animal nutrition & feeding

Animal Nutrition & Feeding

A. List essential nutrients & their functionB. Identify factors effecting nutrition

requirements in animalsC. Classify feed types and identify animal

feedsD. Compare benefits & disadvantages of

different methods of feedingE. Interpret a feed label F. Balance a ration

A. List essential nutrients & their function

The Six Essential Nutrients

• Protein• Carbohydrates• Fats• Minerals• Vitamins• Water



Protein Needed for growth and repair Helps form MUSCLES, internal organs,

skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns



Carbohydrates ENERGY

The largest portion of the animal’s food supply

Include sugars, starch and cellulose



Fats STORED Energy Insulation & Protection



Water Animal’s body is made up of 70% water Necessary for proper organ function Vital to sustaining life

B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals

Are all animal’s dietary requirements equal?......

NO!


Factors effecting nutritional needs:

1- Maintenance•Gives energy for basic needs of keeping an animal alive

-Every second an animal is alive it takes energy

•No loss or gain of weight•Known as Basal Maintenance Requirement•50% of animals diet is used for maintenance



2- Growth• Young animals who are not fully grown

• Extra energy required to grow bones, support organ systems, develop muscle, etc.

• Need high levels of fats and carbohydrates



3- Gestation & Lactation(Gestation = Pregnancy, Lactation= milk production)

•Nutrition deficiencies are the most common cause of reproductive failures

•Pregnancy requires higher levels of nutrition and energy intake

(Especially at the end of pregnancy when the fetus is growing rapidly)

•Milk production requires even more energy

(Especially calcium, phosphorus, protein)



4- Work•Animals used for heavy work, require more energy

For Example: hunting dogs, draft horses, race horses, etc.

Which would you choose?

•Which one would TASTE better?•Which serving would have the most CALORIES?• 1 Snickers bar = 266 calories• 1 cup broccoli = 30 calories

•To intake equal amounts of calories, which would FILL YOUR STOMACH - 1 snickers bar OR 9 cups of broccoli?

C. Classify feed types and identify animal feeds

3 Types of Feed:Roughage

Concentrates

Supplements


Roughage• Contains MORE than 18% Crude

Fiber

• Feed in HIGH quantities

• Contains MINIMAL energy per pound of feed


Dry Hay

Examples… Roughage


Corn Silage



Grass & Pasture



Concentrates•Contain LESS than 18% Crude Fiber

•Feed in SMALL quantities

•Contains HIGH amounts of energy per pound of feed


Corn

Examples… Concentrates


Oats



Barley



Cotton Seed



Grain


Factoid: “Grain” is a general term for a mixture of specific grains such as corn,

oats, barley, etc.


Supplements•Vitamins & Minerals


D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding

2 Methods of Feeding Animals:Free Access• Allows animals available feed to eat when they

want

Scheduled Feeding

• Providing a specific amount of feed at a

certain time each day


Pros ConsFree Access Feeding

•Takes less time

•Animal can eat as much as it wishes

•Problems noticed MUCH slower

•Some animals will cause themselves serious health problems if they can eat all they want

•More feed wasted


Pros ConsScheduled Feeding

•More quality care of animal

•Amount of feed intake can be controlled

-decrease feed bill

•Takes more time


Free Access ScheduledHow should you feed?

Small Animals do well:

•Rabbits•Guinea Pigs•Small Rodents

•Horses, cows, sheep, goats should ALWAYS be fed concentrates on a schedule•Any animal prone to over eating

E. Interpret a feed label

Name of Feed

% Contained

List of ingredients

Feed company

List of Nutrients

Feeding directions

E. Interpret a feed label

Feed Labels•List nutrients contained in feed•Give the % of each nutrient•List ingredients•Usually have some feeding instructions

How to Balance a Ration

•Daily Intake must:•Fill ‘em up•Taste Good•Provide required nutrients/energy•Be the most cost effective

F. Balance a ration

Feed Ration Vocab•Complete Feed•Textured Feed

F. Balance a ration

Example…A bred gilt requires a 13%

protein ration.

You have available- 1-Corn with 9% protein

2- cotton seed meal with 40 % protein

Find the number of pounds of corn and CSM needed to make

a 100lb ration.

