basics of telecommunication and networking

BASICS OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

Prof. Milan Padariya

BASIC INTRODUCTION

3 Mantras of any computer user: 1. anytime, 2. anywhere, 3. anyway

Anytime: She/he can explore internet and work on computer anytime. (i.e. travelling, working,

in leisure etc.)

Anywhere: She/he can use computer anywhere. (i.e. at home, at office, at school/college, at

function, at shopping mall etc.)

Anyway: She/he can explore internet by any means. (i.e. by desktop, by laptop, by mobile, by

tablet etc.)

What can make it possible?

Telecommunication (Mobile, Tablet, PDA- Personal Digital Assistance)

Internet (Website, Portals, free information, Knowledge Management System)

Revolution in electronics media (Landline, Phone, Mobile, Smartphone, Tablet, Laptop,

Palmtop)

Wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID- Radio Frequency Identification, GPS-

Global Positioning System, GIS- Geographic Information System)

Networking (PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN, WLAN)

Web technologies (Java, .NET, C+, .ASP, Web 2.0, WordPress, Joomla, Magento)

Mobile application (Android- Play store, iOS- App Store, Symbian- OVI store)

Revolution in Operating System (Windows 95 to Windows 8, MacOS, Ubantu, Linux)

HOW WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY USED IN BUSINESS?

Value: Productivity, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Job Satisfaction, Customer Service. Wireless

technologies have become a crucial component for small businesses of all kinds. A 2010 study

by AT&T found that 65 percent of small businesses feel that it would be very difficult to survive

without wireless technology and that few small businesses have cut back on wireless despite

economic pressures.

In the Office

Wired Networks are now old. Everyone needs to be wireless. Some of offices used wired

network like LAN but most of used Wireless technology like Wi-Fi. They connect main head

quarter with regional offices and other business places like factory, warehouse, vendors etc.

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that acts as a complement to Wi-Fi. It is often



used to transfer data between a computer and a cellphone or connect a wireless headset.

Workers gain flexibility while businesses reduce investment costs.

Mobilizing Workers

Mobile Workforce: Cell phones, laptops and netbooks combined with GPS, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

wireless technologies have created the potential for a powerful mobile workforce.

Small businesses are often in competition with larger companies and need to maximize the

efficiency of workers. They can't afford to have employees out of touch. Owners often wear

many hats and have to keep track of multiple facets of a business, even during nights,

weekends and vacations. Wireless technologies ensure that businesses aren't tied down to a

single location.

GPS

GPS devices have gone from expensive premium items to common business accessories. GPS

technology has been a boon to the transportation industry when it comes to finding efficient

routes and tracking vehicles, but it makes sense for any business with a mobile component.

Traveling employees can use GPS devices to get to their destinations on time, find the best gas

prices and avoid traffic tangles. On-time customer service translates into happy customers.

Outfitting company cars with GPS can take a lot of the stress out of business travel.

In Short: For tracking shipment, Inventory Status on transport

Smartphones

A survey by research group Gartner found that smartphone sales increased 24 percent between

2008 and 2009. That is a trend that businesses are getting in on.

Smartphone have all the same benefits which you can get from cell phone but smartphone

gives you some extra benefits which are not given by cellphone

Common Benefits: Keep in touch, communication, massaging, calendar, planner, time etc.

Extraordinary Benefits: Internet, Wi-Fi, Mobile invoicing software, email, application, ERP,

mobile controlled activities etc.

Wireless Computers

In early years, all connections require wired network for operation. Mobility of workforce is not

there but in recent era some of wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth able workforce

to work anytime, anywhere and anyway. A person can access internet, email, application, web



based software etc. from outside also. She/he can use laptops from hotels, coffee shops,

home, offices, book stores, malls etc. by help of wireless technology. A businessmen can do

research, invoicing, project development from anywhere. This wireless approach helps to keep

small businesses competitive and flexible.

HOW TECHNOLOGY IS USED IN BUSINESS TO COMMUNICATE?

In twenty first century communication become vital to carry out day to day transaction and

successful business operation. Network become complex and faster now days, so you require

highly technological network with you for survive. By means of technology you can

communicate your information with your internal and external stakeholders fast. Even latest

technology such as cloud computing, is being used by many businesses to operate globally and

faster than any other without compromise security of your data and information.

Networking

With help of networking you can communicate through traditional voice and video in a secure

system. Also helps in collaboration on reports, programming and other document production.

