“ “Basic Research Needs” Workshops Basic Research Needs” Workshops

SuperconductivitySuperconductivity&&

Solid State LightingSolid State Lighting

Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting February 16, 2006February 16, 2006

Harriet KungHarriet Kung

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future

Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although fossil reserves may last for another 100 years, we must seek alternative energy sources because:

The largest reserves petroleum, reside in politically unstable regions of the world.

The production and release of CO2 pose the risk of climate change/global warming

0

10

20

30

40

50

%

World Fuel Mix 2001oil

gas coal

nucl renew

~85% fossil

12001000 1400 1600 1800 2000

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

Year AD

Atm

osp

heri

c C

O2 (

pp

mv)

Tem

pera

ture

(°C)

- 1.5

- 1.0

- 0.5

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-- CO2

-- Global Mean Temp

Current World Energy Demand: ~13 TW, could double by 2050 & triple by 2100

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

1970 1990 2010 2030

TW

World Energy Demand

total

industrial

developingU

See/fsu

Energy Security - The Terawatt ChallengeEnergy Security - The Terawatt Challenge

BES Energy Security PlanBES Energy Security Plan

“Considering the urgency of the energy problem, the magnitude of the needed scientific breakthroughs, and the historic rate of scientific discovery, current efforts will likely be too little, too late. Accordingly, BESAC believes that a new national energy research program is essential and must be initiated with the intensity and commitment of the Manhattan Project, and sustained until this problem is solved.”Workshop: October 21-25, 2002

Report: March 2003

Follow-on focused workshops seek to define the basic research needed to overcome both short-term technology showstoppers and long-term scientific grand challenges.

Carbon Energy Sources

Coal

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,…

Research for a Secure Energy FutureSupply, Distribution, Consumption, and Carbon Management

No-net-carbon Energy Sources

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Hydropower

Renewables

Biomass

Geothermal

Wind

Solar

Ocean

Carbon Management

CO2 Sequestration

Carbon Recycle

Geologic

Terrestrial

Oceanic

Global Climate Change Science

Energy Consumption

Transportation

Buildings

Industry

Distribution/Storage

Electric Grid

Electric Storage

Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Stewardship

Decision Science and Complex Systems Science

Hydrogen

A Comprehensive Decades-to-Century Energy Security Plan A Comprehensive Decades-to-Century Energy Security Plan

Alternate Fuels

BASIC ENERGY SCIENCESBASIC ENERGY SCIENCESServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future

Workshop Chair: Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)Co-Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL)

Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)

Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and UseBasic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and UseMay 13-15, 2003May 13-15, 2003

Breakout Sessions:Hydrogen Production

Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. ChicagoHydrogen Storage and Distribution

Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCUFuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials

Frank DiSalvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU

High priority research areas as identified by the workshop report:

- Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage- Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion Transport- Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale- Solar Hydrogen Production - Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes

Report: August 2003

200 attendees - universities, national labs, industry, Federal agencies and foreign scientists

Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization WorkshopBasic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization WorkshopApril 21-24, 2005April 21-24, 2005

Panel Chairs:Solar Electric: Art Nozik (NREL)

Solar Fuels: Michael Wasielewski (Northwestern)

Crosscutting & Solar Thermal: Paul Alivisatos (LBNL)

Workshop Chair: Nate Lewis, CaltechCo-chair: George Crabtree, ANL

Plenary Speakers: J. Mazer, DOE/EERE; M. Hoffert, NYU; T. Feist, GE

Workshop ChargeTo identify basic research needs and opportunities in solar electric, fuels, thermal and related areas, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential for significant impact in science and technologies.

Univ34%

Lab28%

Foreign15%

Federal16%

Private7%

BES Solar Energy Utilization Workshop ReportBES Solar Energy Utilization Workshop Report

“Sunlight is a compelling solution to our need for clean, abundant sources of energy in the future. Huge gap between our present use of solar energy and its enormous undeveloped potential defines a grand challenge in energy research. Much of the researchers’ optimism is based on the continuing, rapid worldwide progress in nanoscience and molecular biology. Powerful new methods of nanoscale fabrication, characterization, and simulation - using tools that were not available as little as five years ago - create new opportunities for understanding and manipulating the molecular and electronic pathways of solar energy conversion. Additional optimism arises from impressive strides in molecular biology that will soon bring the secrets of photosynthesis and natural bio-catalysis into sharp focus.”

