bao cao vien hoa hoc k51

8/3/2019 Bao Cao Vien Hoa Hoc K51

1/65

PHN I: VIN HO HC CNG NGHIP VIT NAM

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG V VIN HO HC CNG

NGHIP VIT NAM

Gii thiu chung

Tn ting Anh Institute of Industrial Chemistry

Tn vit tt IIC

Lnh vc hot ng

Nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh ho hc, trin khai v p dng cc tin b

k thut bao gm nghin cu ng dng, thc nghim, sn xut - ch to ra cng

ngh, sn phm, vt liu v thit b mi cho ngnh cng nghip ha cht v cc

ngnh kinh t khc.

nh gi, gim nh, phn tch cht lng sn phm ho cht, ti nguyn,

mi trng.

T vn cho Tng Cng ty v cc n v kinh t trong v ngoi Tng Cng ty

v khoa hc k thut. Tham gia lp v thm nh cc d n khoa hc k thut, son

tho cng ngh ho hc.

o to sau i hc v tham gia o to cn b khoa hc k thut v cng

ngh chuyn ngnh.

Dch v khoa hc k thut.

Sn xut, kinh doanh.

Lch s pht trin

Nm 1955 tin thn l Phng th nghim thuc S M ng Dng.

Page 1


2/65

Nm 1957 thnh Vin nghin cu Cng nghip thuc B Cng nghip v

c i tn thnh Vin Ho hc.

Theo Quyt nh s 75CP/TTg ngy 30/4/1964 ca TT Chnh ph, Vin Ho

hc hp nht vi Phng Ho hc thuc UBKHNN thnh Vin nghin cu ho hc

thuc B Cng nghip nng.

Nm 1969 i tn thnh Vin Ho hc Cng nghip.

Cc b phn chc nng ca Vin

Phng th nghim trng im lc ho du (S 2 Phm Ng Lo)

Trung tm cng ngh ho dc: nghin cu cc cng ngh v sn xut thuc

t cc ngun nguyn liu t nhin v ho thch.

Trung tm khoa hc vt liu.

Trung tm ho hc hu c, ho hc b mt: nghin cu tng hp cc cht

hot ng b mt

Trung tm v c phn bn: nghin cu v c, ho cht nng nghip

Trung tm phn tch, MT.

Trung tm Mi trng v an ton ho cht. Trung tm cng ngh sinh hc.

Trung tm ph gia du m: nghin cu ph gia dng cho du m

Trung tm nghin cu pht trin: trin khai cng ngh quy m pilot a ra

th trng.

Trung tm nghin cu khoa hc.

Xng trin khai cng nghip quy m pilot

Cc phng chc nng khc nh ti v, kho cha.

Xng trin khai quy m cng nghip (pilot)

Xng sn xut thuc tuyn ni vi dy chuyn Oxy ho paraffin.

Page 2


3/65

Xng sn xut formalin bng phng php oxy ho dehydro ho hn hp

metanol khng kh cng ngh BASF xc tc Bc.

Page 3


4/65

CHNG 2: PHNG TH NGHIM TRNG IM QUC GIA

CNG NGH LC HO DU

C cu t chc, hot ng

Phng th nghim trng im quc gia Cng ngh Lc Ho du c thnh

lp nm 2003 theo quyt nh ca chnh ph vi s tin u t 67 t ng, l mt

n v trc thuc B Khoa hc Cng ngh.

Ban lnh o ca phng th nghim bao gm gim c do B Khoa hc Cng

ngh ch nh v cc ph gim c do Vin Ho hc Cng nghip Vit Nam ch

nh. Hot ng song song vi ban gim c cn c mt hi ng chuyn ngnh.

Hin nay, phng th nghim trng im quc gia Cng ngh Lc Ho du

ang thc hin hai nhim v chnh l nghin cu khoa hc v o to (bc cao hc

v tin s).

Cc d n, ti ang trin khai

Vi th mnh v i ng cn b khoa hc cng nh trang thit b c nh

nc u t, phng th nghim v ang trin khai rt nhiu d n v cc ti

khoa hc m tiu biu l:

Sn xut - Al2O3 trn quy m pilot, thnh cng trong vic p vin v to

ht.

Sn xut nhin liu sinh hc (biodiesel) trn xc tc d th vi cng sut 200

tn/nm. Nguyn liu ch yu i t m c v du ht (Jatropha, cao su). D n ny

hp tc vi Hn Quc. Sn xut nhin liu etanol.

Nghin cu v qu trnh HDS v xc tc TiO2 quang ho.

Cc trang thit b ch yu ca phng th nghim

Page 4


5/65

Phng th nghim hin nay ang s hu cc thit b trn quy m pilot v cc

thit b phn tch. Trong bao gm thit b phn tch sn phm u, phn tch mi

trng v cc thit b nghin cu xc tc.

Sau y l mt s thit b chnh:

Thit b sy phun

3.1.1 Mc ch

To ht cho xc tc (dng bt mn)

1.2 Nguyn tc hot ng

a mt dung dch qua kim phun to cc tia, khng kh nng c ht t

di ln, ct qua dng dung dch to cc ht nh. Trong qu trnh ri t trn xungchng s ngui dn ri vo phu cha. Kh ln cc ht b c a qua xyclon

thu hi li.

Khi thay kim phun to hn ta c th s dng phun dung dch dng gel

to ra xc tc mn.

C th iu chnh kch thc ht bng kch thc u phun, tc phun v

tc dng khng kh, nhit .

Thit b quang ph hng ngoi IR

3.2.1 Mc ch

Nghin cu cu trc ca phn t.

1.3 Nguyn tc hot ng

Cc hp cht ho hc c kh nng hp th chn lc cc bc x vng hng

ngoi. Khi cc phn t b dao ng vi nhiu vn tc khc nhau v thu c

mt di ph hp th gi l hp th bc x hng ngoi. Mi nhm chc, lin kt s

Page 5


6/65

c mt vng hp th c trng, qua ta c th xc nh c cng thc ca cc

hp cht.

Cu to ca thit b IR bao gm 4 phn chnh:

- Ngun pht bc x: thng l cc n t.

- H tn sc dnh cho quang ph k tn sc: lng knh hoc cch t. i vi

quang ph k khng tn sc thng dng mt b lc c lp bc sng cn xc

nh.

- Detector: nhn v ghi tn hiu

Ti phng th nghim ny, ta c th tin hnh o theo hai phng php: o

trong mi trng kh tr N2 loi b nh hng ca hi nc; o insitu (Khi

tin hnh ht chn khng, p sut c 10-3 10-4 mmHg)

Sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC)

3.3.1Mc ch

S dng o cc cht c tos cao, khng dng sc k kh c.

1.4 Nguyn tc hot ng y l mt phng php phn tch ho l da trn nguyn tc hp th v nh

hp th lin tc ca cht hp th. Sau da vo cc thng s o c xc nh

nng cc cht cn phn tch.

Sc k kh kt hp khi ph (GC MS)

3.4.1 Mc ch

GC MS l mt phng php c nhy rt cao, thng c dng

nghin cu thnh phn cc cht trong khng kh, dung dch

1.5 Nguyn tc hot ng

Page 6


7/65

GC MS c cu to t hai thnh phn: sc k kh phn tch hn hp

thnh cc cht ring bit v khi ph xc nh c nh tnh v nh lng cc

cht .

Sc k kh bao gm: ca np mu, v ngoi v ct tch.

Khi ph bao gm: ngun ion, b lc, detector.

Sau khi qua hai b phn trn, tn hiu thu c s a v my tnh x l,

a ra kt qu khi ph. Kt qu ny s c so snh vi mt th vin khi ph

c sn v a ra kt lun hp cht cn xc nh.

Thit b phn tch nhit vi phn (DTA)

Mc ch

Xc nh nhit mt nc, nhit phn hu trc khi bin i pha hay

nhit bin i pha.

Nguyn tc hot ng

Cht cn phn tch c so snh vi mt cht chun hoc mi trng. Tham

s cn theo di chnh l hiu s T gia nhit ca hai cht trn. Sau thit b

s cho ta ng biu din s ph thuc T vo nhit (hoc thi gian, khi

lng).

Trn trc thng ng lun c du hiu cho bit r chiu thu nhit v to

nhit. Hiu ng thu nhit thng c trng cho qu trnh nh bay hi, thng hoa,

nng chy Hiu ng to nhit thng c trng cho qu trnh cht rn chuyn t

trng thi v nh hnh sang tinh th, ng phn ho Tuy nhin nu c phn ngoxy ho - kh xy ra th cn km theo s mt khi lng trn ng TGA.

Cht chun c la chn sao cho trong khong nhit nghin cu n hp

th nhit ch nng ln m khng c bt k hiu ng nhit no khc. Nh th,

tuy cng nm trong mt ch gia nhit nh nhau nhng mi khi mu nghin

Page 7


8/65

cu xy ra qu trnh thu hay to nhit th nhit ca n vn lun chnh lch so

vi cht chun. o T ngi ta thng dng cp nhit in bng Pt, Cu

Thit b XRD

Mc ch

Dng nhn din chnh xc cc pha tinh th, c th dng nh lng v

kch thc ht.

Nguyn tc hot ng

Khi chiu chm tia X ti b mt tinh th v i su vo bn trong mng li

tinh th th cc nguyn t v ion b kch thch v pht ra cc tia phn x. T tac th nghin cu cu trc ca cc tinh th.

Thit b xc nh b mt ring v kch thc mao qun trung bnh theo

phng php BET

Mc ch

Xc nh b mt ring, kch thc mao qun ca vt liu.

Nguyn tc hot ng

Da vo s hp ph ca cc phn t kh ln trn b mt cc cht rn. T

xc nh b mt ring ca chng.

y thng dng N2 lm kh hp ph v N2 lnh nh hp ph trong

cc l xp. C th dng H2O.

Thit b nghin cu phn ng pha lng

Mc ch

Nghin cu cc qu trnh, phn ng v thng s ca phn ng trong pha

lng.

Page 8


9/65

Nguyn tc hot ng

Thit b phn ng loi 2 v.

S dng bm du gia nhit cho hn hp phn ng, khuy cn. Cp nhit in

o nhit v iu chnh. Tc khuy ln hn 200V/P.

Sn phm c tho ra y.

ng dng ch yu cho sn xut biodiesel v Al2O3.

Thit b nghin cu phn ng pha kh

Xc tc t c nh trong thit b hnh ch U; bm cht lng trn vi kh,

iu chnh lu lng bng van, iu chnh nhit bng ng h.

Pha kh c ghp trc tip vi sc k kh o v xc nh kt qu.

Ti sinh xc tc bng thi kh.

Thit b HDS v reforming

S dng xc tc Co-Mo/Al2O3, xc tc ny phi c sunfua ho trnh

mt hot tnh. ng phn ng rt b, c b tch kh lng.

