basf animal nutrition

7/27/2019 BASF Animal Nutrition

1/136

AnimalNutritionTechnicalInformation2010

2010

Animal Nutrition

BASF Nutrition the healthy decision.

We Add Quality to the

World of Nutrition

Technical Information


2/136


3/136Products for Animal Nutrition Technical Information October 2010 3

Introduction

Dear Customer,

In response to the high interest shown in thetechnical information on animal nutrition, wehave prepared a revised edition with many newand interesting features.

This handbook is a comprehensive source of

information on our animal nutrition products,which include vitamins, carotenoids, enzymes,organic acids, omega-6 fatty acids, and more.Here you can find details about their role inanimal nutrition, together with dosage recom-mendations, and plenty of useful backgroundinformation besides. The intention behind it isto give you all the help you need in your dailyfeed business.

This user guide also contains a collection of

single technical information data sheets avail-able for each of our animal nutrition products.They provide chemical and physical data,information on product stability, and possibleapplications.

The data supplied are those valid at the timeof printing (October 2010).

With vitamins, carotenoids, enzymes, organic acids,omega-6 fatty acids, and more, BASF providesone of the widest ranges of feed additives forthe feed and pet food industries. The productsserve as micronutrients, colorants, digestibilityenhancers, preservatives, and ensiling agents.

BASFs feed additives are suited for use with allmajor farm and domestic animal species. Theyenable its customers to improve their pet foodwith a view to maximum animal health and well-being.

BASF has been active for decades in the fieldof animal nutrition. During this time, BASF hasbecome one of the leaders in the feed industry,supplying high-quality products throughout theworld. All activities are centered round product

safety and efficacy. All products are the result ofresponsible research, combined with extensivetechnical knowledge in the fields of synthesis,biotechnology, and formulation. You can dependon BASFs expertise in all matters of modernanimal nutrition.



4/1364 Products for Animal Nutrition Technical Information October 2010

BASFs feed additives make your choice easier:

SAFETY BASF products meet highest safety standards and regulatory requirements worldwide.

QUALITY BASF supplies products of excellent purity, stability, and performance. Theproduct quality is constant and reproducible. BASF applies highest qualitymanagement standards (ISO 9001, ISO 22000 implementation ongoing).

TRACEABILITY BASF provides traceability information about its feed additives via GTNet flexibly and independently accessible to customers anytime and anywhere inthe world.

SUSTAINABILITY BASF integrates ecological and social responsibility in its business activitiesand makes sustainability quantifiable via independently certified eco-efficiencyanalyses.

RELIABILITY BASF is an absolutely reliable supplier in all matters. BASF has an integralsupply chain and logistics management regional distribution centers allowhigh supply reliability in major markets. Customer service centers are availablein all regions and in major countries.

INNOVATION BASF constantly develops new product formulations that target the currentand future needs of the feed and pet food industries.

COMMITMENT BASF is a global leader in feed additives forming the best team in the industry,and is fully committed to the feed, and pet food industries.


www.nutrition.basf.com

www.set-initiative.com



Contents

Abbreviations

BHT = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene

CWD = Cold-water dispersible

DCP = Di-calcium phosphate

FTU = Natuphos phytase unit

G = Granulate

I.U. = International unit

L = Liquid

MCP = Mono-calcium phosphate

TGU = Thermostable endo-glucanase unit

TS = Thermostable

TXU = Thermostable endo-xylanase unit

Vitamins .......................................................7

Vitamin A .......................................................10

Vitamin D3 .....................................................23

Vitamin B2 .....................................................25

Pantothenic acid ...........................................28

Choline ..........................................................32

Vitamin E .......................................................36

Carotenoids..............................................45

Astaxanthin ....................................................54

-Carotene ....................................................57

Canthaxanthin ...............................................60

Citranaxanthin ...............................................64

C-30 ester ......................................................66

Enzymes ....................................................69

Phytase Natuphos .........................................72

NSP-hydrolyzing enzymes Natugrain ............91

Organic acids...........................................99

Formic acid ..................................................102

Propionic acid .............................................107

Acid mixtures ...............................................113

Omega-6 fatty acids............................121

Others.......................................................127



Vitamins



Vitamins 9

Vitamin A 10

Lutavit A 500 Plus 13

Lutavit A 500 S 15

Lutavit A 1000 Plus 16

Lutavit A/D31000/200 Plus 18

Vitamin A-Palmitate Oily Veterinary 19

Vitamin A-Palmitate 1.6 Mio IU/G Feed 21

Vitamin A-Propionate 2.5 Mio IU/G

stabilized with BHT 22

Vitamin D3 23

Vitamin B2 25

Lutavit B2SG 80 27

Pantothenic acid 28Lutavit Calpan 98% 31

Choline 32

Choline Chloride 75% 34

Vitamin E 36

Lutavit E 50 S 40

Lutavit E 50 41

Vitamin E-Acetate Oily Feed 42

Vitamin E-Acetate

(DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) 43



Vitamins

Vitamins are substances which are necessary formaintaining all body functions (growth, health,fertility, performance). As a rule, the animal bodycannot synthesize these natural biologically activesubstances itself, which is why they must besupplied with the feed. Vitamins are thus con-sidered as essential (vitally necessary) micro-nutrients. Each individual vitamin performs particulartasks which cannot be performed in the same way

by another vitamin.Modern intensive livestock farming and the relatedproductivity of the animal processing industry haveonly been made possible by the specific andrequirement-related supply of vitamins to the animalsvia adequate and economical compound feeds.Daily amounts of a few mg or g are sufficient toregulate the utilization of nutrients (carbohydrates,fats, proteins, and minerals). The use of sufficientvitamin supplements makes it possible to preventgrowth disorders, juvenile diseases, fertility disorders,

and performance reductions of all kinds, and thusto achieve higher profitability in livestock production.The costs of this vitaminization are low in relationto the wide range of benefits.Without exception, the vitamins used in animalnutrition are produced on an industrial scale bymeans of chemical and biotechnological processes.

They correspond to the naturally occurring vitamins,are equivalent to their activity, and often evensuperior owing to special formulations. In somecases, their stability has been increased by special

protective processes.



Vitamin A

Unit of measurement

1 InternationalUnit (I.U.) = 0.3 g of vitamin A alcohol

= 0.344 g of vitamin A acetate

= 0.55 g of vitamin A palmitate

= 0.359 g of vitamin Apropionate

OccurrenceVitamin A (retinol) occurs only in feeds of animalorigin such as fish liver oil, whole milk, fish mealand the like. In vegetable feeds, only the precursorsof vitamin A (provitamins), the carotenoids, arepresent. Of these, -carotene represents over90%. Sources rich in -carotene are in particulargreen plants such as grass, clover, lucerne, and,of the root crops, carrots. All other vegetableproducts such as cereals, maize, potatoes, beet,and remains from their processing contain onlya little or no -carotene. With passage of thegrowing season and depending on the harvestingconditions, the preservation and the storage time,the carotene content in the plants decreases. Inorder to meet the requirement in practical feeding,only grazing or fresh green fodder is important.

The animal can convert the various carotenoidsinto vitamin A to a differing extent, there beingvarious routes (theoretically three) for the con-version.The utilization of the carotenes is dependent,among other things, on the form of binding, theanimal species, and the carotene and vitamin Asupply status. In the case of ruminants, with asupply of vitamin A which is approximately ableto cover the requirements, a conversion rate of-carotene to vitamin A of 6:1 [1.8 g of -carotenegive about 0.3 g of vitamin A alcohol (= 1 I.U. ofvitamin A)] can be assumed. Cats are not ableto convert -carotene into vitamin A. They aretherefore dependent on the supply of vitamin A.

C20H30O Molar mass 286.44 g/mol

Physiological importanceVitamin A is a protective substance for the entireectoderm and important for the development, theprotection, and the regeneration of skin and mucosa.Vitamin A has a special function in the visualprocess. In this process, retinol in the retina of theeye forms retinal, which is condensed with thelysine residue of the protein opsin to give aldimineand thus forms the light receptor rhodopsin (visual

purple).This light receptor is important for twilight and nightvision. Vitamin A is additionally of great importancefor growth, skeletal development, and fertility of theanimals. By means of higher doses of vitamin A,the formation of antibodies can be increased andthe resistance of the body can be improved.Vitamin A contributes substantially to the ability ofcell membranes and various enzymes to function. Itis thus involved in the regulation of carbohydrates,fat, and protein metabolism. In the young animal,

vitamin A is particularly necessary for preventinggrowth disorders, while in the older animal body theepithelial protective function has great importance.



