboveground.

According to Dr. Gershon, of all mass transit, subways had the highest noise levels, with roughly half ofthe maximum levels exceeding 90 dBA. "At some of the highest noise levels we obtained (ex. 102.1 dBAon the subway platforms), as little as two minutes of exposure per day would be expected to cause hearingloss in some people with frequent ridership, based upon the International Organization for Standardizationmodels for predicting hearing impairment from noise."Cars take you from where you want to start towhere you want to end up. You can control who you ride with. You can choose a car with very good noiseinsulation and a quiet engine. Can choose which music to listen to and do not need ear plugs to listen to it.Granted, you have to drive and pay attention to the road. Cars come with trade-offs. But given theadvantages it is not surprising that most people choose to drive.

Your Words. Imagine you lost your hearing. How hard would it be to live your life? How hard would it be toparticipate in debate? Explain why this means that we have to reject the Affirmative Plan. *

Glossary: BoroughTown or district that is a particular administrative unit ; New York City is famous for its 5 boroughs(Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island)Insulation - To protect an object from heat, cold, or noise by surrounding the object.Hub -A place or thing that forms the effective center of an activity, region, or networkdBA decibels - A unit used to measure the intensity of a sound; degree of loudness

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http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/006305.htmlhttp://www.futurepundit.com/archives/006305.htmlhttp://www.futurepundit.com/archives/006305.htmlhttp://www.futurepundit.com/archives/006305.html


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Randal O'Toole (Cato Institute Senior Fellow working on urban growth, public land, and transportation issues.) Rails Won'tSave AmericaBriefing Paper no. 107 October 7, 2008

Rising gas prices and concerns about greenhouse gases have stimulated calls to build more rail transitlines in urban areas, increase subsidies to Amtrak, and construct a large-scale intercity high-speed railsystem. These megaprojects will cost hundreds of billions of dollars, but they won't save energy orsignificantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although media reports suggest that many people aretaking public transit instead of driving, actual numbers show that recent increases in transit ridership

account for only 3 percent of the decline in urban driving. Also, contrary to popular belief, rail transitdoes not save energy. Many light-rail operations use more energy per passenger mile than the averagesport utility vehicle, and almost none uses less than a fuel-efficient car such as a Toyota Prius. Peoplewho respond to high fuel prices by taking transit are not saving energy; they are merely imposing theirenergy costs on someone else.

Rail transportation is also much more heavily subsidized than other forms of travel. Where highwaysubsidies average less than a penny per passenger mile, and subsidies to flying are even lower, Amtrakcosts taxpayers 22 cents per passenger mile and urban transit costs 61 cents per passenger mile. Even ifrail transport did save energy, spending more money on rail will get few people out of their cars. Peoplewho want to save energy should plan to buy more fuel-efficient cars and encourage cities to invest in

traffic signal coordination, which can save far more energy at a tiny fraction of the cost of building newrail transport lines.

Your Words.Think of an example of how public transportationlike a new BART stationcould negatively affect thecommunity around it. What is the real cost of public transportation in dollars, and in the quality of human life? *

Glossary: StimulatedImitating the conditions of something; to pretendImposing - To enforce or compelTraffic Signal Coordination - Traffic signal coordination occurs when a group of two or more traffic signals are working together so that carsmoving through the group will make the least number of stops possible.

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Glaeser 12 (Edward Glaeser,professor of economics at Harvard Cash Is Better Than Food Stamps in Helping Poor:Edward Glaeser Feb 27, 2012 )

The conventional economic logic is that cash transfers are more effective at helping the poor than in-kindgifts, such asfood stampsand housing vouchers. I am grateful for the freedom I enjoy when spending myearnings; surely, aid recipients also like autonomy. They can choose the spending that best fits their needsif they are given unrestricted income. In Free to Choose, this logic led Milton and Rose Friedman to

argue for replacing the ragbag of specific programs with a single comprehensive program of incomesupplements in cash.

Your Words. The affirmative team says they want to help poor people become more mobileall of the benefits oftheir plan are based on this. How would giving poor people money directlysolve all these problems better? Why doesthis mean you should win this debate round? *

Glossary:Autonomy - Freedom from external control or influence; independenceRagbag -A miscellaneous collection of somethingComprehensive - including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something; completeSupplements - Something that completes or enhances something else when added to it