F. Balance a ration

Pearson SquareF. Balance a ration

% Crude Protein Desired

Feed #1

Feed #2

Feed #1

Feed #2

Feed 2 - % CP Desired=

Feed 1 - % CP Desired=

Pearson Square-StepsF. Balance a ration

Feed #1:Corn

9% CP

Feed #2

Cotton Seed Meal

40% CP#1: Label Feed Names & %


Feed #1:Corn

9% CP

Feed #2

Cotton Seed Meal

40% CP#2: Transfer feed name straight across

Corn

Cotton Seed Meal


Feed #1:Corn

9% CP

Feed #2

Cotton Seed Meal

40% CP#3: Fill in desired CP%

Corn

Cotton Seed Meal

13%


Feed #1:Corn

9% CP

Feed #2

Cotton Seed Meal

40% CP#4: Find Absolute value of feed #1 and desired CP

Corn

Cotton Seed Meal

9-13= /4/

13%


Feed #1:Corn

9% CP

Feed #2

Cotton Seed Meal

40% CP#5: Find Absolute value of feed #2 and desired CP

Corn40-

13=27

Cotton Seed Meal

9-13= /4/

13%


#6: Determine Total Parts

Corn40-

13=27

Cotton Seed Meal

9-13= /4/

To mix a rationUsing Corn & Cotton

Seed Meal…

Use:27 parts Corn

4 parts Cotton Seed Meal

31 Total Parts


#7: Translate “Parts” to “Pounds”

100 lbs / 31 total parts =

3.22 Pounds per part


#8: Determine pounds of each feed

27 parts Corn

27 * 3.22= 86.94 Pounds Corn

4 parts Cotton Seed Meal

4 * 3.22= 12.88

Your turn…F. Balance a ration

A 1400-pound cow in the second trimester of pregnancy needs 8% protein. She is given

grass hay (6% protein) and soybean meal (49.6% protein)

Calculate how many pounds of each feed is required to mix a

100 pound ration of feed 8% CP feed

Bell work…F. Balance a ration

A 1400-pound cow in the second trimester of pregnancy needs 8% protein. She is given

grass hay (6% protein) and soybean meal (49.6% protein)

Calculate how many pounds of each feed is required to mix a

100 pound ration of feed 8% CP feed

Nutrition Assn Checkoff

F. Balance a ration

Nutrition Wordsearch_____/5

Pearson Square Practice wkst_____/20

Feed Label 101 Packet_____/20

Unit 7: Feed Additives:_____/20

Pearson Square

• A 1400-pound cow in the second trimester of pregnancy needs 6.9% protein. She is given 23.3 lbs of feed most of which is grass hay at 5.5% protein. How many pounds of soybean meal (49.6% protein) should the cow be given to make sure she receives 6.9% protein?

Sample Problem

• Formulate 600 lbs of a 26% CP ration using CSM (54% CP) and Barley (8% CP).

What’s Being Asked?

• You have 2 different feeds on hand, each containing a certain amount of protein. But for your purposes, neither will suffice. You need to mix them to make a new feed of a specific amount protein. And you need to make 600 lbs of the new feed.

Solving…..using a Pearson Square

• These types of problems are easy….but you have to use the Pearson Square.– 1st set up the square (this will be the same every

time:

• 2nd, label the square:

Feed #1 goes here

Feed #2 goes here

Feed #1 also goes here

Feed #2 also goes here

With its %CP

With its %CP

The %CP you want goes here

This is what it should look like:

CSM 54%

Barley 8%

26%

CSM

Barley

• 3rd, some simple subtraction…one feed at a time.

• Subtract going diagonally: #1. CSM (54) – 26 = 28% Barley:

CSM 54%

26%

Barley 8%

CSM

28 parts Barley

• 4th, do the same calculation for the second feed.

• Subtract on the other diagonal: Barley (8%) – 26 = -18 % CSM. But just use the absolute value….ignore the negative sign:

CSM 54%

Barley 8%

18 parts CSM

28 parts Barley

26%

• 5th, add up total parts CSM and Barley for the new feed:

CSM 54%

Barley 8%

CSM 18%

Barley 28%

+

46 total (18 + 28 = 46)

26%

Wait….What’s going on?

• We just calculated what percent of our new ration will be CSM and Barley: of the total amount of new feed, it will be 28 parts Barley and 18 parts CSM. Now we have to determine how many pounds of each this correlates to. Once we know that, we can mix our feeds together.

• So from the square, we know that in our final feed we need:– 28 parts Barley– 18 parts CSM

• We also know from the problem that we need 600 lbs of the new feed.– This is the easy part!

Just convert parts to %:

• Remember the formula for percentage:– Part/whole x 100 = %part

• Barley: – 28 parts / 46 total parts x 100 = 60.87%

• CSM:– 18 parts / 46 total parts x 100 = 39.13 %

Then convert % to lbs:

• Now we know what % of final feed will be barley and CSM, and from the problem, we know we want 600 total lbs of feed. We just need to figure out how many lbs of each this means!

