bai thuyet phap dau tien cua duc phat

5/21/2018 Bai Thuyet Phap Dau Tien Cua Duc Phat

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Bi thuyt php u tin ca c Pht

Phn 1: Vn tt v lch s Pht gio14. 05. 14 - 8:53 amTrnh Bch

Bi thuyt php u tin ca c Pht Lc Uyn (ngi cm gm bn phi cPht l Kim Cng Th B tt), th k 12 Gandhara Pakistan (Bo tngMetropolitan, New York)

Sau khi t Chnh qu Gaya, Bi thuyt php u tin ca c Pht ThchCa l bi thuyt ging ca ngi cho 5 v Tn gi, tc l nhm ng Kaundinya(Kiu Trn Nh) Sarnath (Lc Uyn). D ngn gn, nhng bi thuyt

php ny c xem l mt trong nhng bi gio l quan trng nhtca ngi. Cc hc thuyt cn bn ca o Pht, nh Ng gii, Btchnh o, Lc hnh Ba la mt, T diu , Duyn khi; cng nhcc kinh Chuyn Php Lun (Dhamma-Chakka-Pavattan Sutta), Vng (anatt-lakkhana- suttra), v.v u c xut x t bi thuyt

php ngn gn ny.

Trch onBi Thuyt Php u Tin Ca c Pht c rt ra t b sliu ting Anh c Pht v o Php ca Ngi (The Buddha and HisDhamma) do Gio hi Pht gio n (Buddhist Society of India), Hi i
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2/22

B (Mahabodhi Society) ca Calcutta (nay l Kolkata) v Nh xut bni hc Tt t a (Siddharth College Publications) xut bn Bombay(nay l Mumbai), n , nm 1957. Ring on Bi Thuyt Php u TinCa c Pht c B Gio dc ca Bang Maharashtra cho in li nm 1992.

Nm 1951 Gio hi Pht gio n y thc cho Tin s Bhimrao RamjiAmbedkar (1892-1956) v cc cng s ca ng khp n kho cu ccti liu c, ghi li theo ng s quan cuc i v cc hot ng ca cPht Thch Ca khi ngi cn ti th. Nhm ng Ambedkar bt u kho cuv vit tp s liu ny t nm 1951. V h hon tt nhim v nm 1956, lnm Tin s Ambedkar t th.

Nguyn Tin s Ambedkar thuc gia nh c o n gio. Nhng v bt mnvi h thng k th ng cp x hi cay nghit ca tn gio ny, ng cisang o Pht. Sinh thi, Tin s Ambedkar gip hng triu ngi thucng cp thp hn ca n gio ci sang o Pht. ng cng vit vging thuyt rt nhiu v Phtgio khp n v trn th gii. Sau khiTin s Ambedkar qua i, Pht t n tn sng ng nh mt B tt.

Thp Dhamekh Sarnath, k nim ni c Pht thuyt php ln u tin
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3/22

VN TT LCH S PHT GIO

1. Cc i hi Tng chng

Ngay sau khi c Pht nhp Nit bn Kusinara (Cu Thi Na) nm 438trc Cng nguyn, i t cn li ca ngi l Mahakashyap (Ma ha CaDip) triu tp i hi T khu u tin thnh Rajgriha (Vng X), vi500 t khu, c gng bo ton nhng iu rn dy ca Pht mt cchchn tht v nguyn bn nht. i hi ny cng cng c s on kt cagio phi. Mt l do na ca k hi ny l v ngay khi c Pht cn ti th c nhiu tng s khng tun th cc gii lut mt cch nghim tc. Lcby gi cc i t ca Pht nh Sariputta (X Li Pht), Muggallana (McKin Lin) hay nhm Nm t khu Kaundinya (Kiu Trn Nh) u quvng, m mi s, vic u cha c ghi chp li. V th, trong i hi utin ny ngi Upali (u B Ly) phi c li cc Lut tng, v ngi Ananda (Anan) c li cc Kinh tng ch tng hc thuc lng. iu ny c th chothy l cc kinh, tng lc by gi hy cn n gin.