Deficiency symptomsAn undersupply of vitamin A leads to disordersof growth and bone formation, to pathologicalchanges in skin and mucosa and, to an impairmentof visual ability (night blindness). In addition to anincreased susceptibility to diseases, disorders inthe reproductive process (lack of fertility, sterility,malformation of the fetuses) also occur.

ToxicityAnimals tolerate relatively high doses of vitamin A.The no effect level of repeated high doses ofvitamin A is, depending on the species of animal,in the range from 5,000 to 10,000 I.U. of vitamin Aper kg of body weight and per day. The safetyfactor is 10 to 30 compared with the physiologicalrequirement. A toxic effect with the possibility ofcases of death can occur on repeated adminis-tration of 100,000 I.U. and more of vitamin A perkg of body weight.

Dosage recommendationsThe dosage recommendations are given per kgfeed on the assumption that the animals (pigs/chicken) are fed mainly with complete feed. If,in addition to the basic ration, a supplementaryfeed is administered (cows/horses, etc.), therecommendations apply per animal and day.

The vitamin dosage in the feed is dependent onthe following factors: Species, breed, and desired use of the animal

Ageof the animal Performance of the animal Feed composition Environmental influencesIn addition, an extra supplementation should beadministered to increase the bodys defenses,especially for young animals.

The dosage recommendations focus on a highperformance level of the animals, typically foundin Western Europe or North America.The recommended vitamin dosages are alsoappropriate in other regions, because the extremeenvironmental conditions there often constitutestress factors for the animals. Under special circum-stances/requirements, it might be advantageousto exceed the given dosage recommendations.

Pigsper kg complete feed (88% dry matter)

Piglets, prestarter 15,000 20,000 I.U.

Piglets, starter 12,000 20,000 I.U.

Grower 10,000 12,000 I.U.

Finisher 8,000 10,000 I.U.

Breeding sows 16,000 20,000 I.U.

Breeding boars 12,000 20,000 I.U.

Poultryper kg complete feed (88% dry matter)

Chickens, starter 12,000 15,000 I.U.

Chickens, pullets 8,000 10,000 I.U.

Laying hens 8,000 12,000 I.U.

Breeding hens 12,000 15,000 I.U.

Broiler 8,000 12,000 I.U.

Turkeys, starter 10,000 14,000 I.U.

Turkeys, grower 8,000 12,000 I.U.

Turkeys, finisher 8,000 12,000 I.U.

Turkeys, breeding animals 12,000 15,000 I.U.

Ducks/geese 10,000 13,000 I.U.



Ruminants and horsesper animal per day

Calves, milk replacers (per kg feed) 20,000 25,000 I.U.

Cows, breeding 30,000 50,000 I.U.

Beef bulls 40,000 70,000 I.U.

Dairy cows 80,000 140,000 I.U.

Sheep/goats 4,000 8,000 I.U.

Foals(per 100 kg live weight per day) 10,000 12,000 I.U.

Saddle horses(per 100 kg live weight per day)

6,000 8,000 I.U.

Racing horses and breeding horses(per 100 kg live weight per day)

12,000 15,000 I.U.

Pets and fishper kg complete feed (88% dry matter)

Dogs 8,000 12,000 I.U.

Cats 15,000 20,000 I.U.Rabbits 8,000 12,000 I.U.

Minks 8,000 12,000 I.U.

Cold water fish 7,000 9,000 I.U.

Warm water fish 8,000 10,000 I.U.

Shrimps 10,000 12,000 I.U.



Active ingredientVitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)

PRD-No.30040362

Article

51283583 25 kg plastic bag

Specification

Content at least 500,000 I.U. ofvitamin A per g (HPLC)

For further information see separate document:Standard Specification (not for regulatorypurposes) available via BASFs WorldAccount:https://worldaccount.basf.com (registered access).

Other chemical and physical data

Loss on drying at most 5%Formulation powder

Particle size at least 97% < 0.63 mm

Bulk density about 0.6 g/cm3

Composition vitamin A is incorporated infinely dispersed form in amatrix of gelatin and carbo-hydrates and stabilized withantioxidants

Solubility insoluble in cold and hotwater

StabilityLutavit A 500 Plus, Lutavit A 1000 Plus, as well asLutavit A/D3 1000/200 Plusand Lutavit A 500 Sare stabilized (coated) vitamin products.Lutavit A 500 Plus, Lutavit A 1000 Plus, andLutavit A/D31000/200 Plus are more stable toexternal influences.

The following factors guarantee a good stability:a) Esterification of retinol with acetic acid to give

the more stable retinyl acetate.b) Addition of a combination of antioxidants and

other stabilizing agents.c) Incorporation of the vitamin A droplets in micro-

disperse form in a gelatin-carbohydrate matrixby means of a special spray and formulationtechnique.

d) A special final treatment makes the productinsoluble in hot water. This gives additionalprotection for vitamin A against vapor content,pressure, and temperature in feeds. As a resultof this additional treatment, the particle shapeis retained and good stability is guaranteed.

For good flowability and to avoid lump formation,the dry powder particles are additionally treatedwith an anti-caking agent.

The stability of vitamin A in mixed and mineral

feeds or premixes has to be assessed as some-what less than in the commercial product. Espe-cially in mixtures of active mineral ingredients, thestability of vitamin A can be impaired by a traceelement content, which is often high. Above all,hydrates of trace elements contribute to reducedvitamin A stability, which can be further affectedby a high moisture content of the total mixture.Even technological processes in the formulationof mixed feeds such as pelleting and extrusion exerta negative influence on the stability of vitamin A.

The product has a storage life of 15 months inthe unopened original packaging.

LutavitA 500 Plus



ApplicationLutavit A 500 Plus is suitable for all types of vitaminblends, premixes, mineral, and mixed feeds. Theflowability and mixing behavior of the products isexcellent and guarantees homogeneous mixing inall types of feed.Dosage recommendationsPlease refer to Vitamins Vitamin A.

NoteVitamin A exists in a biologically highly active form.The processing of the powder should thereforebe carried out with the customary care in termsof occupational hygiene following the instructionsin the safety data sheet.



LutavitA 500 S


PRD-No.30040363

Article

50053284 25 kg bag in box

Specification

Content at least 500,000 I.U. of vita-min A per g (photometricallyaccording to USP)



Loss on drying at most 3%

Formulation powder



Composition vitamin A is incorporated infinely dispersed form in amatrix of milk constituentsand gelatin and stabilizedwith antioxidants

Solubility dispersible in cold water

StabilityLutavit A 500 Plus, Lutavit A 1000 Plus, as wellas Lutavit A/D3 1000/200 Plus and Lutavit A 500 Sare stabilized (coated) vitamin products.Lutavit A 500 Plus, Lutavit A 1000 Plus, andLutavit A/D31000/200 Plus are more stable toexternal influences.

The product has a storage life of 15 months inthe unopened original packaging.

ApplicationLutavit A 500 S is suitable for all types of vitaminblends, premixes, mineral, and mixed feeds. Theflowability and mixing behavior of the products isexcellent and guarantees homogeneous mixingin all types of feed.Lutavit A 500 S is very easily dispersible in coldwater. The milky emulsion formed is stable. The

mixing behavior of the powder in premixes andfeeds is excellent. Because of its high particlenumber and good dispersibility in water, theproduct is especially highly suitable for:1. Milk replacers for piglets, calves, and other

animals.2. Water-dispersible multivitamin mixtures, which

are administered directly by means of the drink-ing water.

Dosage recommendations

Please refer to Vitamins Vitamin A.

NoteVitamin A exists in a biologically highly activeform. The processing of the powder shouldtherefore be carried out with the customarycare in terms of occupational hygiene followingthe instructions in the safety data sheet.



LutavitA 1000 Plus


PRD-No.30140185

Article


Specification

Content at least 1,000,000 I.U.ofvitamin A per g (HPLC)




Formulation powder

Particle size least 95% below 0.63 mm


Composition vitamin A is incorporated infinely dispersed form in a matrixof gelatin and carbohydratesand stabilized with antioxidants

Solubility insoluble in cold and hot water

StabilityLutavit A 500 Plus, Lutavit A 1000 Plus, as well asLutavit A/D3 1000/200 Plus and Lutavit A 500 Sare stabilized (coated) vitamin products.Lutavit A 500 Plus, Lutavit A 1000 Plus, andLutavit A/D31000/200 Plus are more stable toexternal influences.