Do y l phn ng ca 3 pha, c s tip xc ca 3 pha nn cn c s phn

tch tt.

Ton b c t trong mt thit b gia nhit.

Cc thit b xc nh tnh cht ca du m v sn phm du m Thit b o ng cong chng ct.

Thit b xc nh nhit tr.

Thit b xc nh im anilin.

Thit b xc nh hm lng cn cacbon.

Page 9


10/65

Cc thit b nghin cu xc tc

My to ht xc tc.

Thit b ly tm tch xc tc.

Thit b nghin cu qu trnh np, x xc tc.

Page 10


11/65

CHNG 3: PHN XNG OXY HO PARAFIN SN XUT

THUC TUYN QUNG

C ht hot ng b mt

- nh ngha : Cht hot ng b mt l nhng cht c tc dng lm gim sc

cng b mt ca dung dch.

- Cu to v tnh cht :

Mi phn t cht hot ng b mt gm 2 phn: 1 phn khng phn cc, k

nc (gc hydro cacbon); 1 phn phn cc, a nc (cc nhm chc axit, ru,

amin)

Cc phn t cht hot ng b mt tp trung phn nhiu trn b mt dung

dch, chim mt phn din tch b mt. Nu u phn cc cng mnh v gc R

cng ln th kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt cng cao.

Khi nim

Tuyn Qung l qu trnh lm giu qung.

Khi khai thc th hm lng qung ch khong 12% mun s dng c thhm lng ny phi c nng ln 32% do vy phi lm giu.

C nhiu phng php tuyn:

o Tuyn bng trng lc.

o Tuyn bng in.

o Tuyn bng t, nung thiu.

o

Tuyn ni l phng php c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip.Thuc tuyn ni: trn nguyn tc l qung bm vo bng kh v c khi

lng ring nh hn vi tc khuy trn ph hp th qung ni ln trn, trn b

mt c cnh gt, gt lin tc ra ngoi.

Cn khong 350g thuc tuyn cho 1 tn qung.

Page 11


12/65

Cng ngh oxy ho paraffin lng

Thp Oxy Ho: Parafin lng c np vo thp v tin hnh sc kh t di

ln to cc bng kh.

Lc u nng nhit ln 150oC, nhit ny xy ra phn ng oxi ha

parafin, sau ngng cp kh m cp nhit h nhit phn ng xung trnh cc

phn ng ph, phn ng dy truyn lm gim hiu sut oxy ho, khi hn hp i

ln trn v qua b phn Xyclon tch ht, tch du nh v tip tc c a qua b

phn lm lnh ng chm ti b phn ny nc c ngng t li v a vo thng

cha, kh phn ng i qua bnh cha xt.

2.1 Thuc Tuyn Qung

L cc ha cht dng lm giu qung bng phng php

tuyn ni.

Tuyn ni l qu trnh cng ngh tuyn da trn s khc nhau v nng lng

b mt ring (tnh dnh t b mt), kh nng bm dnh ln b mt phn chia cc

pha nh nc - khng kh hoc nc - du ca cc loi ht khong vt phn chiachng thnh cc sn phm ni v khng ni. y l phng php vn nng, c

dng tuyn tt c cc loi khong sn c ch c xm nhim mn v rt mn,

cng nh dng d tn thu khong vt c ch cha trong bn thi ca cc xng

tuyn trng lc v tuyn t, x l nc thi cng nghip v dn dng tn thu

cht c ch v chng nhim mi trng.

2.2 Cht tp hp (Thuc tp hp)

l nhng cht hot ng b mt tc dng mt cch chn la ln b

mt cc ht khong vt cht nht nh v lm cho b mt c tnh k nc.

Thuc tp hp tc dng tp trung trn b mt phn chia pha khong vt -

Page 12


13/65

nc do lm k nc b mt ht khong vt v m bo kh nng bm

dnh cn thit ca n vo bng kh v cng ni ln.

C rt nhiu phng php ch to thuc tuyn qung t cc ngun nguyn

liu khc nhau: tng hp t nguyn liu l sn phm du m, t du thc vt, m

ng vt Tuy nhin, du thc vt v m ng vt cn l cc nguyn liu c

dng nhiu trong ngnh thc phm. V vy, ch to thuc tuyn t ngun nguyn

liu ho du trn c s oxy ho cc phn on paraffin lng l c trin vng hn

c.

2.3 Cht to bt (Thuc to bt)

Du thng Ru bo (MIBC) PolyglycolsPolyoxyparafins Cresylic Acid (Xylenol)

Cht iu chnh

Cht iu chnh pH

Vi kh CaO

Natri cacbonat Na2CO3

Natri hidroxit NaOHAxit H2SO4, HCl

Cht iu chnh dng Cationic:

Ba2+, Ca2+, Cu+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ag+

Cht iu chnh dng Anionic:

SiO32-

, PO43-

, CN-

, CO32-

, S2-

Cht iu chnh hu c:

Dextrin, tinh bt, h, CMC

S thit b oxy ho parafin trong PTN

Cc th nghim oxy ho c thc hin trn h thng thit b oxy ho thu

tinh c 100-150g/m.

1/ my nn kh

2/ lu lng k

3/ thp si bt

4/ b phn gia nhit

Page 13


14/65

5/ b phn ngng t

Thp oxy ho lm vic theo nguyn tc si bt, thp c ng knh =

20mm, chiu cao H=800mm. ngng t cc hp cht d bay hi v nc phn

ng. Pha trn thp ni vi sinh hn hi lu v b phn tch nc. Cc hp cht dbay hi c ngng t v quay li thp phn ng, nc do thit b phn ng sinh ra

c tch ra ngoi qua b phn tch nc.

Nhit phn ng c iu khin t ng bng r le nhit vi chnh xc

1oC, khng kh a vo nh my nn kh, lm sch khi tp cht c hc, qua lu

lng k v b phn un nng khng kh v sc vo pha di ca thp oxy ho,

parafin lng c trn vi xc tc nhit 100-130

o

C ri a vo pha trn cathp phn ng, cc mu phn tch v sn phm c ly ra qua van di y thp.

Page 14


15/65

S Quy Trnh Cng Ngh Xng Sn Xut Thuc Tuyn

Trong cng ngh ch to thuc tuyn, khu quyt nh cht lng n cht

lng sn phm v hiu sut ca ton b dy chuyn sn xut DO l cng on oxyho parafin. Phn ng oxy ho parafin xy ra nhit 140-150oC l phn ng to

nhit. Trn th gii, thit b oxy ho parafin c thit k hot ng theo phng

php lin tc, c u im l nng xut thit b cao, t tn nng lng. Tuy nhin

thit b lin tc i hi phi c cc thng s cng ngh rt n nh, mt khc vic

Page 15


16/65

thit k v ch to thit b ny rt phc tp, i hi trnh cng ngh cao. Vi

mc tiu nghin cu tm ra ch cng ngh ph hp th vic s dng thit b

gin on vi u im d thay i thng s cng ngh s thch hp hn, chnh v

vy nn vin la chn cng ngh oxy ho gin on.

cp nhit cho h thng, Vin la chn gii php gia nhit bng hi qu

nhit gii nhit bng nc v thp c thm b phn phn phi kh v iu tit kh

vi gii php ny thp oxy ho ch to ra p ng c yu cu ca cng ngh

tng hiu sut ca phn ng oxy ho, d iu chnh v khng ch uc cc ch

cng ngh, k c nhit khi phn ng, d vn hnh v s dng an ton. Mt

khc, vic s dng ni hi qu nhit gim c chi ph v nng lng cho ton

b dy chuyn, v cc cng on khc nh trung ho, lng tch, DO v sn xut POcng cn phi gia nhit.

Xc tc cho qu trnh: Trong phn xng ny ch yu dng xc tc ng

th. Xc tc ca m trc c th dng cho m sau m khng cn phi thm xc tc.

Thit b chnh:

Thit b oxy ho:

Gm 1 thit b chnh.Ban u np parafin lng vo thp. Sc kh vo thp dng si bt, qua lp

cht lng paraffin t di ln to cc bong kh. V phn ng to nhit, ln ban u

ta cn mi nhit cho phn ng bng hi nc qu nhit ly t b phn l hi sn

xut hi qu nhit. Khi nhit phn ng t ti 150oC. nhit xy ra phn

ng parafin + O2 , sau ngng cp kh m cp nc gim nhit phn ng dy

truyn. Khi khng kh i qua b phn xyclon tch ht, tch du nh, ri khng kh

qua tip b phn lm lnh ng chm. Nc sinh ra ngng t li tr v thng cha.

Kh c a i x l.

nh k phn tch ch s axit khi t n 45-46 th dng phn ng. Sn phm

ca qu trnh l oxydat. V c a sang thit b trung ho.

Page 16


17/65

B phn trung ho:

L thit b dng thng c cnh khuy, dng xt khong 20% trung ho cc

axit bo 950C trong 4-6h. Sau khi trung ho n s chuyn sang b lng tch. B

lng tch gm 4 thng lm vic c lp nhau.

Quy trnh vn hnh h thng oxy ho trong xng sn xut thuc tuyn

3.1 Np nguyn liu vo thp oxy ho

nh lng paraffin sch v praffin thu hi trong thng cha 1

Kim tra, m cc van trn ng np liu, kho cc van tho sn phn

oxydat, ly mu van hi lu v thng cha s 1.

Chy bm np liu a nguyn liu t thng cha s 1 sang thp oxy ho2. Khi bm ht nguyn liu t 1 sang 2. Tt bm, kho van vo.

Chy my nn kh.

Bm nc lm mt cc thit b ngng t.

Bm tun hon dung dch xt cc thit b hp th.

Nng nhit - tin hnh phn ng oxy ho1.1.1 Nng nhit

Kho van V4, m van Vt (hoc van tay) a hi qu nhit vo ng xon v

v thit b gia nhit cho khi phn ng (Cc van ng nc ngng, V7 m).

Lu lng kh nh bng cch x bt kh.

Khi nhit T1 t 1000C, nng lu lng khng kh ln. Khi nhit t

1400C, ngng cp hi, kho van cp hi tng pha trc van V4, m ht van V4.

1.1.2 Khng ch nhit , duy tr phn ng oxy ho

Khi nhit T1 t 1450C.

Kho van V7, (cc van ng nc ngng m v van V4 m).

Page 17


18/65

iu chnh cc van u ra ca bm nc lnh vo v cc ng xon khng

ch nhit phn ng trong thp oxy ho s 2 (T1451500C)

Duy tr nht phn ng 1500C trong 1 gi sau gim xung 1450C.

Sau 3 gi k t khi bt u t nhit 1500C ly mu phn tch (van V2) khi

ch s axit CSA t 40 th phn ng thm 30 pht (k t lc ly mu) v dng

phn ng.

Khng ch khi dng phn ng CSA= 4550.