Khong gn mt trm nm sau k i hi th Nh c T khu ca phiNguyn thy l Yesa (Da-x) triu tp, v do Tng trng Sabbhakami trtr, ti Vesali (T X Ly), v nhng s chp hnh lng lo gii lut xm

nhp vo Gio phi. on tng chng thuc b tc Vajji (Bt K) y sa i li sng ca h bng cch a thm mi iu ci cch thng thong vo gio php chnh thng. H bt u em mui theo ngi trongng sng; th ba n th hai lng khc sau ba th nht; dng ba vb sa bui ti; ung ru c; nhn vng bc b th; nhm nhng bui hpgn ti v ly quyt nh, d khng ng hi ng; v.v Tt c cc iuny u tri vi gio lut.

C khong by trm tng s trong i hi ln th nh ny. H ng thanhbc b mi iu ci cch ca Tng on Vajji. p li, ngay sau Tng on Vajji triu tp hi ngh Mahasangika (i chng b), vi mt vntng s cp tin. S rn v u tin ca Pht gio ch v mi iu ci cchci m , ch hc thuyt nguyn thy cho n lc y vn cn nguyn vn.

Vic chia r ny dn d to nn nhng trng phi mi, v cui cng l sxut hin ca phi Mahayana (i tha) sau ny.

i hi Tng chng ln th ba, do T khu Moggali Putta (Mc Lin Tu)

triu tp Pataliputra (Hoa Th by gi l Patna) nm 250 trc Cngnguyn, di s bo tr ca v vua Pht t Asoka (A Dc). K i hi ny


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ca ring Gio phi chnh thng Theravada (Thng ta b). Nh i hiny, Pht gio Nguyn thy khng nhng c truyn b ra khp n ,m cn sang n tn Ceylon (Tch Lan, nay l Sri Lanka). V dn dn ctruyn t sang Min in v ng-nam .

Vua A Dc (Asoka), th k 12 (Polonaru wa, Sri-Lanka)

K hi ng th t, cng ca ring phi Theravada, lc ny c gi lphi Hinayana (Tiu tha), c triu tp Ceylon (Tch Lan) nm 106trc Cng nguyn. T trc vic ghi chp tr thnh ph bin. V thk i hi ny bt u cho chp tt c cc kinh, thuyt ting Pali vo l Bi(Karatalamhpatra palm leaf) lu gi. B kinh Tripitaka (Tam tng)gm Vinaya Pitaka. (Lut Tng cc lut l tu hnh ca gio phi), SuttaPitaka (Kinh Tng cha cc bi kinh (gio l) ca Pht v cc t) v

Abhidhamma Pitaka (Lun Tng gii thch v phn tch cc kinh, iu),

c ghi chp xung ln u tin t i hi ny.

Tht ra sau cn mt i hi na, cng c ngi n gi l i hiPht gio th T, nm 78 Cng nguyn, Kashmir (Ca Thp Di La). i hiny khng do Mahasanghikas (i chng b), m do cc t khu ca nhngphn b ca mt phi ci m hn, phi Sarvastivada (Thuyt Nht Hu B)triu tp. i hi c tr tr biT khu Vasumitra (Th Hu), di s botr ca vua Kaniska (Ca Ni Sc Ca) thuc triu i Kushan (Qu Sng). V

th gio phi nguyn thy Theravada khng cng nhn i hi Kasmir,trong khi n c cc phi i tha tn tng.
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5/22

Vua Kaniska l mt Pht t, nhng li c khuynh hng thin B la mn,cho nn t i hi ny cc t tng B la mn c ha nhp vo Phtgio, nht l vng Bc n. iu quan trng l bt u t y gio phii tha c chnh thc hnh thnh. V gn nh tt c cc vic ghi chp

ti liu, kinh k t dng Sanskrit (Phn ng) thay th cho ngn ng Palica thi k Pht gio Nguyn thy. i hi ny c xem l i hi caring Pht gio i tha.

2. Cc thng trm ca Pht gio

Thi k Pht gio s khi, khi tt c cc gio php u cn c gi nguynbn, tri di t nm 450 n nm 100 trc Cng nguyn. Sau giai onny Gio phi Tiu tha bt u hi nhp vi cc trng phi ci m hn.Trong khi phi i tha, ch bt u pht trin t sau nm 100 trcCng nguyn, cng ngay t y bt u to ra cc huyn thoi theo kiuca ng (purvanusmritis), hp dn s ng.