The following factors guarantee a good stability:a) Esterification of retinol with acetic acid to give

the more stable retinyl acetate.b) Addition of a combination of antioxidants and

other stabilizing agents.c) Incorporation of the vitamin A droplets in micro-

disperse form in a gelatin-carbohydrate matrixby means of a special spray and formulationtechnique.

d) A special final treatment makes the productinsoluble in hot water. This gives additionalprotection for vitamin A against vapor content,pressure, and temperature in feeds. As a resultof this additional treatment, the particle shapeis retained and good stability is guaranteed.

For good flowability and to avoid lump formation,the dry powder particles are additionally treatedwith an anti-caking agent.

The stability of vitamin A in mixed and mineral feeds

or premixes has to be assessed as somewhat lessthan in the commercial product.Especially in mixtures of active mineral ingredients,the stability of vitamin A can be impaired by a traceelement content, which is often high. Above all,hydrates of trace elements contribute to reducedvitamin A stability, which canbe further affectedby a high moisture content of the total mixture.Even technological processes in the formulationof mixed feeds such as pelleting and extrusionexert a negative influence on the stability of

vitamin A.

The product has a storage life of 12 months inthe unopened original packaging at a storagetemperature < 15 C.



ApplicationLutavit A 1000 Plus is suitable for all types of vitaminblends, premixes, mineral, and mixed feeds. Theflowability and mixing behavior of the products isexcellent and guarantees homogeneous mixing in alltypes of feed.Dosage recommendationsPlease refer to Vitamins Vitamin A.

NoteVitamin A exists in a biologically highly active form.The processing of the powder should thereforebe carried out with the customary care in termsof occupational hygiene following the instructionsin the safety data sheet.



LutavitA/D31000/200 Plus

Active ingredientsVitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)Vitamin D3(cholecalciferol)

PRD-No.30157862

Article


Specification

Content at least 1,000,000 I.U./gof vitamin A (HPLC)at least 200.000 I.U./gof vitamin D3(HPLC)




Formulation powder



Composition vitamin A and D3are incorporatedin finely dispersed form in a matrixof gelatin and carbohydrates

and stabilized with antioxidantsSolubility insoluble in cold and hot water

StabilityThe product should be stored cool and protectedfrom light. In the unopened original packaging itcan be kept for 12 months at 15 C.

ApplicationSuitable as a supplement for all types of feed.Processing and homogeneous dispersion inmixed and mineral feeds, premixes, and the likeis excellent. From the nutritive physiology pointof view, the vitamin A:vitamin D3ratio of 5:1 inthe products also permits use in all species ofanimals. If another vitamin A:vitamin D3ratio isnecessary in the diet than is present in Lutavit A/D3,

the dosage of the product should be geared to thevitamin D3content of the mixture and a vitamin Apreparation (Lutavit A 500/A 1000 Plus) shouldbe used additionally. Other information on thephysiological importance of these vitamins canbe gathered from Vitamins.

Dosage recommendationsPlease refer to Vitamins Vitamin A.

Note

The vitamins exist in a biologically highly active form.The processing of the powder should thereforebe carried out with the customary care in terms ofoccupational hygiene. Very high vitamin A and D3doses can be toxic. The instructions of the safetydata sheet for vitamin A and D3are to be observed.



Vitamin A-PalmitateOily Veterinary

Active ingredientVitamin A palmitate (retinyl palmitate)

PRD-Nos. Articles

30041041 Vitamin A-Palmitate 1.7 Mio IU/Gstabilized with BHT

56283178 25 kg plastic bucket

30041032 Vitamin A-Palmitate 1.7 Mio IU/G

unstab.55857164 25 kg plastic bucket

30041040 Vitamin A-Palmitate 1.0 Mio IU/Gstabilized with BHT


SpecificationSee separate documents Standard Specification(not for regulatory purposes) available via BASFsWorldAccount: https://worldaccount.basf.com

(registered access).


Identification blue coloration with antimonytri-chloride in chloroform(Car-Price test) or by thin layerchromatography (Ph. Eur.)

Formulation liquid

Solubility soluble in hydrocarbons,chloro-hydrocarbons, ethers,

fats and oils.The solventsshould not contain peroxides.Insoluble in water.

Acid number not more than 2.0 (Ph. Eur.).

Peroxides corresponds to Ph. Eur.

StabilityThe product should be stored cool and protectedfrom light. In the unopened original packaging itcan be kept for 9 months at 20 C and 24 months

at 8 15 C.

C36H60O2 Molar mass 524.9 g/mol

UseFor the preparation of liquid vitamin A prepara-tions for oral and parenteral use. In aqueouspreparations, the use of solubilizers, for exampleCremophorEL or Cremophor RH 40, is neces-sary. The corresponding mixing ratios betweenCremophor RH 40 and Cremophor EL with vitamin

A palmitate are to be taken from the figure.

A sterilization of the final preparation is necessaryfor parenteral use.



PharmacopeiaThe products correspond to the applicablemonograph of Ph. Eur., USP, and FCC.


Note

As the products may have partly crystallized,before use and before sampling, the productsshould be heated (60 C) and homogenized.

The instructions of the safety data sheet are tobe observed.



Vitamin A-Palmitate1.6 Mio IU/G Feed

Active ingredientVitamin A palmitate (retinyl palmitate)

PRD-No.30041042 stabilized with BHT

Article


SpecificationSee separate document Standard Specification(not for regulatory purposes) available via BASFsWorldAccount: https://worldaccount.basf.com(registered access).


Formulation liquid

Solubility soluble in hydrocarbons,chloro-hydrocarbons, ethers,

fats and oils. The solventsshould not contain any per-oxides. Insoluble in water.

StabilityThe product should be stored cool and protectedfrom light. In the unopened original packaging itcan be kept for 9 months at 20 C and 24 monthsat 8 15 C.

Use

For liquid vitamin A preparations for oral use.In aqueous formulations, the use of solubilizers, forexample CremophorEL or Cremophor RH 40,is necessary.

The corresponding mixing ratios of Cremophor ELor Cremophor RH 40 with vitamin A palmitate areto be taken from the technical information for

Vitamin A-Palmitate Oily Veterinary.When processing non-stabilized vitamin A palmitate,it is recommended to add antioxidants (e.g.,butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, dl--

tocopherol).



NoteAs the products may have partly crystallized,before use and before sampling the productsshould be heated (60 C) and homogenized.

The instructions of the safety data sheet are tobe observed.



Vitamin A-Propionate2.5 Mio IU/G stabilized with BHT

Active ingredientVitamin A propionate (retinyl propionate)

PRD-No.30041062

Article


Specification

Content at least 2.5 million I.U. ofvitamin A/g (according toUSP and Ph. Eur.)



Identification blue coloration with antimonytrichloride in chloroform(Carr-Price test) or by thinlayer chromatography

Formulation liquid

Solubility soluble in hydrocarbons,chlorohydrocarbons, ethers,fats and oils. The solventsshould not contain any per-oxides. Insoluble in water

Acid number not more than 2.0 (Ph. Eur.)Peroxides corresponds to Ph. Eur.

StabilityThe product should be stored cool and protectedfrom light. In the unopened original packaging itcan be kept for 6 months at 20 C and 24 monthsat 8 15 C.


UseFor the preparation of liquid vitamin A preparationsfor oral and parenteral administration. The use ofthe propionic acid ester of vitamin A is recom-mended particularly if the tendency of the acetateand palmitate to crystallize during processing hasan interfering effect. Suitable for highly concentratedformulations in water with solubilizers such as,CremophorEL or Cremophor RH 40. The cor-

responding mixing ratios of Cremophor EL orCremophor RH 40 with vitamin A propionate areto be taken from the technical information for

Vitamin A-Palmitate Oily Veterinary.


PharmacopeiaThe product corresponds to the applicablemonograph of Ph. Eur. and USP.


NoteSince the product may have crystallized before useand before sampling, the product should be heated(60 C) and homogenized. The instructions of thesafety data sheet are to be observed.



Units of measurement

1 international unit (I.U.) = 0.025 g of crystallinevitamin D3cholecal-ciferol

OccurrenceNatural vitamin D occurs only in very few feedssuch as whole milk, liver oils and sun-dried greenfodder. Of the numerous compounds active asvitamin D, only two are of major interest: vitamin D2and vitamin D3. Their provitamins are ergosteroland 7-dehydrocholesterol. The animal body canitself form vitamin D3from 7-dehydrocholesterolunder the influence of UV light. The vegetableprovitamin ergosterol is converted into the activevitamin D2under the influence of sunlight after theplants death. Ergosterol itself is virtually unabsorbedby the animal.

Artificially dried grass has a very low vitamin Dactivity.

