basic cardiology. the heart ❖ pericardium ❖ epicardium ❖ myocardium ❖ atrial muscle ❖...
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Basic CardiologyBasic Cardiology
The Heart❖ Pericardium
❖ Epicardium
❖ Myocardium
❖ atrial muscle
❖ ventricular muscle
❖ conductive tissue
❖ Endocardium
The Heart
Myocardium
❖ branch
❖ intercalated disks with gap junctions
Intercalated Disc
Electrical Stimulation of the Heart
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
❖ Right atrium
❖ Inherent rhythm 80-100 bpm)
❖ Usually sets the heart rate (sinus rhythm)
Internodal & Interarterial Pathways
❖ Internodal
❖ Anterior
❖ Middle (Wenckebach branch)
❖ Posterior
❖ Interatrial
❖ Anterior Interarterial band or Bachmann’s bundle
Atrioventricular (AV) Junction
❖ AV Node
❖ Located at the base of the right atria near the interventricular septum
❖ Smaller cells, fewer gap junctions, slower
❖ Maximal rate is ~230 per minute; also maximal ventricular rate
AV Junction❖ AV Bundle or Bundle of His
❖ Only cellular connection between atria and ventricles
❖ Together with AV node make up the AV junctional tissue
❖ Intrinsic heart rate of 40-60 bpm
❖ If SA node fails, AV junctional tissue can control heart rate
❖ Slows down the cardiac impulse
Bundle Branches❖ Right and left branches
❖ Two left branches (sometimes three)
❖ Left anterior fascicle or left anterior bundle branch; thinner, carries impulses to septum, left anterior wall, and anterior papillary muscle
❖ Left posterior fascicle or l. post. bundle branch; thicker, carries impulses to posterior, inferior, left ventricular free wall and posterior papillary m. with dual blood supply, less likely to become ischemic,
❖ Both left and right BB travel down towards the apex of the heart where they fan out into Purkinje fibers
Purkinje Fibers
❖ Pass through the ventricular myocardium
❖ Contraction starts at the apex
❖ Fast rate of action potential generation, numerous sodium ion channels and mitochondria and fewer myofibrils
“If you understand the normal physiologic stimulation of the heart, you have the basis for
understanding the abnormalities of heart rhythm and conduction the produce distinctive
ECG patterns.” p. 5
Electrocardiogram
SA node
AV node
Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Atrial depolarization Ventricle depolarization Ventricle repolarization
Electrocardiogram
Rhythms
❖ Normal conduction
❖ Sinus Rhythm
❖ Abnormal conduction
❖ Junctional rhythm
❖ e.g. escape pacemaker
❖ Ventricular rhythm
Cardiac Conductivity
❖ SA node - slow
❖ Internodal pathways - fast
❖ AV node - slow
❖ Purkinje fibers - faster
Cardiac Automaticity
❖ Automaticity
❖ SA node - primary pacemaker
❖ Other sites e.g. AV junction
❖ Certain conditions increase the automaticity of ectopic pacemakers
❖ Ectopic = outside of the sinus node pacemaker (non-sinus)
Abnormalities
❖ AV heart block = blockage of stimuli through AV junction
❖ Bundle Branch Block = disease of bundle branches
❖ ST segment changes = damage to ventricular muscle
Coronary Arteries
Coronary Arteries
❖ The Left Main (LM)
❖ Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
❖ Left Circumflex (LCX).
❖ The Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
❖ The RCA on the posterior part of the heart is often called the Posterior Descending Artery (PDA), in most cases it originate from the RCA but in some cases it comes from LCX.
Coronary Artery Perfusion
LADSupply the anterior septum, the anterior wall, and in most cases apex.
9 o'clock to 1 o'clock.
LCXSupply the lateral wall
2 o'clock to 4 o'clock
RCA
Supply the posterior lateral segments, the inferior segments, and the posterior septum.
5 o'clock to 8 o'clock
Class Organization1. Resting 12 lead ECG
1. Understanding normal 12 lead ECG and conditions that cause abnormal depolarization and repolarization
2. Recognizing abnormal rhythms and AV conduction disturbances
3. Associating the ECG arrhythmia with its pathology
2. Exercise ECG
1. Recognizing abnormal rhythms and AV conduction disturbances
2. Associating the ECG arrhythmia with its pathology