Kt thc phn ng

M htcc van u ra ca bm nc lm mt lm ngui oxydat trong thp

oxy ho s 2. Khi nhit


19/65

Khi cn thit c th m van V3 nguyn liu chy li bnh cha s 1.

Quy trnh trung ho oxydat

Oxydat t thit b 8 c nhit nh hn 100oC c bm ln thit b 10

nh lng sau c tho xung thit b 9. Du nh tch ra t thit b 4 cng

c vo TB9.

1,56

85,05,140)( +=

CSAdaunhedatThetichoxyOHdungdichNa

Cp hi bo ho vo TB9 chy my khuy, duy tr nhit phn ng 90-

95oC trong khong 4h. B sung nc vo ni sao cho th tch khi phn ng

khong 560-590 lt, PH = 8,5-9,0 nng nhit ln n 95

o

C ri tho xung thit blng.

Quy trnh phn tch nh gi cht lng nguyn liu u vo v cht lng

sn phm.

. Phng php xc nh ch s axit

Ch s axit l s miligam KOH trung ho lng axit bo t do c trong 1g

du m. Ch s ny c xc nh theo tiu chun Nh nc TCVN 2639-78. Tiu

chun ny quy nh phng php xc nh ch s axit, p dng cho du thc vt.

1.1.3 Dng c v thuc th

Bnh nn dung tch 250ml;

Buret 25ml v 50ml, c chia n 0,1ml;

Micro buret loi 2ml chia 0,01ml;

Cn phn tch;

Bp cch thu;

Dung dch phenolphthalein 1% pha trong etanol;

Dung dch kali hydroxit nng 0,1N hay natri hydroxit 0,1N;

Page 19


20/65

Dung mi hn hp gm hai phn ete etylic v mt phn etanol. Hn hp

c trung ho bng dung dch KOH hay NaOH 0,1N vi ch th mu

phenolphthalein n khi xut hin mu hng nht.

1.1.4 Tin hnh th

Cn 3-5g mu vo bnh nn, thm vo 50ml dung mi hn hp c

trung ho, lc cho tan dn. Trng hp du khng tan ht phi va lc va un nh

bnh trn bp cch thu ri lm ngui n nhit 15-20 oC. Sau cho vo bnh 5

git ch th phenolphtalein v dung dch KOH 0,1N chun n khi hin mu

hng nht, bn trong 30 giy.

1.1.5 Tnh kt qu

Ch s axit ca du (x) tnh bng cng thc:

X = 5,611 . K . V/ G

Trong :V - Lng dung dch KOH 0,1N dng chun (ml)

K - H s iu chnh ca dung dch KOH ti nng 0,1N

5,611 - Lng KOH tng ng vi 1ml dung dch kimnng 0,1 N (mg)

G - Lng mu th (g)

Kt qu cui cng l trung bnh cng ca hai kt qu th song song. Chnh

lch cho php gia hai kt qu th song song khng ln hn 0,1mg i vi du

cha tinh ch; khng ln hn 0,06mg i vi du tinh ch.

1.2Phng php xc nh ch s x phng ho

Ch s x phng ho l ch s miligam KOH cn x phng ho ht lng

glyxerit, photphatit v trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1g mu.

Page 20


21/65

Ch s ny l c trng ca khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp axit

t do v triglyxerit.

Ch s x phng ho c xc nh theo tiu chun Nh nc TCVN 2633-

78.

1.2.1 Dng c, thuc th v dung dch

Bnh nn dung tch 250ml.

Buret dung tch50ml, chia 0,1ml.

Pipet dung tch 25ml.

Bp cch thu.

Sinh hn hi lu.

Cn phn tch.

Dung dch phenolphtalein c nng 1% pha trong etanol 25%.

Dung dch HCl 0,5N.

Etanol tinh khit 95%.

Dung dch KOH pha trong etanol tinh khit (95%) c chun b nh sau:

ho tan 30g KOH trong 20ml nc ct, chuyn vo bnh nh mc dung tch 1 lt,

thm etanol tinh khit n vch. Gi kn dung dch trong mt ngy mt m ri

nhanh chng cht lc dung dch trong vo chai mu ti, y kn bng nt cao su.

1.2.2 Tin hnh th

Cn 1,5-2g mu c lc u v lc (chnh xc 0,0002g) vo bnh nn

dung tch 250ml. Dng pipet cho thm vo 25ml KOH 0,5N. Ni bnh vi sinh

hn hi lu v un si trong bp cch thu trong mt gi (lun lun lc mu trongbnh). Tho sinh hn, cho vo dung dch va x phng ho 0,5ml dung dch ch th

phenolphtalein 1% v nhanh chng chun bng axit HCl 0,5N cho n khi hin

phn ng trung tnh.

Vi iu kin ging nh trn, ng thi lm mu i chng (khng c du).

Page 21


22/65

1.2.3 Tnh kt qu

Ch s x phng ho (x) c tnh theo cng thc:

X= 28,055 . F . ( V V1 ) / G

Trong : 28,055 - Lng KOH ng vi 1ml dung dch HCl nng 0,5N

(mg)

F - H s iu chnh ca dung dch HCl nng 0,5N.

V - Lng dung dch HCl nng 0,5N dng chun mu

i chng (ml)

V1 - Lng dung dch HCl nng 0,5N dng chun mu

th (ml)G - Khi lng mu th (g)

Kt qu cui cng l trung bnh cng ca hai kt qu th song song. Chnh

lch cho php hai kt qu song song khng qu 1mg.

Ch s este

Ch s este l s mg KOH x phng ha este, cc glyxerit, cc phopholipitc trong thnh phn 1g m hay du. i vi cc m hoc du khng cha axit bo

t do th ch s ny trng vi ch s x phng ho.

Ch s este l hiu gia ch s x phng ho v ch s axit, c tnh bng

cng thc sau:

1 228.005. .( ) 5.611. .F V V K V

XG G

=

Trong : x - Ch s este28,005 - Lng KOH tng ng vi 1ml dung dch HCl 0,5N

(mg)

F - H s iu chnh ca dung dch HCl 0,5N

Page 22


23/65

V - Lng dung dch HCl 0,5N dng chun mu i

chng (ml)

V1 - Lng dung dch HCl 0,5N dng chun (ml)

V2 - Lng dung dch KOH 0,1N dng chun (ml)

K - H s iu chnh ca dung dch KOH 0,1N

G - Lng mu th (g)

5,611 - Lng KOH tng ng vi 1ml dung dch kim nng

0,1N (mg)

Quy trnh phn tch hm lng hot cht trong sn phm DO

Cn khong 50 mg sn phm G; Pha long bng 450 ml nc nng;

un nng ton b sn phm pha long ln n ln hn 90oC;

ra phu chit, sau 1 gi tin hnh chit tch lp dung dch sn phm vo

cc thu tinh 500 ml, cho lp du vo cc cn.

Cn lng du chit c (g1)

Hm lng du: (%)1001 = Gg

Hldau

Axit ha dung dch sn phm bng axit H2SO4 10% n PH

5, va un nng va khuy khi phn ng ln n 900C,

vo phu chit.

Chit b lp dung dch nc bn di, cho nc nng vo ra

sn phm n khi nc ra trung tnh (khong 2 3 ln), chit b

lp nc, tho sn phm ra cc cn.

Cn lng sn phm thu c g2

Hm lng hot cht ca sn phm DO:

(%)1002 =G

gHlhc

Page 23


24/65

Cc ch tiu k thut ca sn phm oxy ha (oxydat)

Nhn dng bng mt thng: Mu vng sng, dng du snh

Ch s axit 45 55 mg KOH/g

Ch s este 50 85 mg KOH/g

Cc ch tiu k thut ca sn phmDO

Nhn dng bng mt thng: Mu nu sm, dng du snh.

Hm lng hot cht >98%, Ch s axit: > 120.

Cc c trng kinh t

Gi thnh nguyn liu: Ti thi im hin ti th nh my mua nguyn liu

u vo khong hn 20.000/1kg parafin. Gi thnh ny cn tu thuc vo gi du

th trn th trng th gii.

1,1 kg parafin th sn xut c 1 kg DO.

Du thc vt th c th mua trong nc v thng dng l m c l chnh...

Gi thnh sn phm :dao ng khong 51.000/kg sn phm. Cn tu vogi nguyn liu u vo...

Page 24


25/65

CHNG 4: PHN XNG FORMALIN

Gii thiu chung v formandehyt

Tnh Cht Vt L

CTHH: CH2O

KLPT: 30

CTCT: CH2=O

Formaldehyde ha lng -19,2oC, t trng ca lng l

0,8153 ( -20oC) v 0,9172 ( -80oC) ng rn -118oC dng bt

nho trng.

Formaldehyt thng dng ho tan trong nc vi tn gi

thng dng l formalin, formol, (dd formaldehyt trong nc, nng

30 55% trng thi lng v kh formaldehyde n nh

nhit thp hoc nhit thng (80 100oC)

Kh formaldehyt khng polyme ha khong 80 hoc 100oC

v c xem nh l mt kh l tng. Kh formaldehyt rt d chy.

N to ra hn hp n vi khng kh trong khong nng t 7-72%th tch Tnh cht chy n formaldehyt thng d xy ra, c

bit l khong nng 65 75% th tch. Trong dung dch

(formalin) nguy cchy n gim i nhiu.

* Mt s hng s vt l ca formaldehyt:

Nhit to thnh formaldehyde 25oC: - 115,9 + 6,3 KJ/mol

Nng lng Gibhs 25o

C : -109,9 KJ/molEntropi 25oC : 218,8 + 0,4 KJ/mol

Nhit chy 25oC : 561,5 KJ/mol

Nhit ha hi 19,2oC : 23,32 KJ/mol

Nhit dung 25oC : 35,425 KJ/mol

Page 25


26/65

Nhit dung dch 25oC

Tn gi thng thng : formaldehyt

iu kin thng, formandehyt l cht kh khng mu, c mi rt hng,

lm cay mt, cay mi. Formandehyt thng dng ho tan trong nc vi tn gi

thng dng l formalin, formol, (DD formaldehyt trong nc nng 30-55%)

Formalin thng cha mt lng metanol d t qu trnh sn xut (khong

1%) v mt lng rt nh axit formic (khong 0,005%)

Bo qun v s dng: formalin thng c bo qun, vn chuyn trong

phy, xi tec nhit thng.

Formaldehyt l cht c hot tnh cao, c th tham gia nhiu phn ng ho

hc. N ch b phn hu 300oC.c Tnh: Formaldehyt c th gy ng c ng th, qua tip xc, hoc

qua ng tiu ho nn c xp vo cht nguy hi.

Dung dch nc c 37 45% trng lng formaldehyt:

+ Nhit si : 97oC

+ Nhit ng rn khi c metanol : 50oC

+ Nhit chp chy khng c metanol : 85o

C+ Nhit chp chy c 15% metanol : 50oC

(TCVN 2001 quy nh nng formaldehyt trong khng kh < 7ppm/m3)

Cc ng dng ca Formaldehyt

ng dng ln nht v quan trng nht ca formaldehyt l lm nguyn liu

sn xut cc cht kt dnh (resin).