Physiological importanceVitamin D is also called the antirachitic vitamin,as it counteracts rickets. It regulates the meta-bolism of calcium and phosphorus, in particularpromotes the absorption of calcium and phos-phorus from the intestine, regulates excretion ofcalcium and phosphorus via the kidneys, controlsthe incorporationof calcium and phosphorus inthe skeleton and in this case also improves theexchange rate of calcium and phosphorus.Vitamin D is especially important if the absolute

supply of calcium and/or phosphorus or the relationof calcium to phosphorus in the feed is not optimum.

C27H44O Molar mass 384.65 g/mol

Deficiency symptomsVitamin D deficiency leads to disorders of calciumand phosphorus metabolism, an inadequateincorporation of calcium in growing bones (rickets),degradation of the mineral substance in fullygrown bones (osteodistrophy), bone and jointdeformations, growth disorders, spontaneousbrittleness of bones and poor eggshell strength.

Recommendations of supply

The extent of the vitamin D requirements is de-pendent on the calcium and phosphorus supply. Inthe case of an inadequate supply or an inadequatecalcium to phosphorus ratio, the requirementfor vitamin D3is increased. Depending on theanimal species and performance level, 1,000 to5,000 I.U. of vitamin D3/kg of compound feedshould be present. The vitamin D3supply mustbe ensured by means of supplements, except inthe case of grazing animals.

ToxicityVery high, non-physiological dosages have a toxiceffect.

Vitamin D3



Dosage recommendationsThe dosage recommendations are given per kgfeed on the assumption that the animals (pigs/chicken) are fed mainly with complete feed. If,in addition to the basic ration, a supplementaryfeed is administered (cows/horses etc.), therecommendations apply per animal and day.

The vitamin dosage in the feed is dependent onthe following factors:

Species, breed and desired use of the animal Ageof the animal Performance of the animal Feed composition Environmental influencesIn addition an extra supplementation should beadministered to increase the bodys resistance,especially for young animals.

The dosage recommendations focus on a highperformance level of the animals, typically foundin Western Europe or North America.

The recommended vitamin dosages are alsoappropriate in other regions, because the extremeenvironmental conditions there often constitutestress factors for the animals. Under special circum-stances/requirements, it might be advantageousto exceed the given dosage recommendations.


Piglets, Prestarter 1,800 2,000 I.U.

Piglets, Starter 1,500 2,000 I.U.

Grower 1,500 2,000 I.U.

Finisher 1,000 1,500 I.U.

Breeding sows 1,500 2,000 I.U.

Breeding boars 1,500 2,000 I.U.


Chickens, Starter 2,500 3,000 I.U.

Chickens, Pullets 1,500 2,500 I.U.

Laying hens 2,500 3,000 I.U.

Breeding hens 2,500 3,000 I.U.

Broiler 2,500 4,000 I.U.

Turkeys, Starter 3,500 4,500 I.U.Turkeys, Grower 3,000 4,000 I.U.

Turkeys, Finisher 2,500 3,500 I.U.

Turkeys, Breeding animals 3,000 4,000 I.U.

Ducks/Geese 3,000 3,500 I.U.


Calves, milk replacers (per kg feed) 2,500 3,000 I.U.

Cows, Breeding 3,000 5,000 I.U.Beef bulls 4,000 7,000 I.U.

Dairy cows 8,000 14,000 I.U.

Sheep/goats 400 800 I.U.

Foals (per 100 kg live weight per day) 1,000 1,200 I.U.


600 800 I.U.


1,200 1,500 I.U.


Dogs 800 1,200 I.U.

Cats 1,000 1,800 I.U.

Rabbits 800 1,200 I.U.

Minks 800 1,200 I.U.

Cold water fish 1,500 2,000 I.U.

Warm water fish 1,500 2,000 I.U.

Shrimps 2,000 3,000 I.U.



Vitamin B2

OccurrenceAnimal feeds, especially milk products such aswhey powder and skimmed milk, are rich invitamin B2. Good vitamin B2sources are addi-tionally alfalfa-meal and feeding yeast. Relativelypoor sources of vitamin B2are cereals, millingby-products, root crops, and vegetable proteinfeeds.

Physiological importanceVitamin B2is involved as a coenzyme in a wholeseries of oxidation and reduction enzymes whichare summarized under the name flavoproteins,and is of importance for the transfer of hydrogenatoms. It thus intervenes, also like various othervitamins of the B complex, as a coenzyme in pro-tein, fat, and nucleic acid metabolism. Vitamin B2is additionally involved in the visual process.

Deficiency symptoms

Vitamin B2deficiency leads to retardation of growth,poor food utilization and diarrhea. In chickens,vitamin B2deficiency causes the typical symptomof inwardly curved toes.

RequirementOwing to the specific function in protein and fatmetabolism, the vitamin B2requirement isdependent on the protein and energy contentof the feed ration. The vitamin B2requirementof pigs is increased at low ambient temperatures,

as in this case more carbohydrates are brokendown to produce energy. The requirement is4 12 mg per kg of complete feed. When usingpharmaceuticals, the vitamin B2requirement ismarkedly higher.

ToxicityThe LD50/oral/rat is 10,000 mg/kg.Primary skin irritation/rabbit: non-irritant.Primary irritations of the mucous membrane/rabbit:non-irritant.

C17H20N4O6 Molar mass 376.36 g/mol

Dosage recommendations

The dosage recommendations are given per kgfeed on the assumption that the animals (pigs/chicken) are fed mainly with complete feed. If,in addition to the basic ration, a supplementaryfeed is administered (cows/horses, etc.), therecommendations apply per animal and day.

The vitamin dosage in the feed is dependent onthe following factors: Species, breed, and desired use of the animal Ageof the animal Performance of the animal

Feed composition Environmental influencesIn addition, an extra supplementation should beadministered to increase the bodys defenses,especially for young animals.




The recommended vitamin dosages are alsoappropriate in other regions, because the extremeenvironmental conditions there often constitutestress factors for the animals. Under special circum-stances/requirements, it might be advantageousto exceed the given dosage recommendations.


Piglets, prestarter 6 8 mg

Piglets, starter 5 7 mg

Grower 4 6 mg

Finisher 3 5 mg

Breeding sows 5 7 mg

Breeding boars 5 7 mg


Chickens, starter 8 10 mg

Chickens, pullets 4 6 mg

Laying hens 5 8 mg

Breeding hens 8 10 mg

Broiler 5 7 mg

Turkeys, starter 10 14 mg

Turkeys, grower 6 8 mg

Turkeys, finisher 4 6 mg

Turkeys, breeding animals 8 10 mgDucks/geese 6 8 mg


Calves, milk replacers(per kg feed)

4 6 mg

Foals(per 100 kg live weight per day)

8 12 mg


6 8 mg


8 12 mg


Dogs 4 6 mg

Cats 5 8 mg

Rabbits 3 6 mg

Minks 6 10 mg

Cold water fish 20 30 mgWarm water fish 10 20 mg

Shrimps 50 80 mg



LutavitB2SG 80

Active ingredientVitamin B2(riboflavin)

PRD-No.30215030

Articles

54690103 25 kg PE bag

54690209 500 kg big bag, coated,

antistatic

Specification

Content at least 80%(method: modified accordingto Ph. Eur. II)



Formulation granulate



Water content not more than 5%(according to Karl Fischer)

Solubility dispersible in cold water, butdoes not give a homogeneous

dispersion

StabilityLutavit B2is not substantially affected by air, butit is sensitive to alkaline substances, especially inthe presence of oxygen. The product should beprotected from light and atmospheric moisture.In the unopened original packaging it can be keptfor 36 months.

ApplicationLutavit B SG 80 is suitable for all types of vitaminblends, premixes, mineral, and mixed feeds. Theflowability and mixing behavior of the product isexcellent and guarantees homogeneous mixingin all types of feed. Lutavit B2SG 80 a spraygranulated product hardly forms any dust andhas outstanding flow properties. It is especiallysuitable for use in fully automatic small component

dosage units.

Dosage recommendationsPlease refer to Vitamins Vitamin B2.

NoteUnder normal conditions, Lutavit B2is not toxic. Ahigh uptake (inspiration and skin contact), however,must be avoided. Lutavit B2can only be ignitedwith difficulty. If the product burns, however, toxicfumes can develop. When exposed to this product,

the provisions of the safety data sheet are to beobserved.



Pantothenic acid

Conversion factors

1 mg of calcium d-pantothenate

= 0.92 mg of pantothenic acid

1 mg of pantothenic acid

= 1.087 mg of calcium d-pantothenate

BioavailabilityDue to its water solubility, calcium d-pantothenate

is very well absorbed and is active in the metabo-lism as pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid and thepantothenates are optically active compounds andoccur in D(+)- and L()-forms. Only the D(+)-formcanbe utilized biologically.