– Barley: 600 lb x .6087 = 365.22 lbs!– CSM: 600 lb x .3913 = 234.78 lbs!

– This is your answer! You need to mix 365.22 lbs barley and 234.78 lbs CSM to make your mix!

Bell Quiz:

1.List all 6 essential nutrients that an animal should have

2.Name 3 factors that effect an animal’s nutrition needs

3.What is the definition of a roughage? Give an example.

4.What is the definition of a concentrate? Give an example.

Bell Quiz:

1.What is the definition of “free feeding?”

2.What is the definition of “scheduled feeding?”

3.Name a pro and a con for each method of feeding

4.Compare and contrast roughages and concentrates

List each species of animal you have ever owned and tell me what you feed it and how much it gets daily

Bell Quiz:

Let’s Check the Answer

• Barley: we determined 365.22 lbs needed; and from the problem we know that our barley is 8% CP;– 365.22 x 0.08 = 29.22 lb CP

• CSM: we determined 234.78 lbs needed; from the problem we know CSM is 54% CP;– 234.78 x 0.54 = 126.78

• These two answers should add to give the percent CP we were looking for:– 29.22 + 126.78 = 156– 156 lb CP / 600 total lb feed x 100 = 26% CP

Ready for another one?

• A zelephant is on a feed that requires a ration containing 55% TDN. The TDN of two feeds, alfalfa hay and corn, are 89% and 22%, respectively. Determine the amounts of each feed necessary (in units/300 lbs) to meet the TDN requirement of the zelephant.

Answer

Alfalfa Hay 89%

Corn 22%

33 parts Alfalfa Hay

34 parts Corn

55%

67 total parts

Alfalfa: 33 parts / 67 total x 100 = 49.25%; 300 lbs x .4925 =147.75 lbs Corn: 34 parts / 67 total x 100 = 50.75%; 300 lbs x .5075 = 152.25 lbs

Check the answer: alfalfa: 147.75lbs x .89 TDN = 131.49 lb TDN corn: 152.25 lbs x .22 TDN = 33.49 lb TDN

131.49 + 33.49 = 164.98 total TDN / 300 lb feed x 100 = 55% TDN

15% Show Beef Growerwith STEAM FLAKED SOYBEANS -MEDICATED-

For show steers in confinement

ACTIVE DRUG INGREDIENT Lasalocid Sodium.....................................40 gm/ton(30mg/lb)(For increased rate of weight gain in pasture cattle (slaughter, stocker, feeder cattle and dairy and beef replacement heifers.)

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS

Crude Protein .......(min)......................................15.0 %Crude Fat ...........(min).......................................3.50 %Crude Fiber .........(max).........................................10 %Calcium .............(min).....0.60 %.....(max)...............1.1 %Phosphorus ..........(min).......................................0.50 %Selenium ............(min)......................................0.40 ppmZinc ................(min)...........................................60 ppmManganese........(min)...........................................60 ppmCooper..............(min)...........................................10 ppmVitamin A ...........(min)....................................12,000 IU/lbVitamin D ...........(min)......................................2,000 IU/lbVitamin E ...........(min)...........................................30 IU/lb

FEEDING DIRECTIONS

Feed continuously to provide not less than 60 mg nor more than 300 mg/head/day.WARNING: A withdrawal period has not been established for this product in pre-ruminating cattle. Do not feed to calves being fed for veal.CAUTION: The safety of Lasalocid Sodium in unapproved species has not been established. Do not allow horses or other equine access to Laslaocid Sodium as ingestion may be fatal. Keep clean fresh water available at all times. FOR RUMINANTS ONLY

Complete HorseIFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are large pellets that are formulated to be the sole and complete feed for most horses. No additional hay is required. IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are easily digested by horses.

AFeed approximately 1- 1 ½ lbs / 100 lbs of body weight/day. (A horse weighing 1,000 lbs should be fed from 10 – 15 lbs of IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS/day).

BSplit the total ration amount into two equal feedings. The amount of feed should be varied according to the activity level of the horse. IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are balanced and contain all the nutrients that a horse requires.

ANALYSISCrude Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 13.0%Lysine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.6%Crude Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 3.0%Crude Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 20.0%Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.4%Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 0.9%Phosphorous . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.5%Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.2%Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 0.7%Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 15 ppmZinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 110 ppmSelenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . 0.5 ppmVitamin A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 3,000 IU/lbVitamin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 500 IU/lbVitamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 50 IU/lb

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