Sn xut keo Ure-formaldehyt (UF) ch bin g, sn xut ra cc loi

vn p, vn sn, ko dn g ni tht.

Sn xut nha Phenol-formaldehyt (PF) sn xut cc cht kt dnh,

cht to mng cao cp, sn ph cc loi

Page 26


27/65

Sn xut nha melamin-formaldehyt (MF) sn xut cc cht kt dnh,

nha cao cp, nha gia dng.

Nguyn liu tng hp hu c:

Formaldehyt c dng lm nguyn liu tng hp cc hp cht hu c,

dng trong sn xut dc phm, ho cht bo v thc vt, ho - m phm, thuc

n (1,4 butadiol, metylen diphenyl di-isocyanat, hexa metylen tetramin,

pentaerythritol, polyaxetat resin)

S dng Ure-formaldehyt lm cht chng kt khi trong sn xut phn bn

urea, NPK l mt phng php rt n gin, r tin nhng li rt hiu qu.

Cc mc ch khc:

Dng lm cht kh trng trong y t, trong nng nghip, nui trng thusn, tiu c mi trng

Dng lm cht ph gia chng n mn kim loi.

Dng lm ph gia cho cc ngnh dt, giy, cao su

(Hin Nay nhu cu formalin 37% trn c nc ta khong 30.000T/nm)

Qu trnh sn xut FormaldehytC s l thuyt qu trnh

Formaldehyt l sn phm ca phn ng oxy ho, dehydro ho metanol

(CH3OH)

Phn ng Oxy Ho:

CH3OH + 1/2O2 = CH2O + H2O + Q

Phn ng Dehydro ho:

CH3OH = CH2O + H2 - Q

Ngoi ra cn mt s phn ng ph khc.

iu Kin phn ng

Page 27


28/65

Trong iu kin p sut kh quyn, phi c mt cht xc tc, nhit cao...

Xc tc

L yu t quan trng nht lm tng tc v hiu sut ca qu trnh sn xut

formaldehyt, tu theo cng ngh sn xut c loi xc tc tng ng.

Loi xc tc oxit ca st v molipden c dng cho cng ngh FORMOX

Loi xc tc bc c dng cho cng ngh BASF (CHLB c)

Mi cng ngh u c u nhc im c trng.

Cng ngh sn xut formaldehyt dng xc tc bc

T nm 1920, hng BASF (CHLB c) a vo vn hnh cng nghip vkhng ngng hon thin cng ngh sn xut formaldehyt t hn hp metanol

khng kh.

Hn hp ny cha khong 40% mol metanol (trn gii hn n ca hn hp

metanol - khng kh l 6-36%).

Xc tc s dng l bc kim loi dng ht hoc li. Trong iu kin p sut

kh quyn, nhit 600-700o

C xy ra cc phn ng oxy ho Dehydro hometanol to ra formaldehyt.

Xc tc li bc cho hiu sut chuyn ho thp hn (60-65%) nhng thi

gian lm vic lu hn (khong 12 thng)

Xc tc bc tin th ln dng ht (0,5 - 3mm) b dy lp xc tc vi chc

milimet t trn li thp khng g c ph bng li bc hoc ng, hiu sut

chuyn ho trn 85% . Tui th xc tc tu iu kin vn hnh (khong 3-6 thng)

Trong qu trnh lm vic, khi lp xc tc dn b nn v bt li lm hot tnh

v chn lc ca xc tc gim i r rt th cn phi thay xc tc mi. Xc tc

c ch to c ti sinh li bng phng php kt ta in ho.

Page 28


29/65

Gii thiu dy chuyn sn xut Formalin

Mt cch tng qut, dy chuyn sn xut chia thnh 4 cm cng ngh sau:

S dy chuyn cng ngh

M t qu trnh cng ngh

Mt cch tng qut, dy chuyn c chia thnh 3 cm cng ngh:

+ Chun b hn hp kh

+ Phn ng oxy ho+ Hp th - tch sn phm

u tin, lng metanol v khng kh c trn vi t l nht nh c b

sung mt phn hi nc c gia nhit to ra hn hp kh metanol - khng kh -

hi nc. Tip theo hn hp kh a qua thit b qu nhit bng hi nc tng

Page 29

Chun B Hn

Hp Kh

Phn ng

Oxy Ho

Hp Th V

Tch SnPhm

x l

khthi


30/65

nhit hn hp kh trc khi a vo thit b phn ng. Ti thp phn ng, kh

qua lp xc tc xy ra phn ng oxy ho, Dehydro ho metanol nhit khong

650oC to thnh formaldehyt vi mc chuyn ho cao.

Sn phm kh sau khi phn ng gm formaldehyt, metanol d, khng kh

ngay lp tc c a qua thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm pha di thp

phn ng gim nhit hn hp kh xung khong 160oC ngn nga s phn

hu nhit ca formaldehyt v cc phn ng ph xy ra.

Sn phm phn ng tip tc c a qua hai thp hp th kiu m bn bc

c lm lnh trung gian cc thit b lm ngui kiu tm bn lm tng hiu sut

hp th. Sn phm to thnh l formalin c nng formaldehyt 37-50% cha

khong 1% metanol v 0,005% axit formic. Hiu sut ca qu trnh t ti 89-90%lng nhit ln to ra khi phn ng oxy ho metanol thnh formaldehyt c s

dng sn xut hi nc lm bc hi metanol, gia nhit hn hp kh vo ng

thi cung cp hi nc cho qu trnh.

Kh thi sau thp hp th c thnh phn ch yu l Nit, Oxy, Hydro v

khong 1% hp cht hu c trong kh Hydro l kh chy c, chim ti 20%

c a qua b phn s l kh thi t, va tn dng nhit chy ca hydro tora sinh hi nc trong qu trnh sn xut, va chng pht thi nhim ra mi

trng.

Sn phm cui l kt qu ca 2 m c nng formandehyt khc nhau, n

cn tu thuc vo khch hng t hng nhng nng ca sn phm cng ch dao

ng trong khong 37- 37,5%. Sn phm sau khi qua thp hp th c a ti

bnh cha 35m3, sau khi c pha trn c nng thch hp n mi c

chuyn sang b cha c dung tch 200m3, ti y sn phm s c bm vo thng

thng nha nh d vn chuyn.

Xc tc cho qu trnh

Page 30


31/65

- Ag c tinh khit 99,99%.

- C nhiu c khc nhau, y dng 5 loi

+ C 8-10 l/cm

+ C 10-20 l/cm

+ C 24-32 l/cm

+ C 40 l/cm

+ C 50-60 l/cm

- Di thnh mt lp bc cao 3cm, di dng lp th nht mn tng dn, trn

cng l mn nht cn nn cc lp sao cho tht kn, bng phng ng u khng c

rn nt.

Sau 2-3 thng xc tc b thiu kt dn n lm tng tr lc, gim hot tnhxc tc lc ta cn tho xc tc c, np xc tc mi vo. Xc tc c b thiu

kt c a vo thit b in phn ti sinh.

Du hiu bit xc tc mt hot tnh:

Nng ca methanol v axit formic tng ln trong sn phm. VD: nng


32/65

Qu trnh cng ngh: Oxy ho metanol trong khng kh trn xc tc bc

Sn Phm: Dung Dch formaldehyt 37-40% (formalin)

Nguyn Liu: Metanol lng loi A (nng > 98%)

Cng sut: 10.000T/nm AF 37%, tng ng 30T/ngy (330 ngy lm

vic/nm)

S ngi vn hnh: 4-6 ngi/ca, tu theo cng sut thc t.

Tiu hao nguyn liu v ph tr cho 1 tn formalin 37%

(tnh cho nh my cng sut 30T/ngy)

Danh mc n v tnh Ch tiu tiu hao

Metanol ( loi A, >98% ) Kg 446in nng KWh 25

Nc lm lnh (tun hon) m 3 3Nc mm T 1,1Xc tc bc G 0,1 0,2

DY CHUYN CNG NGH

Page 32


33/65

Danh Sch Cc Thit B Chnh

STT Tn Thit B c Tnh Vt Liu SL Ghi Ch

1 Thit b ho hi 1400x1420 Thp cacbon /thp khng g

1 d=4-5mmM=2500kg

2 Thng nh mcbc hi

400x1000 Thp khng g 1 D=4mmM=150kg

3 Thit b qu nhit 400x2850 Thp cacbon /thp khng g

1 D=4-6mmM=950kg

4 Thit b lc ngnla


5 Thp oxy ho 1100x7150 Thp cacbon /thp khng g

1 D=8-10mmM=4500kg

6 Thp hp th 1# 1000x12400 Thp khng g 1 D=4mmM=3000kg

7 Thp hp th 2#,3# 800x13500 Thp khng g 1 D=4mmM=25000kg

8 Thng cao vi thpbc hi

1000x2000 Thp cacbon 1 D=4mmM=400kg

9 B kh 1000x1200 Thp cacbon 1 D=8mm

Page 33


34/65

M=650kg10 Trng hi 1200x2200 Thp cacbon 1 D=6mm

M=1100kg11 Thng thu phong

trng hi325x1000 Thp cacbon 20# 1 D=8mm

M=160kg12 Thng tch kh lng 1000x1500 Thp cacbon 1 D=4mm

M=500kg13 B phn phi hi

nc325x6 20# thp cacbon 1 D=8mm

M=260kg14 B phn phi

formaldehyt108x1000 Thp khng g 1 D=4mm

M=75kg15 B lc methanol 400x500 Thp khng g 1 D=4mm

M=120kg16 B lc hi nc 600x500 Thp khng g 1 D=6mm

M=250kg17 B lc khng kh 1000x1200 Thp cacbon 2 M=250kg/ci

18 Thng cao v ncmm


19 B cha nc mm 2000x3000 Thp cacbon 1 D=6-8mmM=250kg

20 Thit b x l khthi

1200 x 1200x1800

Thp cacbon 20# 1 D=6-8mmM=13000kg

Thit b in v iu khin

STT Tn Gi SL1 T phn phi in h th, cng tc, r le, dy cp in1.1 Mch iu khin qut gi 21.2 Mch iu khin my bm k thut, my bm nc 171.3 Mch iu khin my nn kh, thp lm ngui nc 32 H thng kim sot ng h o (b iu khin lu lng lng,

kh)2.1 B phn iu chnh nhit hi nc 1

2.2 B phn iu chnh lu lng hi nc thi 12.3 B phn iu chnh mc lng ca thp bc hi 12.4 B phn iu chnh mc lng ca hi nc t thp phn ng 12.5 B phn iu chnh mc lng ca thit b x l kh thi 12.6 iu chnh tr s p sut ca h thng bc hi nc 12.7 iu chnh p sut trng hi ca h thng x l kh thi 12.8 iu chnh mc lng ca thp hp th s 1 1

Page 34


35/65

2.9 iu chnh p sut trng hi ca h thng thp phn ng 1

M T CNG NGH CC THIT B CHNH

1. Thp bc hi: lm bng thp khng g SS304, kch thc 1600 x 5000 mm.

Phn trao i nhit kiu ng chm c b mt truyn nhit 65m2.Chc nng chnh: dng nhit bc hi methanol thnh dng hi nhit

khong 43oC.