OccurrenceApart from tapioca, nearly all feeds containpantothenic acid to a certain extent. Root cropsand also some cereal species (barley, maize) arerelatively poor sources of this vitamin. High con-

tents of pantothenic acid are found in milk andmilk products, fish solubles, milling by-products,good-quality alfalfa meals, beer and feeding yeasts,various oilseed cakes, and in other vegetableprotein products.

Physiological importanceAs a constituent of coenzyme A, pantothenic acidis involved in many reactions of protein, carbo-hydrate and fat metabolism. It has a special functionin the synthesis and breakdown of fats, as the

transfer of C2units (activated acetic acid) and theactivation of long-chain fatty acids is carried outby coenzyme A.

Activated acetic acid is necessary for the synthesisof phospholipids, cholesterol, and several steroidhormones. The importance of pantothenic acidis also demonstrated by the fact that coenzyme Ais found in all types of tissues.

C18H32CaN2O10 Molar mass 476.55 g/mol

Deficiency symptomsPantothenic acid deficiency can lead to varieddisorders in animals. The deficiency symptomsare not of the same kind in all animal species. Ineach case, however, health and performance areadversely affected. The following symptoms canoccur: Pathological changes of the skin and mucosae:

pigment loss and loss of hair and feathers, roughcoat, and poor plumage. Brown exudate aroundthe eyes, especially in the pig. Encrustationson the beak and around the eyes in poultry.

Disorders in the gastrointestinal tract and organchanges: formation of ulcers in the gastro-intestinal region, intestinal hemorrhages anddiarrhea, changes in the liver (fatty liver syn-drome). This leads to lack of appetite, poorfeed utilization, and depression of growth asfar as losses in weight.

Hormonal disorders: fertility disorders, incom-plete formation of the genitals in young animals,absence of lactation in sows. Decreased suckingreflex and high mortality in the first days of lifein piglets. Reduced egg yield in hens and un-satisfactory incubation results in poultry.

Disorders in the nervous system: cramps andparalysis symptoms, which occur especially inthe pig (so-called goose stepping). Higherstress sensitivity.



Recommendations for supplyAs a rule, the native pantothenic acid occurring inthe feeds is not present in amounts which cover therequirements. The composition of the total ration,therefore, plays an important role. Pigs and poultryare fundamentally dependent on the supplementa-tion of the ration with pantothenic acid in the caseof modern feeding methods and performancedemands. In the case of ruminants having a fully

developed rumen, according to modern knowledge,addition of pantothenic acid is not necessary ifthe total ration is ruminant-related. Pantothenicacid is synthesized microbially in these animals inadequate quantities. On the other hand, in calveswhich are fed on a milk substitute basis, the supplyof pantothenic acid from the feeds is not sufficient;suitable pantothenic acid supplements are thereforenecessary here.

Toxicity

The LD50/oral/rat is 5,000 mg/kg.Primary skin irritation/rabbit: non-irritant.Primary irritations of the mucous membrane/rabbit:non-irritant.

Dosage recommendationsThe dosage recommendations are given per kgfeed on the assumption that the animals (pigs/chicken) are fed mainly with complete feed. If,in addition to the basic ration, a supplementaryfeed is administered (cows/horses, etc.), the

recommendations apply per animal and day.The vitamin dosage in the feed is dependent onthe following factors: Species, breed, and desired use of the animal Ageof the animal Performance of the animal Feed composition Environmental influencesIn addition, an extra supplementation should beadministered to increase the bodys defenses,especially for young animals.


The recommended vitamin dosages are alsoappropriate in other regions, because the extremeenvironmental conditions there often constitutestress factors for the animals. Under special circum-stances/requirements, it might be advantageous

to exceed the given dosage recommendations.




Grower 10 14 mg

Finisher 8 12 mg






Laying hens 8 10 mg


Broiler 10 12 mg

Turkeys, starter 15 20 mgTurkeys, grower 10 15 mg


Turkeys, breeding animals 10 15 mg

Ducks/geese 8 12 mg




Calves, milk replacers (per kg feed) 10 20 mg

Foals (per 100 kg live weight per day) 8 10 mg


6 8 mg


10 12 mg


Dogs 8 10 mg

Cats 10 14 mg

Rabbits 10 14 mg

Minks 10 14 mg

Cold water fish 40 50 mg

Warm water fish 30 40 mgShrimps 100 150 mg



LutavitCalpan 98%

Active ingredientCalcium d-pantothenate

PRD-No.30041184

Articles

50011144 25 kg PE bag

54505345 25 kg PE bag (USA)

50738476 big bag (USA)

Specification

Content at least 98% (according toPh. Eur.) calculated for drysubstance



Loss on drying not more than 3%

Specific rotation +25.5 to +27.5 based ondry matter (589 nm, 20 C,50 g/l of water)

Formulation granulate

Particle size 97% < 0.5 mm


Solubility readily soluble in water(about 40 g/100 ml)

StabilityCalcium d-pantothenate is highly stable to theeffects of atmospheric oxygen and light.In the unopened original packaging it can be keptfor at least 36 months.

ApplicationLutavit Calpan 98% is suitable for all types of vitaminblends, premixes, mineral, and mixed feeds. The

flowability and mixing behavior of the product isexcellent and guarantees homogeneous mixingin all types of feed.

Dosage recommendationsPlease refer to Vitamins Pantothenic acid.

NoteCalcium d-pantothenate is a biologically highlyactive compound. The processing of the powdershould therefore be carried out with the customary

care in terms of occupational hygiene. The instruc-tions of the safety data sheet are to be observed.



Choline

OccurrenceCholine occurs in all feeds. Rich sources of cholineare animal by-products, dry feed yeasts, and someoilseed meals; poor sources are tapioca and maize.

The naturally occurring choline of soya meal isutilized to an extent of 60 70%, and that of cerealsto a smaller extent.

Physiological importance

Choline, which is included in the vitamin B group(vitamin B4), occurs principally as a methyl-groupdonor. These so-called labile methyl groups(CH3groups) are absolutely necessary for theformation of vital bodily substances, for examplecreatine and adrenaline, and in fat conversionand other metabolic reactions.Moreover, choline has other functions in themetabolism as a building block in which it canbe replaced neither by betaine nor by methionine(so-called essential choline requirement).

Choline serves among other things here as a: Building block of acetylcholine, which in this case

has an important function in the transmissionof stimuli in the nervous system (neurotransmitter).

Building block of lecithin. Lecithin fulfills animportant function in fat transport in the me-tabolism.

Building block of ceramides, which are presentin the brain substance. Interference in theenzymatic synthesis or degradation of thesemembrane building blocks results in meta-

bolic disorders.The supply of choline must therefore be ensuredby the formation of choline in the animal body andby addition with the feed. Choline is in equilibriumwith other vitamins. Its synthesis is promoted byvitamin B12.

C5H14CINO Molar mass 139.6 g/mol

Deficiency symptomsIn the nutrition of poultry, a deficiency of cholinehas a particularly severe effect: depending on thedegree, it leads in chicks to perosis (deformity ofthe legs as a result of displacement of the Achillestendons), to growth retardation and to fatty de-generation of the liver. In the case of laying hens,reduction in the egg yield, decrease in the eggweight, and thus poorer hatchability are observed.Choline deficiency also appears to play a role infatty liver formation (fatty liver syndrome).In pigs, the deficiency of choline is manifested in apoorer distribution of fat and a retardation of growth.Malformations of the limbs, nerve degeneration canalso be observed and kidney damage. Breedingsows which receive too little choline with the feedare less fertile, give birth to weak piglets, and haveless milk.In ruminantshaving a fully developed rumenfunction, a deficiency of choline only occursoccasionally because the microorganisms ofthe rumen can synthesize choline. However,calves have a real requirement, which is oftennot covered by the natural choline content of thefeed. Calves with choline deficiency have a poorappetite, more rapid and strained respiration, andare generally weakened.



ToxicityThe LD50/oral/rat is 2,000 mg/kg.Primary skin irritation/rabbit: non-irritant.Primary irritations of the mucous membrane/rabbit:non-irritant

Dosage recommendationsThe dosage recommendations are given per kgfeed on the assumption that the animals (pigs/chicken) are fed mainly with complete feed. If,in addition to the basic ration, a supplementaryfeed is administered (cows/horses, etc.), therecommendations apply per animal and day.