Networking is very essential in today’s business and teaches us how to communicate in today’s

business environment. We used some networking techniques like LAN, MAN, WAN etc. with

help of networking we can stay connected in every transaction of businesses. One can easily

communicate with her/his external and internal stakeholders easily.

The Internet

By two way internet help us in communication: 1) Static Communication and, 2) Dynamic

Communication.

In static communication we can share only one way information. Opposite person cannot add

anything in this communication. Static communication is one way communication.

In dynamic communication information being exchanged by both side. Dynamic communication

is two way communications.

Examples: In website of any company we can found some basic information of following things:



Mission and vision of company

Company Profile

Product list/Information

Price list of product

Contact details

Inquiry form/quotation form

Company provides information to you that is static (one-way) communication and when you

are being interested in any product and make inquiry about that product and get quotation

from the company via email that is dynamic (two-way) communication.

When we talk about online business (E-Commerce) internet helps us for communication and

placing the order and getting the information. In most of web portal there is one option of

“online support” that is dynamic communication.

Wireless Communications

Wireless devices are now capable of doing everything from making a phone or talking over a

“walkie-talkie” to using the Internet or company network to run applications and send memos.

Wireless technology is quickly evolving, with products like the iPad and Blackberry taking the

place of paper and writing utensils, distributing information immediately from any location

where a signal is available.

This is time for wireless communication. Now days wired communication being out dated.

Almost all smartphones come with wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Emerging

field of wireless communication is cloud computing. Many companies are using this wireless

technology for daily transaction and communication. Mainly wireless communication is used for

following purpose:

Communication with customers

Communication with employees

Send invoice and memo

Exchange of information from one office to other

To run application

Warehouse management

Shipment tracking and tracing



Cloud Computing

Cloud computing takes networking to a whole new level. Documents and programs can be

stored in “virtual” drives or computers, and can be accessed by any authorized user through

ordinary Internet connections.

Cloud computing allows real-time communication and interaction exactly the way a network

does, with access extended to global level. Cloud computing eliminates data lost through

system crashes, avoids problems with network downtime as well as providing the ability for

software upgrades to be performed network-wide by upgrading a single instance of an

application.

Google Docs is an example of cloud computing where multiple users can interact on document

production in real-time.

NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION TREND

The world’s largest and most widely used network is the Internet. The Internet is a global

“network of networks” that uses universal standards to connect millions of different networks

with more than 350 million host computers in over 200 countries around the world.

Enterprise networking and internetworking allow all the new connectivity to be made much

more easily. The better the connectivity, the more productive employees will be since most of

their work is now done through the electronic networks. Continuing telecommunication

deregulation and information technology innovation, telephone and computer networks are

slowly converging into a single digital network using shared Internet-based standards and

equipment.

The term broadband refers to the amount of data that can be carried over the transmission

line. The dial-up modems that are prevalent with home computers are called narrowband

because they can’t carry very large amounts of data. Data size is measured in kilobits. The faster

broadband transmission lines are able to carry megabits and gigabits of data versus the kilobits

available through slower dial-up modems. Broadband connections in private homes are

becoming more popular than the dial-up modems because of the faster transmissions speeds.

The dilemma currently facing broadband providers and consumers is the age-old “chicken or

the egg” conundrum. The broadband providers usually charge about $50 a month for DSL or

cable modem Internet access. They say that’s their break-even point until more consumers sign

up for the high-speed service. Content providers say there isn’t that much demand for



advanced content because most consumers don’t have the Internet connections required for

smooth delivery of the content. Consumers, on the other hand, say they don’t want to pay that

much for high-speed Internet access because of the lack of compelling content available.

BASICS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

In its simplest form, a network consists of two or more connected computers. What you should

keep in mind is that you can continually add components to this kind of network and expand it

exponentially. You can take a simple desktop computer and by way of a network interface card

(NIC), incorporate it into an existing network. To share network resources, such as printers, and

to route communications on a LAN, you require special software called a network operating

system (NOS). Typically Hubs and switches help route traffic on the network to the right

computing device. When two or more networks are connected to each other, you would need a

router somewhere so that data transmissions are routed to the correct network device. Very

large networks may require multiple routers so that transmissions can be processed faster.

In simple form, when two or more objects (living or non-living things) are being connected with

each other via any suitable medium is called “Network”.

When two or more computers are being connected with each other via suitable medium (Wired

or Wireless) is called “Computer Network”.