Workshop: April 2005

Report: July 2005

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/SEU_rpt.pdf

Carbon Energy Sources

Coal

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,…

Research for a Secure Energy FutureSupply, Distribution, Consumption, and Carbon Management

No-net-carbon Energy Sources

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Hydropower

Renewables

Biomass

Geothermal

Wind

Solar

Ocean

Carbon Management

CO2 Sequestration

Carbon Recycle

Geologic

Terrestrial

Oceanic

Global Climate Change Science

Energy Consumption

Transportation

Buildings

Industry

Distribution/Storage

Electric Grid

Electric Storage

Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Stewardship

Decision Science and Complex Systems Science

Hydrogen

Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity WorkshopBasic Research Needs for Superconductivity Workshop

Alternate Fuels

BASIC ENERGY SCIENCESBASIC ENERGY SCIENCESServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future

DiscoveryHg

Onnes

1911

transport

1933

MeissnerOchsenfeld

thermodynamics

1950

GinzburgLandau

phenomenology

1957

BardeenCooper

Schreiffer theory

Abrikosovvortices

1986

Cuprate HTS

Müller & Bednorz

layered metalsexotic pairing

vortex meltingglasses/dynamics

2001

microscopic theoryphonon pairing

MgB2

two gaps

20032003

electrodynamicsflux patterns

NaCoO2 • H2O

2003

wateras a

structuralelement

AbrikosovGinzburg Leggett

1913191319131913 1987198719721972

Superconductivity: Frontier of Discovery-Class ScienceSuperconductivity: Frontier of Discovery-Class Science

(Courtesy of G. Crabtree)

1957

BCSOnnes

Josephsontunneling

GiaverJosephson

19731973

MüllerBednorz

1962

Energy Distribution

Electricity losses in the grid account for >10% of all electricity generated.

Transmission limitations increase blackout risks.

Superconductors can transmit electricity with near perfect efficiency and much higher capacity.

Energy Production and Consumption

Superconducting materials provide higher efficiency in performance, size/weight reduction and better voltage regulation for power generators and motors for transportation needs.

Superconductivity: Use-inspired Research for Energy ApplicationsSuperconductivity: Use-inspired Research for Energy Applications

American Superconductor

70% smaller & lighter than conventional

motors with all cooling systems figured in

HTS generators 1/2 to 2/3 the losses of a conventional generator

retain high efficiency down to 5% of the rated load

5-MW superconductor motor

(Courtesy of G. Crabtree)

BES Superconductivity Workshop BES Superconductivity Workshop Chairs and ChargeChairs and Charge

Chair: Dr. John SarraoLos Alamos National Laboratory

Co-Chair: Dr. Wai-Kwong KwokArgonne National Laboratory

Workshop Charge:To identify basic research needs and opportunities in high temperature superconductivity with a focus on new, emerging, and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and energy relevant technologies, including electricity transmission and electric grid.

Fundamental Material IssuesFundamental Material Issues Ivan Bozovic (Brookhaven)

BES Superconductivity Workshop Breakout Panels and Sub-panelsBES Superconductivity Workshop Breakout Panels and Sub-panels

Physical PhenomenaPhysical Phenomena Seamus Davis (Cornell); Leonardo Civale (LANL)

Cross-CuttingCross-Cutting TheoryTheory Igor Mazin (NRL)

(DRAFT)

• Improving known superconductors• Novel fabrication/manipulations• Technologically relevant synthesis• Engineering current

• Underlying mechanisms and their observable manifestations• Vortex phenomenology • Emerging tools

• Mechanisms, conventional and unconventional • Computational superconductivity• Translating fundamentals to applications

• Disruptive Technologies • Smart and fast-reacting grid • Magnet applications

ApplicationsApplications Dave Christen (ORNL)

2005 October Workshop planning

2005 December Finalize Charge and Chairs

2006 January Panel chairs and structure

2006 February Technology Office briefing & panelist invitations

2006 March-April Technology Perspective draft

2006 May 8-10 Workshop

2006 June-July Workshop draft Report

2006 August Release final Workshop Report

BES Superconductivity Workshop Key DatesBES Superconductivity Workshop Key Dates

Workshop Date: May 8-10, May 8-10, 20062006

Location: Sheraton National Hotel, Arlington, VASheraton National Hotel, Arlington, VA((shuttle service to Pentagon City Metrorail Station)shuttle service to Pentagon City Metrorail Station)

BES Superconductivity Workshop LogisticsBES Superconductivity Workshop Logistics

Plenary Speakers:

Paul Chu (Houston/Hong Kong)George Crabtree (ANL)ZX Shen (Stanford) Mike Norman (ANL)

Alex Malozemoff (AMSC)

DOE Technology Program Overview: Dr. James Daley (DOE/OE)

BES Coordinator: Jim Horwitz

BESAC members are welcome to attend.

Carbon Energy Sources

Coal

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,…

Research for a Secure Energy FutureSupply, Distribution, Consumption, and Carbon Management

No-net-carbon Energy Sources

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Hydropower

Renewables

Biomass

Geothermal

Wind

Solar

Ocean

Carbon Management

CO2 Sequestration

Carbon Recycle

Geologic

Terrestrial

Oceanic

Global Climate Change Science

Energy Consumption

Transportation

Buildings

Industry

Distribution/Storage

Electric Grid

Electric Storage

Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Stewardship

Decision Science and Complex Systems Science

Hydrogen

Basic Research Needs for Solid State Lighting WorkshopBasic Research Needs for Solid State Lighting Workshop

Alternate Fuels

BASIC ENERGY SCIENCESBASIC ENERGY SCIENCESServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future

Lighting is a Large Fraction of Energy Consumption Lighting is a Large Fraction of Energy Consumption