The vitamin dosage in the feed is dependent onthe following factors: Species, breed, and desired use of the animal Ageof the animal Performance of the animal Feed composition Environmental influencesIn addition, an extra supplementation should beadministered to increase the bodys defenses,especially for young animals.

The dosage recommendations focus on a highperformance level of the animals, typically foundin Western Europe or North America.The recommended vitamin dosages are alsoappropriate in other regions, because the extremeenvironmental conditions there often constitutestress factors for the animals. Under special circum-stances/requirements, it might be advantageousto exceed the given dosage recommendations.




Grower 250 400 mg

Finisher 250 350 mg



Conversion factorsx 1.340 = Choline chloride calculated 100%x 1.787 = Choline chloride solution 75%




Laying hens 300 500 mgBreeding hens 400 600 mg

Broiler 300 600 mg

Turkeys, starter 800 1,200 mg




Ducks/geese 400 600 mg


Calves, milk replacers (per kg feed) 150 250 mg

Foals (per 100 kg live weight per day) 150 250 mg


150 250 mg


300 400 mg


Dogs 1,000 1,200 mg

Cats 1,200 1,400 mg

Rabbits 600 800 mg

Minks 600 800 mg

Cold water fish 800 1,000 mg

Warm water fish 600 800 mg

Shrimps 400 600 mg



Choline Chloride 75%

Active ingredientCholine chloride

PRD-No.30041094

Articles

50481584 1100 kg IBC

50036955 bulk

Specification

Content at least 75% cholinechloride (argentometrically)

Trimethylamine not more than 0.05%



Formulation liquid

Density 1.10 g/ml (20 C)

Water content about 25%

Boiling point at temperatures above 100 Cthe water evaporates andthe salt crystallizes

Crystallization point -18 C

Viscosity 21 mPas (at 20 C)

Electricalconductivity

30,000 mS/cm(mS = micro Siemens)

StabilityCholine chloride is stable. The direct addition ofcholine chloride to the feed mixture as an individualcomponent has proved suitable. Problems in thepremix are thus avoided.In the unopened original packaging it can be keptfor at least 24 months.

Recommended materialsDepending on the temperature and oxygen content,choline chloride in liquid form behaves corrosivelyto a varying extent. Only very specific materials aresuitable for the storage and processing of CholineChloride 75%. The statements made in the followingtables are based on test results, many years ofworking experience, and practical applications.

The stability data apply exclusively to 75% strength

choline chloride.

Materials for storage and use

Highly

alloyed

steel

Plastics Boilerplate

(rubberized)

PTFE

(Teflon)

Palatal PVC

Storagecontainer

Pipelines

Pumps

Valves

Nozzles

Fittings

Seals

Metallic materialsThe corrosiveness of choline chloride increaseswith the temperature and oxygen content.

Water-diluted choline chloride also acts morecorrosively than the 75% strength material. Forcholine chloride liquid metering plants, highlyalloyed, austenitic chrome-nickel-molybdenumsteel (e.g., X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2, material no.:1.4571) is recommended.



Recommendations when using highly alloyedsteel

Materials Aeration Resistance up to a thresholdtemperature of

1.4541 yes no -1.4541 no yes 45 C

1.4571 yes yes 45 C

1.4571 no yes 80 C

Molybdenum-free chrome-nickel steel (e.g., X 6CrNiTi 18 10, material no.: 1.4541) is not resistantto corrosion, as the oxygen-free choline chloridesolution supplied is usually enriched with oxygenfrom the air on transferring to a tank.Under such conditions, and also on exceeding thethreshold temperature, local pit and crack corrosionoccurs in the highly alloyed stainless steels.Contaminations (e.g., iron salts or residues froma prior other use of the tank) can also increasethecorrosiveness of the choline chloride. In this case,corrosion can also occur at temperatureslowerthan those mentioned in the table. In these casesand when constructing new plants, glass fiber-reinforced plastics are to be preferred to the metallicmaterials.

PlasticsPlastics are resistant to pit and crack corrosionin oxygen containing and oxygen-free cholinechloride. For many years, plastics have been usedsuccessfully for the storage of choline chloride.In particular, glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GSP)can be employed in various material combinationssuited to the specific individual case. Palatal withits types A410 and A420 has proved suitable.These are special resins, which were stable toCholine Chloride 75% up to 70 C in the corrosiontest. Recently, tanks appropriate to the spatialconditions can also be installed on site with Palatal.

Dosage recommendationsPlease refer to Vitamins Choline.

NoteThese instructions replace the leaflet From researchand practice no. 13, Advice for the choice ofmaterials when storing and using Choline Chloridesolution 75%. When exposed to the substance,theinstructions of the safety data sheet are to be

observed.For transport, storage, loading, and unloading ofCholine Chloride 75%, the legal water proceduresvalid in the particular countries are to be observed.



Vitamin E

OccurrenceVitamin E (tocopherols) is present in animal andvegetable feeds in varying amounts. For animalnutrition, not the total tocopherol content, but thecontent of active d--tocopherol (highest vitamin Eactivity) is important.Besides the latter only d--tocopherol has anysignificant biological activity. The tocopherolcontents are high in young green fodder and wheat

seedlings. In cereals, the tocopherol fraction iscomposed only to a small extent of the valuable-tocopherol, so that only a low vitamin E activityis to be expected. This applies to a larger extentto growing cereals, as the -tocopherol contentconsiderably decreases during germination.Root crops and low-fat feeds (by-products fromoil production, skimmed milk, whey) contain onlya little or no tocopherol at all.For practical reasons, the stable dl--tocopherylacetate* is used in animal nutrition instead of the

strongly oxygen-sensitive d--tocopherol. It hasabout 2/3 of the biological activity of d--toco-pherol (see table).

Vitamin E activity of tocopherols

Compound1 mg

Activityin I.U.

d--tocopherol = 5,7,8-trimethyltocol 1.49

d--tocopherol = 5,8-dimethyltocol 0.33

d--tocopherol = 7,8-dimethyltocol 0.01

d--tocopherol = 8-methyltocol 0.01

dl--tocopherol 1.10

* 1 mg dl--tocopheryl acetate = 1 I.U. of vitamin E


Physiological importanceOn the one hand, vitamin E is necessary for cellularmetabolism (cell respiration, nucleic acid metabo-lism). On the other hand, it acts as an antioxidant,by means of which the autoxidation of unsaturatedfatty acids and vitamin A in vivo is suppressed.

This is also of importance with respect to the qualityof meat, as the action of the vitamin E stored inthe depot fat in the meat still persists.Other tasks of vitamin E are: control of carbohydrateand creatine metabolism, muscle metabolism andglycogen balance; regulation of the developmentand function of the gonads; preparation andprotection of pregnancy, regulation of hormonemetabolism by means of the anterior pituitary lobe,stimulation of antibody formation, antitoxic actionin cellular metabolism.



Deficiency symptomsIn calves, lambs, pigs, and poultry, musculardystrophy is prominent, combined with lighteningof the skeletal musculature (myoglobin loss) anddegenerative changes in the heart musculature(mulberry heart disease), which can lead tosudden heart failure. In poultry, encephalomalaciaoccurs as a result of increased permeabilityof the blood vessels, in particular in the form of

hemorrhages and formation of oedema in thecerebellum.Externally, the encephalomalacia is characterizedby uncoordinated movements and by abnormalposture of the head. Exudative diathesis in poultryis attributed to increased plasma exudation(formation of oedema) from the blood capillaries.Owing to the plasma loss, the concentrationof the blood contents and thus the loading ofthe heart musculature is increased. In the rat,vitamin E deficiency reduces fertility (absorption

sterility).

Recommendations for supplyThe vitamin E requirement of the animals isinfluenced by the following factors:Composition of the feed, content of sulfur-con-taining amino acids, nutrient concentration, andperformance level. In particular, the amount andquality of added fats and the content of unsaturatedfatty acids influence the vitamin E requirementdecisively. The additional amounts of vitamin E

required specifically for the antioxidative action arefrom 2 to 3 mg per g of unsaturated fatty acids inthe feed, depending on the animal species. Owingto the multiplicity of factors involved, various valuesmay be stated for the requirements, depending onthe aim. Amounts of vitamin E over and above thenutritional requirements improve the storage life ofmeat and meat products.