Components of Computer Network



1. NIC (Network Interface Card)

NIC helps to incorporate operating system in to host computer.

2. NOS (Network Operation System)

For sharing of the resources from one computer to other computer/s we need one

centralized operating system and which is called as Network Operating System.

(Note: When operating system is used for only one computer, it is called Computer

Operating System but when it is used for computer network, it is called Network

Operating System.)

3. Server

The network operating system resides on a dedicated server computer for all the

applications on the network.

4. PC (Personal Computer)

Personal computers are work as source of information. We can share information from

one to other.

5. Router/Modem (Medium)

Router/Modem is required for transmission of data from correct computer to correct

destination. Router/Modem used as medium between two or more computers. In large

networks multiple routers are used for transmission.

6. Hub and Switches

Typically Hubs and switches help route traffic on the network to the right computing

device.

NETWORK IN LARGE COMPANY

Most of corporation used combination of private and public transmission mediums and use

public or private ISP (Internet Service Provider). In small to medium companies use of network

is limited and easy to establish. Few components of network can make computer network.

When a company is in developing phase requirements and capabilities of computer network is

limited or few, but when it will come into developed phase requirements and capabilities will

be raised.



What are the reasons?

1. Increase the numbers of department

2. Increase the numbers of employees

3. Increase the numbers of transaction

4. Raised requirements of some software like, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM

(Customer relationship Management), Employee evaluation software, E-Billing, KMS

(Knowledge Management Software) etc.

5. Increase the numbers of customers

6. Increase the production

7. Inventory management become complex

8. Requirement of good production, planning and control

These reasons lead to use more complex, integrated and compatible computer network in large

organization.

Now question is: What will they do with existing computer network?

And answer is: Either they will replace the existing network or they will connect new network

with existing network by two ways. 1) Modify the existing network as per the situation. 2) Keep

the existing network untouched.

Generally in earlier time of developed phase of organization, they buildup on “INTRANET” but

as time passes they will go for “EXTRANET” also.

Look at the schematic diagram of Computer network in large organization. Main components

like NIC, NOS, Server, Computer, Router/Modem, Hub and Switches remain same but this

network need some extra components for boosting of network.



New Requirement:

Mobile Wi-Fi Network

Corporate Website

Intranet and Extranet

Wireless Internet Service Provider

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

KEY DIGITAL NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

Main three key technologies are there:

1. Clint/Server Computing

2. Packet Switching

3. TCP/IP



Client/Server Computing

It is for all kinds of network including the Internet. In this technology main thing is “SERVER”. All

computers are connected with that server and server is made in one main computer that is

“HOST COMPUTER” or “MASTER COMPUTER”. This type of network is best fitted to most of

companies where this network expanding area of other networks or replacing hardware

components.

Packet Switching

“Packet switching is a method of breaking large blocks of text into smaller chunks of data and

routing them in the most economical way through whichever communication channel is

available.”

OR SIMPLY…

“It is method of breaking large amount of information in to small parts of information and

transmit them by most economical way through communication channel whichever is

available.”

The data were broken into small packets on their way out of the server computer and then sent

to and reassembled on the client computer. It happens so quickly and so efficiently that you

don’t even notice. Packet switching also checks for transmission errors when data travels from

one location to another.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

TCP/IP was developed in 1978 and driven by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf. Today, TCP/IP is a

language governing communications among all computers on the Internet.

TCP/IP is two different protocols, they are used together. IP has a packet-addressing method

control and detects how packet information is sent out over network. The Transmission Control

Protocol ensures the reliability of data transmission across Internet connected networks. TCP

checks packets for errors and submits requests for re-transmissions if errors are found; it also

will return the multiple packets of a message into a proper, original sequence when the

message reaches its destination.

The most popular model for connecting networks is the Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Even though this protocol was originally created for what

we now call the Internet, it is easily transferred to networks of all sizes. It provides the easiest



methodology for communicating between computers through standardized protocols that

ignore the hardware and software platforms of the individual pieces of equipment.

Companies can create Web-based interfaces for different databases for data input/output and

accessing information without actually combining the data physically in one huge computer.

They do so by using TCP/IP models. With these protocols, they can reduce the disruption to the

organization and decrease the overall costs of adding to their network. Figure shows you how

TCP/IP works.

The most important benefit of the TCP/IP model is that it allows two computers to

communicate even if they are based on different hardware and software platforms.

basics of telecommunication and networking

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