2. Thit b qu nhit: hnh tr, kch thc 400 x 2850, lm bng thp khng g

SS304. Phn v ngoi bng thp cacbon. Phn trao i nhit dng ng chm, b

mt truyn nhit 21m2.

Chc nng chnh: dng nhit ca hi nc gia nhit hn hp kh(methanol, khng kh, hi nc) n nhit 132-135oC trc khi vo thit b phn

ng.

Page 35


36/65

3. Thit b lc ngn la: lm bng thp khng g SS304, kch thc 1600 x

2000 mm.

Chc nng chnh: dng lc hn hp kh trc khi i vo thp oxy ho

bo v xc tc bc v tng hiu sut phn ng.

4. Thp oxy ho: phn bn ngoi tip xc vi hi nc gia nhit hn hp

kh lm bng thp cacbon, cc ng trao i nhit v phn bn trong tip xc vi

hn hp kh v formaldehyt lm t thp khng g SS321. ng knh 1100 x

7150 mm. Din tch trao i nhit 75m2.

Chc nng chnh: y l thit b quan trng nht ca dy chuyn sn xut. y xy ra phn ng oxy ho ca methanol vi khng kh trong lp xc tc bc bn

trong thit b phn ng nhit cao 630-650oC to ra formaldehyt. Sn phm kh

to ra ngay lp tc c a qua h thng ng chm y thp h nhit

Page 36


37/65

xung khong 160oC trnh phn hu nhit formaldehyt v cc phn ng ph xy

ra.

Dng c in Dng ci tin

5. Thp hp th s 1: c lm ton b bng thp khng g SS304, ng knh

1000 x 1240mm, bn trong c lp m bng thp khng g. Chc nng chnh l

chuyn kh formaldehyt t thp phn ng tr thnh dng lng khi ho dng kh i

qua lp m bn trong thp v dng nc chy t nh thp ngc chiu nhau. Ti

y, khong 90% kh formaldehyt b hp th tr thnh dng dung dch nng

37%.

6. Thp hp th s 2 v 3: c lm ton b bng thp khng g SS304, ng

knh 800 x 13500, bn trong c 2 lp m bng thp khng g.

Chc nng chnh: chuyn ton b phn kh formaldehyt cn li trong dng

kh t thp hp th 1 tr thnh dng lng khi dng kh i qua 2 lp m trong thp.

Ti y, khong 99% kh formaldehyt c hp th. Kh thi gm nit, hydro, oxy

v khong 1% methanol, formaldehyt dng kh s c chuyn n b phn x l

kh thi t.

Page 37


38/65

7. Thit b x l kh thi: l mt l t c kch thc 1200x1200x18000, c

phn h thng trao i nhit kiu ng chm tip xc vi la lm bng thp chu

nhit 20, phn cn li c lm bng thp cacbon.

Chc nng chnh: t phn kh thi ra t thp hp th 3 (trong c cha

khong 20% kh hydro l kh chy) sn xut ra hi nc cho dy chuyn sn

xut. Lng hi nc sn sinh ra khng nhng cho dy chuyn sn xut m cn

d 250-300kg/h, c th s dng cho cc mc ch khc. Kh thi sau khi t ch

cn li CO2, N2, hi nc, l cc kh khng gy nhim mi trng, c thi qua

ng khi cao 18m ra kh quyn.

CC THIT B PH TR

Page 38


39/65

1. Qut gi: vn chuyn hn hp kh vo thp phn ng. Qut c b iu tc

iu khin bng h thng in iu chnh lu lng qut gi thi kh vo thp.

p lc ln nht ca qut c th t ti 7 kg/cm2.

2. Cc thit b trao i nhit dng tm: gm 3 thit b c din tch b mt trao

i nhit ton b l 160m2 lm ngui formaldehyt n nhit 60oC, lm tng

hiu sut hp th ca formaldehyt trong cc thp hp th 1, 2 v 3.

3. Cc bm: gm bm nhin liu, bm sn phm v bm nc trong bm

sn phm lm t thp khng g chng n mn. Cc bm u c ng c phng

n m bo an ton cho dy chuyn sn xut.

4. Thp lm ngui: lm ngui v tun hon nc tit kim nc dng cho

dy chuyn sn xut.5. Thit b sn xut xc tc: thit b ny l mt thng in phn bc kim loi

thnh bc tinh th dng ht xp lm xc tc cho thp oxy ho. Xc tc bc sau

khi gim hot tnh c ti sinh li cng trn thit b ny.

Page 39


40/65

PHN II: CNG TY C PHN PHT TRIN PH GIA

V SN PHM DU MO APP

CHNG 1: LCH S HINH THNH V PHT TRIN

Lch s hnh thnh

Giai on t nm 1970 1988 l Phng nghin cu nhin liu thuc Vin

ha hc Cng nghi p.

Giai on 1988 1996 pht trin thnh Trung tm nghin cu pht trin ph

gia v sn phm du m thuc Vin ha hc Cng nghi p.Ngy 28/08/1996, theo quyt nh s 2365/Q-TCCB ca B trng B

Cng nghi p, Cng ty Pht trin Ph gia v Sn phm Du m c thnh l p trn

c s tch Trung tm nghin pht trin Ph gia v Sn phm du m.

T thng 12/2003 n nay cng ty c tn gi Cng ty C phn Pht trin Ph

gia v Sn phm Du m, gi tt l Cng ty APP, hot ng theo hnh thc lin kt

vi T p on Ha cht Vit Nam (Vinachem). Hin nay Vinachem ang gi 44%

c phn ti APP.

Ti thi im thnh lp, t mt n v nh lm cng tc nghin cu c

nh nc bao cp chuyn sang hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, cng ty APP gp rt

nhiu kh khn, thch thc. Qu t v c s h tng khng c, ng vn hn hn,

APP phi i thu tr s lm vic v va phi sn xut kinh doanh, va tng

bc gy dng.

n nay, cng ty APP c cc nh my v xng sn xut hin i ti HNi, Hi Phng, Qung Ninh, vi cng sut trn 30.000 tn/nm, tr thnh mt

trong 500 doanh nghi p hng u hot ng trong lnh vc du m bi trn ti

chu Thi Bnh Dng.

Page 40


41/65

Cc lnh vc hot ng chnh

Sn xut kinh doanh cc sn phm du m, ha cht, vt liu mi.

Nghin cu pht trin cng ngh v sn phm mi.

T vn u t v chuyn giao cng ngh.

Hp tc u t, thng mi, khoa hc cng ngh v cc dch v lin quan

khc.

Cc sn phm chnh

APP c kh nng cung ng trn 150 chng loi sn phm thuc cc nhm:

du bi trn, m bi trn, ph gia, ho cht, du phanh, du nh gia cng kim loi,

cht ty ra, cht lm mt, vt liu mi... phc v cho cc ngnh giao thng vn ti,

ngnh in, khai thc m, cc nh my cng nghip, ho cht

Nhm du nhn gm c: du ng c t, xe my, du ng c thy, du

cng nghi p, du thy lc, du truyn ng, du bnh rng, du tuc bin, du ti

kim loi.

Nhm m nhn gm: m a dng, m chu nhit, m EP, m phc, m bo

qun.Nhm du phanh: du phanh APP-DOT 3, APP-DOT 4.

Nhm cht lng chuyn dng: du nh thy lc, cht lm mt ng c, nh

ct gt kim loi, nh tch khun p lc kim loi, nh tch khun cht do, du ko

dy kim loi, du ti, cht ty cn.

Nhm ph gia: ph gia du bi trn, ph gia m bi trn, ph gia cc ngnh

vt liu ha cht, ph gia du phanh.

Page 41


42/65

CHNG 2: DY CHUYN SN XUT M BI TRN

Gii thiu chung v m bi trn

Khi nim v m bi trn, nghia ca vic bi trn

M bi trn l mt th ng nht v hn hp ca ba thnh phn: du gc,

cht lm c v ph gia. Du gc ng vai tr ch o trong vic bi trn ng thi

l mi trng phn tn, cht lm c ng vai tr pha phn tn, ph gia c tc dng

ci thin mt s c tnh ca m nh: tng kh nng chng oxi ha, chng mi

mn, chng g

Vic s dng m bi trn c ngha rt quan trng vi qu trnh vn hnh

ca my mc, ng c cng nh vic nng cao tui th ca chng. M bi trn lm

gim ma st cho cc chi tit hot ng, trnh va p gia cc b mt chi tit khi

hot ng, lm kn, chng g, chng n mn

Thnh phn ca m bi trn

Mi trng phn tn

Du gc v cc cht lng c s dng lm mi trng phn tn thngchim khong 75-95% v th tch hoc khi lng m bi trn. Phn ln mi

trng phn tn c dng l du gc khong (99%), du gc tng hp v cc cht

lng khc nh polysiloxan, cc este, hp cht floclorocacbon ch c dng

trong nhng trng hp c bit.

Mc d tnh cht ca m ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht ca cht lm c

nhng mt s tnh cht ca m vn ph thuc vo mi trng phn tn. Bn cht,

tnh cht ha hc, khong si ca mi trng phn tn nh hng n s hnh

thnh cu trc v qu trnh lm c cht phn tn. Hn na, bn cht v thnh phn

ca mi trng phn tn cn nh hng ti kh nng lm vic ca m trong

khong nhit , lc tc dng, tc , ti trng chnh xc, nh hng ti tnh cht

Page 42


43/65

oxi ha, kh nng bo v v chng n mn Tnh cht bay hi ca m ph thuc

vo khi lng phn t trung bnh v nhit chp chy ca du gc, tnh cht ca

m nhit thp ph thuc vo nht ca du nhit thp.

Du gc khong

Thnh phn ca du gc: cc hydrocacbon h paraffinic, cc hydrocacbon

naphtenic v cc hydrocacbon aromatic.

Phn loi du gc:

Theo thnh phn ha hc: du gc Parafinic, du gc naphtenic, du gc

aromatic.

Theo phn on chng ct du trung tnh: SN 70, SN 150, SN 500, SN 700;

BS 150, BS 200

Theo cng ngh ch bin:

Du gc % lu huynh % bo ha Chi s nhtNhm I >0.03 95Nhm II 90 >100Nhm III 90 >120

Phn loi theo ch s nht: du gc c ch s nht cao (HVI > 85), du

gc c ch s nht trung bnh (MVI > 60), du gc c ch s nht thp (LVI< 30).