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http://www.bloomberg.com/view/bios/edward-glaeser/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-28/cash-better-than-food-stamps-in-helping-poor-commentary-by-edward-glaeser.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-28/cash-better-than-food-stamps-in-helping-poor-commentary-by-edward-glaeser.htmlhttp://topics.bloomberg.com/food-stamps/http://topics.bloomberg.com/food-stamps/http://topics.bloomberg.com/food-stamps/http://topics.bloomberg.com/food-stamps/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-28/cash-better-than-food-stamps-in-helping-poor-commentary-by-edward-glaeser.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-28/cash-better-than-food-stamps-in-helping-poor-commentary-by-edward-glaeser.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/view/bios/edward-glaeser/


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DonWeatherburn, February 2001. What Causes Crime? NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research.http://www.cso.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB54.pdf/$file/CJB54.pdf

Poverty, unemployment and income inequality have all consistently been found to render areas crime-prone. The effects of poverty and unemployment are not surprising. As we saw earlier, poverty andunemployment increase the risk of individuals becoming involved in crime. The effect of incomeinequality on crime requires further comment since it is a characteristic of areas rather than of people.High levels of income inequality exist in an area when there are large differences in household incomeamong residents of the area. Income inequality can exist at a neighbourhood level or at a State or national

level.

Three different but not mutually inconsistent explanations for the effect of income inequality on crimehave been put forward. On one account, income inequality motivates individuals to offend because itcreates a sense of relative deprivation amongst those who are poor. According to a second, inequalitycauses crime in an area because it brings those motivated to offend in close spatial contact with attractivetargets for crime. According to a third, the effect of inequality on crime stems from the fact that highlevels of inequality result in poverty becoming concentrated in certain areas. Since children from poorhouseholds are at higher risk of involvement in crime, the spatial concentration of poverty brings actualand potential offenders into more frequent contact with each other. This further increases the rate ofinvolvement in crime.

Your Words. Include a story that explains why youth commit crime other than because of stereotypes. If we spend thmoney to fix poverty, why would that solve crime better than any transportation plan?*

Glossary: Pejorative -A disparaging, belittling, or derogatory word or expressionUncomplimentary - Not complimentary; negative or insulting

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http://www.cso.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB54.pdf/$file/CJB54.pdfhttp://www.cso.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB54.pdf/$file/CJB54.pdfhttp://www.cso.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB54.pdf/$file/CJB54.pdf


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Hess,Amanda. 2012. (Race, Class, and the Stigma of Riding the Bus in America. The Atlantic. Accessed 20 July 2012.http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2012/07/race-class-and-stigma-riding-bus-america/2510/)

As minority bus ridership rises, the racial stigma against the transportation form compounds. WhenAtlanta launched its Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) system in the 1970s, somehissed that the acronym stood for "Moving Africans Rapidly Through Atlanta." Today, though 78 percentof MARTA riders are black, many black residents still struggle to access the city bus lines, which fail tostretch deep enough into the sprawling black suburbs. (One critic has characterized the lingering problem

as "transportation apartheid"). And the racial stigma against buses lingers even in lines that have not yetbeen built and boarded. When a new bus route was charted through a white Tempe, Arizona,neighborhood a few years ago, neighbors complained that the line would attract serial killers and childrapists. Also: "bums," "drunks," and "Mexicans," who the commentators feared would soon be "drinkingout of our water hoses."

Your Words. Include a story about cross-cultural interactions that have gone bad while on public transportation. Whywould more public transportation cause more problems?*

Glossary: Compounds -A thing that is composed of two or more separate elementSprawling -Spread out over a large area in an untidy or irregular wayCharacterized -Describe the distinctive nature or features ;Lingering - Lasting for a long time or slow to endStigma - An internal attitude and belief held by individuals, often about a minority group such as youth

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Oliver, 2010(J. Eric; PhD, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago; The Paradoxes of Integration: Race, Neighborhood,and Civic Life in Multiethnic America, The University of Chicago Press, 2010)

On one side, there is a substantial amount of evidence that racial diversity fosters negative racialsentiments. Part of this tension arises from a seemingly innate tendency of humans not just to categorizepeople according to in-groups and out-groups but to also discriminate against people who seem different(Brown 1986; Tajfel and Turner 1979). Part of this tension arises because conflicts over resources andstatus escalate when minority groups grow in size (Blumer 1958: Blalock 1967: Bobo 1983). Forexample, white Americans tend to be more racially hostile in counties or metropolitan areas with higherpercentages of blacks because the larger minority population is a putatively greater threat to white racialprivilege (Fossett and Kiccolt 1989: Giles and Buckner 1993: Glaser 1994: Key 1949: Quillian 1996;Taylor 1998).

Your Words. The affirmative plan basically supports huge expenses for moving people out of (and back into) theirneighborhoods. How could the problem be better addressed by focusing resources on the neighborhoods themselves(e.g., building new schools, youth centers, etc)? Explain why this means we should reject the affirmative plan.*

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