Example of the calculation of the vitamin E supplyof piglets and fattening pigs:

Requiredvitamin E con-tent in the feed(mg/kg)

According to NRC* (NationalResearch Council, 1998)

11 15

With 3% soybean oil in the feed,additionally 36 mg of vitamin E(about 18 g unsaturated fattyacids FS x 2 mg vitamin E)

47 51

Increase in immune resistanceand defense against infections

150 200

Reduction of stress-relatedmortality

200 250

Increase in storage stability of thefat in meat and meat products

100 150

* NRC data contain no safety supplements

In the case of dairy cows, vitamin E doses of1,000 mg per animal and per day may reduce theincidence of mastitis and the somatic cell countsin the milk. Moreover, a rancid oxidation taste ofthe milk can be prevented (off flavor).Particular attention should be paid to the vitamin Esupplements since organic damage due to vita-

min E deficiency is irreversible and cannot beeliminated by subsequent increased dosages.



ToxicityVitamin E has a toxic effect only at very highdosages. Thus in chicks, for example, it can beassumed that a daily absorption of 1,000 mg ofvitamin E per kg of body weight is without nega-tive effects.

Dosage recommenationsThe dosage recommendations are given per kg

feed on the assumption that the animals (pigs/chicken) are fed mainly with complete feed. If,in addition to the basic ration, a supplementaryfeed is administered (cows/horses, etc.), therecommendations apply per animal and day.

The vitamin dosage in the feed is dependent onthe following factors: Species, breed, and desired use of the animal Ageof the animal Performance of the animal Feed composition

Environmental influencesIn addition an extra supplementation should beadministered to increase the bodys defenses,especially for young animals.

The dosage recommendations focus on a highperformance level of the animals, typically foundin Western Europe or North America.The recommended vitamin dosages are alsoappropriate in other regions, because the extremeenvironmental conditions there often constitutestress factors for the animals. Under special circum-

stances/requirements, it might be advantageousto exceed the given dosage recommendations.


Piglets, prestarter1) 100 150 mg


Grower 60 80 mg

Finisher1) 40 60 mg


Breeding boars 140 160 mg1) up to 250 mg to increase immunity and improve the

meat quality


Chickens, starter1) 40 60 mg


Laying hens 20 30 mg


Broiler1) 30 50 mg

Turkeys, starter1) 40 60 mg


Turkeys, finisher1) 30 40 mg


Ducks/geese 40 60 mg1) up to 200 mg to increase immunity and improve meat quality




Calves, milk replacers1)(per kg feed) 80 120 mg

Cows, breeding 100 150 mg

Beef bulls2) 200 300 mg

Dairy cows3) 500 1000 mg

Sheep/goats 50 80 mg

Foals (per 100 kg live weight per day) 100 120 mgSaddle horses(per 100 kg live weight per day)

80 100 mg


200 300 mg

1) up to 200 mg to increase immunity first 14 days following

the colostrum phase2) to improve meat quality from the 100thday prior to

slaughtering3) to improve the udder condition during the dry period

within the first 10 lactation weeks


Dogs 80 120 mg

Cats 100 150 mg

Rabbits 30 50 mg

Minks 80 120 mg

Cold water fish1) 200 300 mg

Warm water fish1) 150 200 mg

Shrimps1) 180 250 mg1) high content in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

requires addititional doses



LutavitE 50 S

Active ingredientVitamin E acetate (dl--tocopheryl acetate)

PRD-No.30040904

Articles

50048779 25 kg bag in box (Europe)

50054821 25 kg bag in box (Oversea)

Specification

Content at least 50% vitamin Eacetate (GC, accordingto USP method)




Formulation powder



Composition fine dispersion in a matrixof milk constituents andgelatine

Solubility dispersible in cold water

Residue on ignition at most 3% (at 600 C)

StabilityIn mixtures, vitamin E losses can occur dependingon the composition (e.g.higher trace elementscontent) and the production and storage conditions(pelleting, action of heat). These active substancelosses are particularly important in the presenceof strong vitamin stress factors (moisture, cholinechloride, trace elements) and in alkaline medium(high contents of magnesium oxide). In critical

mixtures, Lutavit E 50 S should be employed toimprove the vitamin E stability. The vitamin stabilityof this coated product is somewhat better understress conditions than that of vitamin E adsorbates.In the unopened original packaging it can be keptfor at least 24 months.

ApplicationLutavit E 50 S is used for the vitaminization of

all types of feed. It is very readily miscible and,because of its large particle number per unit ofweight, highly suitable for premixtures, mineralfeeds, and for mixed feed. Lutavit E 50 S is veryeasily dispersible in cold water.

The milky emulsion which is formed is stable. Themixing behavior of the powder in premixes andfeeds is excellent. Because of its high particlenumber and good dispersibility in water, Lutavit E50 S is particularly suitable for:

1. Feed mixtures with high contents of cholinechloride, trace elements, and alkaline substances,

2. Milk replacers for piglets, calves, and otheranimals,

3. Water-dispersible multivitamin mixtures whichare administered directly via the drinking water.

Dosage recommendationsPlease refer to Vitamins Vitamin E.

Note

Vitamin E exists in a biologically highly active form.The processing of the powder should thereforebe carried out with the customary care in terms ofoccupational hygiene following the instructions inthe safety data sheet.



LutavitE 50


PRD-No.30040915

Articles


50043993 500 kg big plastic bag

Specification

Content at least 50% vitamin E ac-etate (GC, according to USPmethod)




Formulation powder

Particle size 99% < 0.84 mm

Bulk density about 0.45 0.60 g/cm3

Composition adsorbate based oncolloidal silica

Solubility insoluble in water; on additionof water the oily vitamin E

acetate is set free on thesurface

Residue on ignition 45 46% (at 600 C)

StabilityIn mixtures, vitamin E losses can occur dependingon the composition (e.g., higher trace elementscontent) and the production and storage conditions(pelleting, action of heat). These active substancelosses are particularly important in the presence ofstrong vitamin stress factors (moisture, choline

chloride, trace elements) and in alkaline medium

(high contents of magnesium oxide). In criticalmixtures, Lutavit E 50 S should be employed toimprove the vitamin E stability. The vitamin stabilityof this coated product is somewhat better understress conditions than that of vitamin E adsorbates.The product has a storage life of 24 months in theunopened original packaging.

Application

Lutavit E 50 is used for the vitaminization of alltypes of feed. It is very readily miscible and,because of its large particle number per unitof weight, highly suitable for premixtures, mineralfeeds, and for mixed feed.

Lutavit E 50 S can be used for this area of applica-tion as well. The milky emulsion which is formedis stable. The mixing behavior of the powder inpremixes and feeds is excellent. Because of itshigh particle number and good dispersibility in

water, Lutavit E 50 S is particularly suitable for:1. Feed mixtures with high contents of choline

chloride, trace elements, and alkaline substances,2. Milk replacers for piglets, calves, and other

animals,3. Water-dispersible multivitamin mixtures which

are administered directly via the drinking water.


NoteVitamin E exists in a biologically highly active form.The processing of the powder should therefore becarried out with the customary care in terms ofoccupational hygiene following the instructions inthe safety data sheet.



Vitamin E-Acetate Oily Feed


PRD-No.30041056

Articles


54729852 190 kg steel drum

Specification

Content at least 94% (GC, accordingto USP methode)



Formulation liquid

Solubility soluble in hydrocarbons,alcohols, fats and oils;insoluble in water.

StabilityThe product should be stored cool and protectedfrom light. In the unopened original packaging itcan be kept for at least 24 months.


UseFor the preparation of liquid vitamin E preparationsfor oral use. In aqueous formulations, the use ofsolubilizers, for example CremophorEL orCremophor RH 40, is necessary.The figure below shows the ratio of vitamin Eacetate to Cremophor EL necessary in the finalsolution:





Vitamin E-Acetate(DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate)


PRD-No.30041054

Articles

55434595 5 kg plastic can


57425300 190 kg steel drum

Specification

Content at least 96% 102%(according to USP, FCC,Ph. Eur.)



Heavy metals 10 ppm

Relative density d 2020 0.952 0.966

Acid number 2

Refractive index n 20D 1.494 1.498

Acidity (USP, FCC) complies

Specific extinction

(in absolute ethanol)

E 11 42 45 (284 nm)

7 9 (254 nm)Formulation liquid

Solubility soluble in hydrocarbons,alcohols, fats and oils;insoluble in water.

If not stated otherwise, the analytical methodsare to be taken from the Ph. Eur.The product complies with the appropriate mono-graph of the Ph. Eur., USP, and FCC, and it canbe supplied in accordance with the requirements

of the JP.


StabilityIn contrast to vitamin E alcohol, vitamin E acetateis very stable to heat and oxygen. It is unstable toalkalis (hydrolysis) and oxidants. Up to 25 C, theproduct has a storage life of 36 months in theunopened original packaging. The instructions inthe safety data sheet should be observed.

