BAT and BEP for Dioxins & FuransBarbados Country Presentation

by Thérèse N. Yarde

Environmental Protection Department

Ministry of Housing, Lands and the Environment

Barbados

Barbados

Most easterly Caribbean island Area: 166 sq. miles, 431 sq. km Population: ~280,000 Tropical climate Main industry: tourism Main agricultural product: sugar cane No air quality control/emission standards

Convention Implementation

Ratified June 2004 UNEP/GEF Pilot Project for the

development of National Implementation Plans for the Stockholm Convention

Environmental Protection Department (EPD) is focal point for the Convention and implementing agency for the Project

Project Progress National Profile completed Inventories completed

Pesticides PCBs Dioxins and furans

Impact Appraisal completed Identifies impacts of implementing the Convention

nationally Assesses Convention requirements and

recommends/prioritizes necessary regulatory, legal, technical and administrative interventions to meet the requirements

NIP being prepared

Dioxins and Furans Inventory

Total releases49.0 g TEQ

Emissions to air44.6 g TEQ

Main source categoriesWaste incineration (87%)Uncontrolled combustion processes (10%)

Source Categories

Waste IncinerationMunicipal solid waste incinerationMedical waste incinerationCombustion of animal carcasses

Metal productionThermal wire reclamation

Source Categories Power Generation and Heating

Fossil fuel power plantsBiomass power plantsHousehold cooking (biomass)Household cooking (fossil fuels)

Production of Mineral ProductsCement productionLime productionBrick productionCeramics productionAsphalt mixing

Source Categories Transport

4-stroke engines2-stroke enginesDiesel enginesHeavy fuel oil engines

Uncontrolled CombustionBiomass burningWaste burning and accidental fires

Source Categories

MiscellaneousCrematoriaDry CleaningTobacco smoking

Disposal/LandfillLandfill and waste dumpsSewage/sewage treatmentCompostingWaste oil disposal (non-thermal)

BAT/BEP Status by Category

Waste IncinerationGenerally low technology (classes 1 or 2)Most operators untrainedNo proper disposal of residuesOpportunities for waste minimization

Thermal Wire RecoveryDone in open air, directly on the groundShould be prohibited

BAT/BEP Status by Category

Power Generation & HeatingUse light fuel oil, natural gas, heavy fuel oils,

biomass (bagasse)Use of bagasse for power generation is

important to sugar industry, and may be expanded (fuel cane)

Fossil fuel quality has not been investigatedCombustion technology and process

efficiency for biomass combustion could probably be improved

Reduce use of painted/treated wood for outdoor cooking

BAT/BEP Status by Category

Mineral ProductionCement kiln does not fire hazardous waste

TransportFuels used are diesel and unleaded gasolineNo information on use of catalytic converters

and diesel particular filtersFuel consumption information not generally

available

BAT/BEP Status by Category

Uncontrolled BurningWaste burning is a common practiceProhibitions and/or public awareness needed

Objectives

To upgrade and improve the operation and management of incinerators

To improve emissions control in industrial facilities

To control spontaneous burning at the landfill To regulate vehicular emissions To eliminate household burning as a waste

disposal method

Challenges Economic considerations with respect to:

Retrofitting incinerators with emissions control Installing new incinerators

Technical capacity Operations and maintenance of incinerators

Regulatory Control Controlling types of waste incinerated Monitoring for compliance with emissions standards

Administrative Issues Lack of data Absence of record-keeping