Du tng hp

Du tng hp c s dng trong trng hp tng hp nhng loi m lm

vic trong khong nhit v tc rng, ng c chu ti ln, p sut chn

khng, hay mi trng n mn cao

Cc hp cht thng c dng l polysiloxan, este ca cc axit bo no,

hydrocacbon tng hp, polyankylglycol, dn xut halogen ca cc hydrocacbon,

polyphenylete

Page 43


44/65

Polysiloxan mch thng khng mu, c tnh a nc, c kh nng chu nn,

tr v mt ha hc, khng c hi, bn trong mi trng n mn k c nhit

cao, duy tr nht thp trong khong nhit rng, bay hi thp.

Este c th to m lm vic tt trong khong nhit -60 ti 130C.

Cc hydrocacbon tng hp thng c to ra bng cc polyme ha cc

olefin nh, hoc ankyl ha hydrocacbon thm. Cc ankylat nhiu nhnh ca

hydrocacbon thm c nhit chy thp, ch s nht v bn nhit cao hn so

vi cc ankylat ch c mt nhnh. Khi s dng cc ankylat ny lm mi trng

phn tn sn xut m nh m Benton th khong lm vic c th t -60 n

200C, kh nng chng mi mn tt.

Polyglycol c kh nng bay hi thp hn du khong, kh to gm v khchy hn. Ngoi ra chng cn c ch s nht cao, dn nhit tt, tnh chng mi

mn cao, nhit chy thp, tr vi cao su. Nh nhng tnh cht ny polyglycol

thch hp to m na lng v m dng trong h p gim tc.

Polyphenyl ete trong phn t cha t 4-6 vng benzene c bn cao trong

mi trng cha oxi, tc nhn phng x v nhit cao ph hp to m lm vic

trong nhng iu kin khc nghit.Cc hp cht floclorocacbon l sn phm halogen ha phn on kerosene

v cc phn on du m khc. Chng rt kh chy, bn nhit rt cao, bn trong

mi trng axit, mi trng n mn, khng b oxi ha, tnh bi trn tt nhng ch

s nht thp v c bit gy nhim mi trng nn hin nay khng c s

dng.

Pha phn tn

Pha phn tn mc d ch chim mt lng nh trong thnh phn m nhng

li quyt nh ti nhng tnh cht quan trng ca m nh cu trc, cng Cc

pha phn tn thng dng l mui ca cc axit bo cao, x phng. Cc cht lm

Page 44


45/65

c t c s dng l cc cht lm c c ngun gc hu c v cc cht hu c

khc.

X phng

X phng thng dng l mui ca cc axit bo cao. Cc kim loi c th c

trong m l Liti, natri, canxi, magie, kali, km, strontri, bari, nhm, ch. Nhng loi

thng thy nht l Liti, natri, canxi, bari v nhm. Ngoi cc dng x phng n

kim loi ngi ta cn dng dng hn hp cc kim loi nh canxi-natri, liti-canxi

v dng phc.

Cc axit bo thng dng l stearic, 12-hydroxystearic, axit oleic c ly t

m ng vt hoc du thc vt. Ngoi ra cn s dng cc axit bo tng hp.

Cc hydrocacbon rn

Cc hydrocacbon rn gm: parafin rn, m khong, ceresin v sp du m,

bitum, sp t nhin c kh nng to cu trc v kh nng bo v chi tit my tt.

Cc cht lm c c ngun gc v c: silic dioxit, khong st

Cc hp cht hu c khc

Ph gia

Ph gia l nhng cht chim t l rt thp trong thnh phn ca m bi trn,chng gip tng cng cc c tnh ca m. Cc loi ph gia c th c s dng

l: ph gia chng oxi ha, ph gia chng n mn, mi mn, ph gia chng g, ph

gia bin tnh ma st.

Ph gia chng oxi ha

C ch tc dng: ph gia ny c ch qu trnh to gc t do, phn hy cc

peroxyt l cc tc nhn gy oxi ha, th ng ha cc kim loi.Cc loi h p cht chu yu:

- Cac dn xut ca phenol: alkylphenol, cc phenol c cha N hoc S

(cc dn xut ca ure, cc phenolsulfua);

Page 45


46/65

- Cac amin thm: dialkylphelamin, dialkylphenylalphanaftylamin,

phenylalphanaftylamin

- Cac hp cht km ca dialkyldithiophotphat (ZnDDP)

- Cac dn xut phenol c kh nng chng oxi ha nhit cao trong khi

cc amin c kh nng chng oxi ha nhit thp nn trong m cn c hn hp

cc cht ny vi t l 1:1 m bo cht lng ca m trong iu kin bo qun

(nhit thng) v trong iu kin lm vic (nhit cao).

Ph gia chng n mn

C ch tc dng: hp ph ln b mt kim loi to thnh lp mng bo v,

ngn cn cc tc nhn n mn nh axit, m, gim thiu xc tc oxi ha ca kim

loi.Cc h p cht chu yu: Cc Dithiophotphat kim loi, Sulphonat kim loi,

Sulfuaphenolat kim loi, cc Axit bo, cc amin.

Ph gia chng g

C ch tc dng: hp ph chn lc ln b mt kim loi to thnh lp mng

ngn chng m, ttrung ha cc axit.

Cc h p cht chu yu:Axit alkylsucxinic v cc dn xut, cc imiazolin,Sulphonat kim loi (Sulphonat Canxi, Magie), cc amin hu c, cc amin photphat,

cc este, cc dn xut ca axit ibazic

Ph gia chng mi mn

C ch tc dng: hp ph ha hc ln b mt kim loi, phn ng vi lp lim

loi b mt to cho b mt mt lp mng bo v.

Cc h p cht chnh: ZnDDP, tricresylphotphat, dithiocacbamat, sulfua,

disulfua, cc dn xut ca axit bo

Ph gia bin tnh ma st

C ch tc dng: lm tng bn ca m, gim h s ma st, ci thin tnh

cht ca m trong qu trnh vn hnh.

Page 46


47/65

Cc h p cht chnh: cc hp cht cha N, S, Mo

Phn loi m bi trn

Phn loi theo cht lm c

M c cht lm c l x phng.

Cc dng m ny c gi tn theo tn kim loi trong x phng: m Liti, m

Natri, m Canxi, m phc liti, phc natri, phc canxi, m liti-canxi, canxi-natri

M c cht lm c l cc hydrocacbon rn.

M c cht lm c l khong st.

M c cht lm c l cc hydrocacbon.

Phn loi theo xuyn kim

xuyn kim l i lng c trng cho cng ca m c o 25C.

M c a vo cc hnh tr, c gi 60 ln/pht v gt phng m bo khng

c bt kh. u o hnh nn tiu chun t tip gip vi mt m ri th ri t do

trong 5 giy. ln ca u kim trong m chnh l gi tr ca xuyn kim.

Phn loi theo NLGI (Hi p hi Du m bi trn Quc gia Hoa K) da vo xuyn kim 25C.

Cp NLGI xuyn kim theo

DIN-ISO 2137

(mm x 0.1)

Cp NLGI xuyn kim theo

DIN-ISO 2137

(mm x 0.1)0000 490/520 2 265/295000 445/475 3 220/25000 400/430 4 175/2050 355/385 5 130/1601 310/340 6 85/115

Nguyn liu sn xut m bi trn

Page 47


48/65

M bi trn sn xut ti Cng ty APP s dng nguyn liu l du gc nhm

hai, cht lm c l x phng. X phng c sn xut t du thc vt v dung

dch kim (NaOH. Ca(OH)2, LiOH). Sn phm thu c l m cht lng cao.

Quy trnh sn xut m bi trn

Quy trnh sn xut m bi trn ti APP s dng cng ngh ni h, sn xut

gin on. Ton b qu trnh c th chia thnh cc bc: to x phng t du thc

vt v dung dch LiOH, phn tn x phng trong du gc to cu trc th cp, lm

ngui thm ph gia, x l c hc to cu trc th cp, lc kh kh thu sn phm

cui, ng gi sn phm.

S dy chuyn sn xut m bi trn

Axit bo, du thc vt c a vo thng s 3 qua thit b nh lng 11 i

vo thit b phn ng s 4. Huyn ph LiOH c chun b trong thng c khuy

s 2 ri qua phn nh lng vo thit b s 4. Hn hp phn ng c gia nhit

Page 48


49/65

bng du khong ti nhit phn ng. Qu trnh x phng ha din ra lm tng

nhit ca hn hp (m liti c nhit khong 210-230C). X phng ha xong,

nc c ui ra ngoi v ngng t thit b s 14 tch ra ngoi. Hn hp

phn ng c lm ngui. Du gc c a vo tin hnh qu trnh ng th ha

to cu trc s cp bng cc kt tinh ng nhit. Hn hp qua bm 12 tng p sau

i qua khe hp to cu trc ng nht ri v thit b phn ng, sau c a

sang thit b trao i nhit vng no 6 gim nhit xung cn ti a 120C, np

ph gia, qua thit b lc s 7 lc cc tp cht c hc, i tip sang thit b ng th

ha to cu trc th cp 8, i qua thit b lc v kh kh 9 ri vo thng ng m

bi trn 10. thng ny c bm tun hon v van ng th ha. M bi trn s

c nh lng v ng vo phuy.

Cc phng php phn tch cc c trng ho l ca du m bi trn v

cht lng chuyn dng

Phng php xc nh nht v chs nht

1.1.1 Phng phap xc nh nht (ASTM D445)

Khi nim nht ( ) l mt tnh cht quan trng v c bn ca du bi trn. nht

l mt yu t trong vic to thnh mng bi trn hai iu kin:

- Bi trn thu ng (mng dy)

- Bi trn thu ng n hi (mng mng)

nht c th xc nh s khi ng ca ng c trong iu kin lnh. N

cng xc nh c s chu ng ca du trong qu trinh sinh nhit bi, bnh rng,

xi lanh. N nh gi c kh nng lm kn ca du.

Ni chung, cc thit b chu ti trng nng tc thp th s dng cc loi

du c nht cao, cn thit b chu ti trng nh m c tc cao thi ngi ta

chn cc loi du c nht thp.

Page 49


50/65

nht cng l mt ch tiu quan trng trong vic theo di du khi s dng.

VD: Nu thy nht tng qu do du s dng c bn oxy ho km, nu

nht gim qu do du b lt nhin liu v mch polyme ca FG tng nht b

gy.

Phng php xc nh nht

C nhiu phng php o nht nhng trong tiu chun ASTM D445 ta

dng nht k mao qun thu tinh o nht nh sau:

Np vo dng c o (nht k) mt lng du thch hp.

n nh nhit ti mt nhit nht nh trong mt thi gian cho php

(30pht).

o thi gian chy ca mt lng du trn t mt vch pha trn n vch

pha di ca dng c o (t).