UseFor the preparation of liquid vitamin E preparationsfor oral and parenteral use.

In aqueous formulations, the use of solubilizers, forexample CremophorEL or Cremophor RH 40, isnecessary.

The figure below shows the ratio of vitamin Eacetate to Cremophor EL necessary in the finalsolution:





Carotenoids



Carotenoids 47

Astaxanthin 54

Lucantin Pink 55

LucantinPink CWD 56

-Carotene 57

Lucarotin 10% Feed 58

Lucarotin 10% Feed Special 59

Canthaxanthin 60

Lucantin Red 61

Lucantin Red CWD 63

Citranaxanthin 64

Lucantin CX forte 65

C-30 ester 66

Lucantin Yellow 67



Carotenoids

Carotenoids occur in practically all plants andanimals, but particularly in organisms that areexposed to the sun. Straub (1987) described 563different carotenoids, not counting their various cisand trans isomers. A few of the main carotenoidsand polyenes found in foodstuffs and feeds are: - and -Carotene Lutein/Zeaxanthin -Apo-8-carotenoids

-Cryptoxanthin Astaxanthin Canthaxanthin Citranaxanthin Lycopene Neoxanthin Phytoene and phytouene Violaxanthin

Most carotenoids absorb light selectively. They arexanthophylls (Greek: Xanthos = yellow, Phyllon = leaf)

that are usually yellow in color and are responsiblefor the yellow coloration of leaves in autumn.The main xanthophylls involved here are lutein andzeaxanthin. Apart from the xanthophylls, there isalso the group of carotenoids that includes the bestknown of all, beta-carotene. The distribution ofcarotenoids in plant and animal tissue differs widely.

The naturally occurring carotenoids are completelyinsoluble in water and are often associated withlipids, to which they impart their color, e.g., milk fat,egg yolk, red palm oil. In fish muscle and shrimps

however, carotenoid pigments are protein-bound.Some of the carotenoids absorbed are not meta-bolized in the intestinal mucosa; they are incor-porated in the chylomicrons, in which they passunchanged via the lymph into the blood.Carotenoids with provitamin A activity such asbeta-carotene and the two -apo-8-carotenoids,-apo-8-carotenal, and -apo-8-carotenoic acidethyl ester can be converted in the mucosa toretinal, according to the vitamin A requirementof the organism, and subsequently reduced to

retinol (= vitamin A alcohol).

The biological activity of the carotenoids can besubdivided into functions, effects, and associations,according to Bendich and Olson (1989).

Functions Conversion into vitamin A (detected for -, -

and -carotene, citranaxanthin, astaxanthin, andcanthaxanthin in fish, cryptoxanthin, echinenone,zeaxanthin, and various -apocarotenals)

Color signalling in reproductive displays, andcamouflage in some animals

Protection of fish eggs from light-induceddamage

Effects Antioxidant effect, particularly at low

partial pressures of oxygen Inhibition of mutagenicity Increase in immune response Reduction of light-induced neoplasias

Resistance to hypoxia in crustaceans

Associations in humans and animals A low plasma level of beta-carotene is associated

with an increased risk of various precancerousdiseases and various forms of cancer.

A low plasma level of beta-carotene is associatedwith an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

A high plasma level of lycopene is supposed toreduce the risk of prostate cancer.

Carotenoids are widely used in animal nutrition.For their coloring properties, they are incorporatedinto feeds in order to pigment egg yolks, broilerskin, fish and shrimp tissues. BASFs products arealso applied wherever carotenoids are seen tohave health-boosting and fertility enhancing roles.The fertility of cattle, swine, and horses can beimproved through feeding -carotene. Astaxanthinand canthaxanthin have been demonstrated tohave health and growth improving potential inlarval fish and in salmonid fingerlings. Lucantin

and Lucarotin

are BASFs registered trademarks.



Broiler skin pigmentationDepending on the content of naturally yellow-coloring carotenoids in the feed, a golden yellowskin pigmentation is achieved by a supplement of100 300 g of Lucantin Yellow per metric tonof feed. Depending on the intended colorationand the prevailing market conditions, broiler skinpigmentation can be further intensified by asupplement of up to 50 g of Lucantin Red.

Egg yolk pigmentation

Yellow pigmentationAs shown in the accompanying tables, the selecteddosage of Lucantin Yellow in laying hen feeddepends on the Ovocolor scale value achievedwithout Lucantin, the analyzed or calculatedxanthophyll content in the feed, and the colorscore being targeted. Use of Lucantin Yellow onits own is only economically efficient for achieving

up to Ovocolor scale value 7 8.

On administration of a xanthophyll-free ration con-taining a supplement of 25 g of Lucantin Yellowper metric ton of feed, an egg yolk pigmentationcan be achieved, which corresponds to an averageOvocolor scale (BASF, 2001) value of 7.

An average Ovocolor score of 7 means that 50%of egg yolks will be at score 7 or less, as is typicalwith a normal distribution. In order for nearly all

eggs to attain an Ovocolor score of 7, the supple-ment of Lucantin Yellow should be raised to 30 gLucantin Yellow per metric ton of feed.

Natural variations in the xanthophyll content offeed raw-materials can also be compensated forin this way.

Dosage recommendations1) Poultry

Red pigmentationThe required dosage of Lucantin Red or LucantinCX forte for laying hen feed has to be adapted tothe xanthophyll content of the ration and to theintended Ovocolor scale value. Reliable egg yolkpigmentation extending beyond Ovocolor scale7 is achieved by the use of Lucantin Red and/orLucantin CX forte.

At the higher end of the Ovocolor range (14 15),

where the background feed-xanthophyll contentis less than 10 ppm, an additional use of LucantinYellow is advisable to avoid the intensive redcoloration, less popular with consumers.Using the recommendations set out in the accom-panying tables should ensure that, on average,egg yolks attain the intended color targets.Under certain circumstances, where secondaryfactors may affect pigment efficiency (see Tab. 1),the dosage recommendations for Lucantin Redor Lucantin CX forte may be increased by 5 g

per metric ton.

Lucantin Red and Lucantin CX forte can be usedinterchangeably when the correct exchange ratio isobserved. Lucantin Red is 1.5 times more effectivethan Lucantin CX forte at imparting color (see Fig. 1).

This means that 1.5 times more Lucantin CX forteis required in order to generate the same yolk coloras Lucantin Red.



Fig. 1:Egg yolk pigmentation action of LucantinCX forte in comparison with Lucantin Red(maize/soybean ration containing 12 ppmtotal xanthophylls)

If the combined use of Lucantin CX forte and

Lucantin Red is preferred, the action ratio of 1.5:1should be included in the calculation of the requiredquantities to be applied.

Example:

Xanthophyll content in the feed: 5 g/t

Intended color scale value: 13

This results in the following use recommen-dations according to Tables 1 and 2:

Lucantin Yellow: 20 g/t of feed+ Lucantin CX forte: 75 g/t of feed

Instead of using Lucantin Yellow and Lucantin CXforte, an alternative combination, for example thefollowing, is suitable:

Lucantin Yellow: 20 g/t of feed

+ Lucantin CX forte: 30 g/t of feed

+ Lucantin Red: 30 g/t of feed

The following factors affect egg yolkpigmentation: Improvement of the pigmentation is achieved

by addition of linoleic acid-containing oil, suchas from soybeans, to the feed.

Large doses of vitamin E support the absorptionof carotenoids and act in vivo as a physiologicalantioxidant.

Antioxidants protect the fat and the xanthophylls

in the feed from oxidation. A higher peroxide content in the feed adversely

affects the stability of the carotenoids in vivoand in vitro.

The pigmentation effect is adversely affectedby increased feed calcium content. The calciumcontent should therefore not be set higher thanabsolutely necessary.

Mycotoxins in the feed can reduce the serumcontent of carotenoids and thus adversely affectthe pigmentation of the egg yolks.

Doses of vitamin A of more than 15,000 I.U./kgcan lead to an adverse effect on egg yolkpigmentation, since in such cases, carotenoidabsorption can be impaired (absorption com-petition).

The feed intake of the laying hens may bereduced as a result of increased energy con-tents in the feed or as a result of stress factors(e.g., higher house temperatures), so that theamount of carotenoids absorbed is insufficientfor the intended yolk pigmentation.

Diseases such as salmonellosis, Newcastledisease, coccidiosis, or infestation with otherendoparasites damage the mucosa of thedigestive tract and reduce the absorption ofcarotenoids. The absorption of fat-solublecarotenoids is also reduced as a result of in-sufficient bile acid secretion, and thus adverselyaffects th

basf animal nutrition

Documents