Lighting consumes ~20% of U.S electricity and yet has very low efficiency

Efficiencies of Energy Technologies in Buildings

Heating: 70-80%

Electrical Motors: 85-95%

Incandescent Lighting: ~5%

Fluorescent Lighting: ~25%

Metal Halide Lighting: ~30%

Basic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the Future

1

10

100

1000

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(Q

uad

s)

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Energy

Electricity

Illumination42% Incandescent41% Fluorescent17% HID Projected

~96 Quads

~37 Quads

~8 Quads

Year

U.S. Energy ConsumptionU.S. Energy Consumption

Solid State Lighting: Semiconductor-Based Lighting TechnologySolid State Lighting: Semiconductor-Based Lighting Technology

Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

• III-V semiconductors-based device

• High brightness point sources

• Potential high efficiency & long lifetime

• Organic semiconductors-based device

• Large area diffuse sources

• Thin and flexible

• Ease of fabrication

Cree XLampTM

UDC PHOLEDTM

Current LEDs are predominantly in mono-chrome or niche applications.

High brightness, broad-band white light is needed for general illumination applications.

Solid State Lighting Offers Great Potential for Energy SavingsSolid State Lighting Offers Great Potential for Energy Savings

50% conversion efficiency (200 lm/W) in SSL in 2025 could lead to: Reduced electricity consumption (525 TW-hr/Yr) and cost ($35 B/Yr) Decrease in new power plant needs (75 GW) and CO2 emission (87 Mtons)

Ref: J.Y. Tsao, Laser Focus World, May 2003 and references therein

~5%

~25%

2020 Target 2020 Target 50%50%

25% - 30%

BES Solid State Lighting Workshop BES Solid State Lighting Workshop Chairs and ChargeChairs and Charge

Chair: Dr. Julia Phillips Sandia National Laboratories

Co-Chair: Dr. Paul Burrows Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Workshop Charge:To identify basic research needs and opportunities underlying light emitting diode and related technologies, with a focus on new or emerging science challenges with potential for significant long-term impact on energy-efficient and productivity-enhancing solid state lighting.

Highlighted areas will include organic and inorganic materials and nanostructure physics and chemistry, photon manipulation, wavelength down/up conversion, and novel materials and approaches.

LED ScienceLED Science Robert Davis (CMU) & Jerry Simmons (SNL)

BES SSL Workshop Breakout Panels and Sub-panelsBES SSL Workshop Breakout Panels and Sub-panels

LED synthesis and properties Carrier transport, injection, doping and recombinationLight extraction and stimulated emissionWavelength conversion and color mixingMaterials packaging issues

OLED synthesis and propertiesCarrier energetics, injection and transportPhoto-physicsDevice architectures and light management

Materials interfaces and new materials systemsElectronic excitations, dynamics and energeticsPhoton manipulation and managementTools for solid-state lighting research (theoretical and experimental)

OLED ScienceOLED Science George Malliaras (Cornell) & Franky So (U Florida)

Cross-Cutting and Novel Materials/Optical PhysicsCross-Cutting and Novel Materials/Optical PhysicsJim Misewich (BNL), Arto Nurmikko (Brown) & Darryl Smith (LANL)

(DRAFT)

2005 October Workshop planning start

2005 December Charge and Chairs

2006 January Panel chairs, date and location

2006 February Panel structure and panelist invitations

2006 March Technology Office briefing

2006 April Technology Perspective draft

2006 May 22-24 Workshop

2006 June-July Workshop Report full draft

2006 August Release final Workshop Report

BES SSL Workshop Key DatesBES SSL Workshop Key Dates

Workshop Date: May 22-24, May 22-24, 20062006

Location: Marriott Bethesda, Pooks Hill, Washington DCMarriott Bethesda, Pooks Hill, Washington DC (Shuttle service between hotel and Red Line - Medical Center Station)

Proposed Program:

May 22 AM Plenary Opening SessionMay 22 PM – May 23 PM Breakout Panel DiscussionsMay 24 AM Plenary Closing Session May 24 PM – May 25 Report Writing by Core Group

BES Solid State Lighting Workshop LogisticsBES Solid State Lighting Workshop Logistics

Plenary Speakers:LED Perspective: George Craford (LumiLeds)OLED Perspective: Alan Heeger (UCSB)

DOE/EERE SSL Program Overview: Jim Brodrick (DOE/EERE)

BES Coordinator: Jeff Tsao

BESAC members are welcome to attend.

• The workshop output will be a concise and authoritative report suitable for wide distribution.

• Report will be published within three months after workshop.

• The format of the report should follow those of the hydrogen and solar workshop reports. A tentative outline is:

-- Executive Summary and Conclusions -- Introduction

Overviews of Technology Challenges, Science Challenges and Knowledge Gaps, Panel Reports

-- Basic Research Grand Challenges-- Report from Panel #1-- Report from Panel #2…-- Report from Cross-Cutting Panel-- Appendix 1: Technology Perspective (Overview, Potential, Challenges)-- Appendix 2: Workshop Agenda, Attendees, etc.

Workshop OutputWorkshop Output