Nh c hng s mao qun ca dng c o (h s K) m ngi ta c th o

thi gian v tnh chuyn i t thi gian chy thnh nht ng hc ca mu du

cn o:

=k.tPhng php ny dng cho cc loi du v cht lng chuyn dng.

1.1.2 Phng phap xc nh chi s nht

Khi nim

Ch s nht (VI) l i lng c trng cho s thay i nht ca du

bi trn theo nhit .Da vo ch s nht ngi ta c th la chn loi du thch hp vi iu

kin lm vic ca my.

nng cao ch s nht ca du trong iu kin nht nh, ngi ta hoc

pha thm vo du khong ph gia ci thin ch s nht, hoc s dng nhng loi

Page 50


51/65

du gc tng hp hoc bn tng hp. Du c nht thay i nhiu theo nhit

l du c ch s nht thp LVI, du c nht t thay i theo nhit l du c

ch s nht cao HVI.

Phng php xc nh ch s nht: ASTM D2270

Cng thc tnh ch s nht:

VI = (L-U)/(L-H)

Trong : U - nht 40C ca du cn xc nh ch s nht

L - nht 40C ca mt loi du c ch s nht VI=0 v c

cng nht 100C vi du cn xc nh ch s nht.

H l nht 40C ca mt loi du c ch s nht VI=100 vc cng nht 100C vi du cn xc nh ch s nht.

Phng php xc nh hm lng nc: ASTM D95

ngha ca phng php

y l mt ch tiu quan trng trong vic nh gi cht lng ca du bi

trn.S c mt ca nc trong du bi trn y nhanh qa trnh gy n mn, r

chi tit my, tng qu trnh oxy ho du v cn gy to nh lm mt tc dng ca

ph gia cha trong du. V vy, hm lng nc trong du mi cng nh du ang

s dng phi c khng ch rt nghim ngt. Nu iu kin my mc phi tip

xc vi nc lin tc, ta a vo thnh phn ph gia nhng ph gia c tnh kh

nh, tch nc gip loi nc nhanh ra khi h thng bi trn.

Phng php phn tch

Phng php ASTM D95 xc nh thnh phn ca nc c trong du: ly

100ml mu du cho vo bnh 500ml y trn, thm vi vin bt, cho thm

Page 51


52/65

khong 100ml dung mi (Xng cng nghi p). Sau lp sinh hn hi lu v gia

nhit y bnh sao cho tc nh 2-5git/1 giy, c th cho n khi th tch nc

tch ra khng thay i trong vng 5 pht l kt thc. Kt qu l c s ml nc

tch ra nhn 100 ri chia cho s ml mu ban u ta c % nc hoc ppm nc

trong mu o. (V d : % nc = 0,1ml nc tch ra 100 % /50ml mu ban u).

Phng php xc nh ch s axit v ch s ki m tng: ASTM D974, ASTM

D2896, ASTM D664

Hin nay, nhiu loi ph gia c s dng pha ch du bi trn. Cho nn

ph thuc vo thnh phn v cu to ca ph gia m du mang ch s axt, kim

hoc c hai.

Tr s axt hoc tr s axit tng (TAN) cho bit lng KOH (tnh bng mg)

cn thit trung ho tt c cc hp cht mang tnh axt c mt trong 1g mu. Ta

thng dng PP ASTM D664 xc nh n.

Tr s kim tng (TBN) cho bit lng axit clohydric hay Percloric c quy

chuyn sang lng KOH tng ng (tnh bng mg) cn thit trung ho ht cc

hp cht mang tnh kim c mt trong 1g mu du.Ngi ta s dng ch s axit v ch s kim nh l mt ch tiu quan trng

trong vic nh gi s bin cht ca du trong qu trnh s dng. Tuy nhin,

nh gi s bin cht ca du, ngi ta cn phi kt hp nhiu tnh cht khc nh:

tp cht c hc, nht, to chp chy, s c mt ca cc kim loi b mi mn

C ba phng php xc nh ch s axit v ch s kim l ASTM

D974-ASTM D2896-ASTM D664.

Phng php xc nh hm lng tro: ASTM D482, ASTM D874

ngha ca phng php

Page 52


53/65

Hm lng tro l lng cn khng chy c hay khong cht cn li sau

khi t chy du mt nhit nht nh. C hai cch xc nh hm lng tro:

Tro thng: Phng php ASTM D482 l phng php xc nh hm lng tro

thng dng cho nhng loi du bi trn khng cha ph gia to tro. Nhng du

thuc loi ny gm c: du tuc bin, v nhiu loi du tun hon c nht cao.

Phng php ny i khi dng cho du c ph gia khng tro nh: du bnh rng v

du ng c kh.

Tro sulpht: Phng php ASTM D874 l phng php xc nh hm lng

tro sun pht l phn cn cn li sau khi than ho mu v c x l bng H2SO4.

Hm lng tro sun pht dng xc nh hm lng ph gia a vo du c cha

hp cht c kim.

Phng php phn tch

Phng php ny dng ch yu cho du khng tro v du ng c.

Cn s gam theo yu cu ca tng mu v cc cn c giy lc c trng

lng khng i, t s b (i vi cho thng) v axit ho (i vi tro sulpht),

sau a vo l nung 7750o

C khong 60-90 pht ly ra trong thi gian nhtnh cn n khi lng khng i.

Tnh phn trm tro theo cng thc: (m2 m1) 100/g mu = % tro

Phng php xc nh hm lng lu huynh: ISO 4260

ngha

Du gc d c lm sch n mc no i chng na thi vn cn c mt

hm lng no y ca cc hp cht khng mong mun, trong c lu hunh.

Thng thng lu hunh tn ti trong du gc hai dng: hot ng v khng hot

ng. dng hot ng l hp cht c hi cn phi c loi b nn vic nh

Page 53


54/65

lng lu hunh trong du gc l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nh gi

cht lng du gc.

Phng php xc nh

Hin nay mun xc nh c hm lng lu hunh tng ngi ta dng

phng php bom xc nh lu hunh trong mi loi du bi trn, vi iu kin

lu hunh t nht phi l 1%. Nguyn tc ca quy trnh l bt tia la in t

chy mt lng nh mu trong mi trng oxy p xut cao. Sn phm chy c

thu li, lu hunh trong dng kt ta bari sulfat v c em cn ri tnh ra % lu

hunh tng. Phng php ny dng cho cc loi du bi trn v cht lng chuyn

dng.

Phng php xc nh bn nhit: ASTM D2160

ngha

bn nhit l kh nng chng li s phn hu bi nhit ca mt loi du

hay ph gia khi lu iu kin nhit cao. S phn hu c th dn n vic

tng axit, tng nht v tng to cn. Thuc tnh ny c bit quan trngi vi cc h thng truyn nhit hay h thng thu lc kn.

Phng php xc nh

Phng php ASTM D2160 xc nh bn nhit ca cc cht lng. Theo

phng php ny du c t vo trong mt bnh thu tinh chn khng kn, chu

nhit t 260-5160oC. Cc sn phm phn hu bay hi c vn lun tip xc vi

cht lng trong qu trnh th nghim. Sau khi th nghim ngi ta xc nh ch s

trung ho v nht ca du.

Phng php ny dng cho cc loi du bi trn chu nhit.

Page 54


55/65

Phng php xc nh bn oxi ha

ngha ca phng php

Oxy ho l mt dng lm hng ho hc cc sn phm du m. bn ca

du bi trn i vi qu trnh oxi ho l mt c tnh quan trng ca du (nh du

bin th v du tucbin). bn oxi ho ca du ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trong

:

- Cu trc ho hc ca du

- Nhit lm vic

- iu kin lm vic

- Hiu ng xc tc ca cc kim loi

Phng php xc nh

Hin nay c rt nhiu phng xc nh n nh oxy ho. Nhng i vi

du bi trn ca chng ta thng xc nh theo ASTM D943. C th l cn mt

lng du quy nh vo mt ng chuyn dng, c cun dy ng lm xc tc

vo mt ng c nc hp ph axit bay hi. Kt qu tnh c ta c th so snh

c vi du trc oxy ho v kt lun c cht lng ca du, nht l du gchin nay.

Phng php ny dng cho cc loi du bi trn, nht l du gc, du tuabin,

du bin th.

Phng php xc nh im chp chy v nhit bc chy: ASTM D92

ngha ca phng php

im chp chy: ca du c nh ngha l nhit thp nht m ti

du c nung nng bc ln to vi khng kh mt hn hp kh lo chy mt

lt khi ngn la a vo.

Page 55


56/65

Nhit bc chy: l nhit m hi du nung nng bc ln to vi

khng kh chy lin tc trong 5 giy khi c ngn la a vo trong iu kin

ca phng php th theo tiu chun.

Phng php xc nh

Phng php ny dng cho du bi trn v cht lng chuyn dng.

Cho mt lng du theo mc cho php, t my o chp chy, ni my

vi dng kh ga, sau chnh ngn la c ng knh 3,2 - 4,8mm v iu chnh

nhit ca mu sao cho t 140C-170oC/pht. Khi nhit ca mu thp hn im

chp la d on khong 560oC gim tc xung cn 5-60oC/pht, cho n khi

nhit d on xung cn 280oC th gim xung 20oC/pht. C th cho n khipht hin v kt thc im chp chy. l kt qu ca im chp chy v bc

chy.

Phng php xc nh im ng c: ASTM D97

Nhit ng c l nhit thp nht m ti du bi trn gi c tnh

linh ng iu kin cho.Phng php ny rt quan trng i vi du s dng nhit thp, nh

du my lnh, du thy lc. Hu ht du nhn u cha mt s sp farafin v khi

du iu kin b lnh, nhng sp ny u tch ra dng tinh th an ci vi cu

trc tinh th to thnh dng li mt co th du khng cn linh ng na.

gim im ng c ca du, ngi ta dng ph gia h nhit ng c c tc

dng lm chm li qu trnh to tinh th sp hon ho hoc bao bc ngn cn s ln

ln ca cu trc tinh th sp.

Phng php xc nh tnh chng mi mn v chu p: ASTM D4172

Page 56


57/65

Phng php ny xc nh tnh chu ti ca cc loi du bi trn, k c t s

mi mn v ti trng gy hn dnh. Ch s ti trng mi mn lin quan n kh

nng gim mi mn ti mc nh nht mt ti trng nht nh ca cht bi trn.

im hn dnh l ti trng nh nht lm vin bi quay hn dnh vo ba vin bi c

nh th hin mc p sut ti a m cht bi trn chu c. l kt qu ca ti

trng hn dnh c tnh bng Niutn (N).

Phng php xc nh khnng tch nhu: ASTM D1401

ngha ca phng php

Trong iu kin kh hu nhit i nng m, hoc du phi tip xc vi nc

trong khi lm vic dn n du b ln nc. Do vy, s dn n cc chi tit mycng b tip xc vi nc gy nn hin tng g, n mn, ng thi du cng b

xyhoa nhanh lm gim kh nng bi trn. Cho nn khi lm vic du tip xc vi

nc phi cho ph gia c tnh kh nh vo n tch nc nhanh ra khi du.

Phng php xc nh

Phng php ny c tin hnh nh sau: vo ng ong hnh tr 40mlmu du v 40ml nc ct, t vo b gia nhit c nhit quy nh v ngm mu

trong mt thi gian nht nh (khong 30pht), ri khuy mnh 5 pht, mc

tch nh c ghi li theo tng thi gian. i vi cc loi du i hi sau 30 pht,

lp nh ch cn li 3 cm3 l t, cn sau 1 gi lp nh khng tch ht hoc khng

xy ra tch l khng du khng t ch tiu tch nh. Phng php ny dng

cho cc loi du bi trn cng nghi p, du thu lc v cc loi cht lng chuyn

dng.

Phng php xc nh khnng chng to: ASTM D892

ngha

Page 57


58/65

Phng php ny dng cho cc loi du bi trn v cho cht lng chuyn

dng.

y l mt tnh cht v cng quan trong i vi du bi trn. Trong khi lm

vic, trong ng c cng nh trong h thng bi trn tun hon ni chung du lun

lun tip xc vi khng kh. Bt c hnh thnh do du b khuy trn c hc v

khng kh i vo dng chy ca du. Nu bt khng tch ra nhanh s gy ra hin

tng bi trn khng n nh, lm gim hiu lc bi trn v dn n mt s cc

hng hc tip theo. Do vy hu ht cc du bi trn phi c ph gia chng to bt.

Phng php xc nh

Cho180 ml du mi vo ng ong mt lt, sau ngm ng ong c du vob gia nhit theo mt nhit cho php, trong khong thi gian nht nh. Sau

dng khuch tn ngm trong 5 pht, ri ni khuch tn vi ng dn kh vo

v iu chnh tc kh n 94 5ml, buc khng kh kh sch i qua khuch

tn trong 5 pht 3 giy, thi gian tnh t bong bng u tin ri khi vin .

Khi ngng 5 pht thi kh l ta phi ghi ngay th tch bt t mc du cho ti nh

ca bt v theo di sau 5 pht tip theo (hoc 10 pht k t lc thi kh) th tchbt cn li bao nhiu. Kt qu = s ml bt (5ph u/10ph sau).

Phng php xc nh hm lng cn khng tan: ASTM D893

ngha

Hm lng cn khng tan l mt ch tiu nh gi v oxy ho ca du

trong qu trnh s dng v kh nng to cn nha c ngun gc t du m hocph gia bin cht hoc c hai. Nh vo ch tiu ny m ngi ta xc nh c thi

gian thay du, tc mi mn ca my trong cc b phn lc v trong cc tnh

nng ca ng c. Tu vo phn tn ca du ng c m ta c th chp nhn

Page 58


59/65

c hm lng cn cho php l bao nhiu (VD: Du c phn tn cao th lng

cn c t t 3-4% vn chp nhn c).

Phng php xc nh

Phng php ny dng cho du nhn trong qu trnh s dng.

Xc nh hai loi cn l: Cn khng tan trong pentan v cn khng tan

trong toluen. Ngoi hai loi cn ny ra ngi ta cn s dng cht ng t tch

thm mt s loi cn phn tn trong du m hai cch trn khng li tch c. C

th x nh sau: Cn khong 10 0,1 g mu gia nhit 600oC cho u mu, sau

cho vo ng ly tm + dung mi ri lm nh phng php quy nh. Kt qu c

tnh: % Cn = (m2 m1) 100/g mu

Phng php xc nh hm lng cn cacbon: ASTM D524 (ch yu dng

cho cc loi du gc)

ngha ca phng php

Cn cacbon dng d ch lng cn cacbon c to thnh sau khi cho bay

hi, Cracking v nhit phn mt sn phm du m trong nhng iu kin nht nh.Cn ny khng phi l cc bon hon ton, m n l mt loi cc v cn c th b

bin i bi nhit phn. V vy hm lng cn ccbon c th nh gi mc tinh

luyn ca du gc, du gc tinh luyn k th hm lng cn C cng thp, ch tiu

ny gip cho nh sn xut la chn du gc trong khi pha ch nh: cho my nn

kh, cc qu trnh x l nhit, cc chu nhit cao.

Phng php xc nh

Dng bnh cc ho thu tinh c trng lng nhi t 5500oC v trong

20 pht, bm khong 4 gam mu theo bng mu th bit trc vo bnh cc ha,

sau li nung ch nh trn, khong 30 pht cn. Ta c kt qu:

Page 59


60/65

Cn cacbon = (m2 m1) 100/g mu.

Phng php xc nh mu: ASTM D1500

ngha

S khc nhau v mu sc ca du bi trn c ngun gc t s khc nhau v

du th dng ch bin ra n, v nhit si, v phng php v mc lm sch

trong qu trnh tinh luyn, v bn cht ph gia pha vo cc du . Mu du ch

yu c s dng cho mc ch kim tra trong qu trnh sn xut v l ch tiu

quan trng cho ngi tiu dng, v ngi ta nhn thy c bng mt thng.

Phng php xc nhDng ng ng mt lng du nh, cho vo my so mu trong my

c hai ng nc ct i xng. Nhn vo my so mu v iu chnh sao cho mu

ca mu cn o gn hoc bng mu ca mu i chng l t. T c kt qu

trn thang o (VD: Mu ca ph gia BF1 = 6,0).

Xc nh bn trt ct du c cha polimer bng thit b phun diesel ngha v ng dng

My o bn trt ct nh gi % mt mt nht do nhng cht lng c

cha polimer do s hng polimer trong thit b phun ct cao. Phng php ny

khng nhm on nhn s mt mt nht khi s dng trn hin trng i vi

nhng loi polimer khc nhau hoc l i vi thit b hin trng khc nhau. Tuy

nhin, cng c th thit lp c mt s quan h cho loi polimer ring trong thit

b hoc trng hp c th.

Cch s dng

Page 60


61/65

Dng 170 ml chy 1,02 30 chu k = 30.06 pht nhit 30 - 35C, ri

ly ra o nht sau khi ct.

Xc nh hm lng kim loi: CMM80-CMM81

Phng php ny dng xc nh hm lng ph gia c mt trong du, m

v dng nh gi s mi mn kim loi ca ng c trong qu trnh s dng.

Phng php ny dng cht chun lp ng chun & so snh vi mu

phn tch, t tnh kt qu.

xuyn kim ( c ca m): ASRM D217

Khi nim v xuyn kim

xuyn kim l su tnh bng 1/10mm, m mt chp nn tiu chun ln

ngp vo m th nghim di nhng iu kin quy nh v khi lng, thi gian

v nhit .

ln xuyn kim dng o c ca m c xc nh trong bng phn

loi theo NLGI.

Da vo ch tiu ny ta c th bit c kh nng lm kn, kht ca tng loim v n nh c hc ca n.

Phng php xc nh : Xc nh theo ASRM D217

Phng php xc nh nhit nh git ca m: ASTM D566

ngha

Nhit nh git l nhit ln nht m ti vi iu kin chun theo quy

nh ASTM D566, git m t l u nhit k o Ubelope chy ri xung.

Nhit nh git dng phn loi m. Nhit nh git cao thi kh nng

chu nhit ca m cao, nhng khng phi nhit nh git ca m l nhit lm

Page 61


62/65

vic (VD: M c nhit nh git Tng = 185 2100 oC th nhit s dng ti a

l 1300oC). Ch tiu ny dng phn loi cc loi m.

Phng php s dng

Dng cc bng ng thau m crom c kch thc quy nh. Nhi y m,

gt bng ming , ri ly que kim loi lun vo trong cc sao cho lp m ch dnh

vo thnh cc. Sau cho nhit k vo trong cc theo quy nh. Gia nhit vi tc

4-70oC/pht n khi nhit nh git thp hn To d on l 170oC th tc

khong 1-20oC/pht. C th n khi git m u tin nh xung, nhit ti thi

im l To nh git.

Hm lng kim d hoc ch s axit (Gost 6707-77)

ngha

y l mt ch tiu khng th thiu c i vi m, n c o bng %

NaOH. Nu hm lng kim d > 0,1% NaOH th bn cu trc ca m s

khng cao.

Phng php xc nh

Dng 30ml xng cng nghi p v 30ml cn 85o cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml

trung tnh, sau cn 2g m vo ri hi lu bng sinh hn trong 15 pht ly ra

ri cho ch th Phenolphtalein vo nu mu mu hng th chun bng axit cn mu

mu trng ta chun bng kim cho n im tng ng th ngng chun tnh

kt qu:

% NaOH (kim) = V ml HCl 0.1 N 0.4/g mu

Axit = V ml KOH NKOH 56,11/g mu

n mn tm ng (ASTM D130)

Page 62


63/65

n mn tm ng cng l mt ch tiu quan trong trong vic nh gi cht

lng du m nhn.

n mn tm ng sau khi s dng khng c tng so vi trc khi s dng

th mi t.

Page 63


64/65

KT LUN CHUNG

Sau t thc tp va qua ti vin ho hc cng nghip Vit Nam v cng ty

APP, em thu c nhng kt qu rt b ch:

1. c tip xc vi cc thit b hin i ca phng th nghim trng im

quc gia cng ngh lc ho du.

2. Nm c cng ngh sn xut thuc tuyn ni v formalin.

3. Tip xc vi dy chuyn sn xut ca cng ty APP.

Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong b mn cng ngh hu c

ho du tn tnh hng dn em trong thi gian va qua cng nh cc n v

to iu kin cho chng em n thc tp.

Page 64


65/65

MC LC

Ni dung Trang

LI NI U 03

VIN HA HC CNG NGHIP VIT NAM 04

Phn I: Gii thiu chung v Vin cng nghip Vit Nam 04

Phn II: Phn xng OXH paraffin sn xut thuc tuyn qung 07

I Gii thiu v cht hot ng b mt 07

II. Thuc tuyn ni 07

III. Qu trnh oxi ha 10

IV. S khi sn xut thuc tuyn 12

V. Quy trnh vn hnh 15

VI. Phn tch cht lng nguyn liu v sn phm 18

Phn III: Cng ngh sn xut formalin 22

I. Gii thiu chung 22

II. Dy chuyn cng ngh, cc thng s cng ngh 24

III. Cu to, nguyn tc hot ng cc thit b trong dy chuyn 28IV. Xc tc, cc yu t cnh hng n qu trnh 32

Phn IV: Cng ngh sn xut Biodiesel 35

I. Gii thiu chung v Biodiesel 35

II. Dy chuyn cng ngh, cc thng s cng ngh 38

III. Cu to, nguyn tc hot ng ca cc thit b trong dy chuyn 39

IV. Xc tc v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh 41

V. Sn phm 42

bao cao vien hoa hoc k51

Documents