Thp Mahabodhi do vua A Dc xy B o Trng nm 250 trc Cngnguyn

Khi Pht gio bt u pht trin, vi con ngi ch khng phi thn quynl tm im, th s i u gia Pht gio v B -la-mn d nhin phi xyra. S pht trin ca Pht gio c sun x cho n cui th k th nht

Cng nguyn. Ngay c khi ngi Hy Lp xm chim vng ng-bc n
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sau thi i ca vua Ashoka, th mt v vua n-Hy l Milinda (Di Lan ) c t khu Nagasena (Na Tin) thuyt ging v ci theo o Pht.

Trc khi vng triu Kushan (Cc a) chim c vng thnh a Pht

gio Magadha (Ma Kit ) t tay ngi n-Hy hi th k th Nht, th h hiu bit Pht gio, v mt vi v vua ca h cng ci o sang Phtgio.

Pht gio bt u chnh thc suy tn khi vng triu Kushan b sp , vvng triu B la mn Gupta chim Magadha vo u th k th T. Nhiuvic bc hi Pht t bt u xy ra. Thnh v i hc Nalanda (Na Lan )b khng b. Ngi B la mn st hi Aryadeva (A Li Da B), i tca Narajuna (Long Th B tt), v h thua ng trong vic tranh lun v tngio. Ri vua Sasanka ui tt c tng chng Pht gio ra khi Kusinaga ra(Cu Thi Na), l ni Pht Thch Ca nhp Nit bn. ng ta cng cho bt gcv t cy B Bodhi Gaya (B o Trng) ra tro, ri thay th bngmt tng Shiva.

i s Trung Hoa Php Hin khi n Ty Trc t nm 399 n 414 thyPht Gio cn c hng thnh vi ni nh Kapilavasu (Ca T La V) vGaya (Gi da). Nhng nhn tng th th Pht gio n lc by gi suy

vi nhiu ri.

Ri ngi Hung N trn vo Gandhara (Kabul Cn ) cui th k thNm. Cc tu vin v di tch thing ling caPht gio vng ng-bc n b tiu dit. Tng chng, hc gi, kinh sch v cc kin trc b tn st vthiu hy. C i hc Taksasila y cng b vnh vin im ting. Bnh btthing ling ca c Pht cng bin khi Gandhara v c truyn sangPersia (Ba T) lc .

Cuc xm lng ca ngi Hung lm quc Gupta b phn tn thnh nhiutiu quc. Pht gio li tip tc tranh chp mt cch yu t vi B la mn Bengal, min Ty v min Nam n . Ch vo khong cui th k th By,khi vua Harsha (Gii Nht Vng) thng nht lnh th rng ln gm minTy v Bc n , v ng Kanauj, th Pht gio li c tm cngthnh mt thi gian ngn, d lc no cng vn b kn ca bi ngi B lamn. Giai on ny l lc nh s Huyn Trang ngi Trung Quc sang TyTrc thnh kinh. Ngi c vua Harsha tn knh, v gip nh vua Pht t

ny hong php. Ngi Php Hin ch thy hai ngi cha Kanauj vo th kth Nm, nhng ngi Huyn Trang cp n c trm ngi cha vi hn


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10,000 v T Kheo . Khi vua Harsha bng h nm 647 th Pht gio li bngi B la mn ln p.

Trong thi k ny, bn o B la mn c s thay i t tng ln, c gii

s gia ngy nay gi l Pauranik Hinduism (Tn n gio). Ni bt nht l hthng phn chia giai cp x hi c h thng ha khe kht hn. Nhngcng cng lc thuyt Lun hi c ph bin rng ri gia cc tn ngio. Trong cc Purana (Thnh in) c ca o B la mn, Pht Thch Ca bcoi l ngi d d ngi ta vo ng hy dit. Nhng cc Puranami tgiai on ny, nh Garuda, li cho rng Pht l ha thn ca Vishnu. VPht gio n cng li c thm nh hng ca t tng B la mn ty.

Pht gio c c mt thi k d th ngn na trong triu i Pala Magadha trong th k th Mi. Nhng t cui th k ny, khi cc triu iHi gio thng tr n , Pht gio li quay v v th thiu s cho n nay.

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Phn 2: Ni dung nhng li ging Sarnath (Lc Uyn)

Nhm ca Tin s Ambedkar tri i khp ni trn t nc n v cc

nc chung quanh su tp li nhng truyn thuyt c, v nhng bnkinh, truyn nguyn thy c bo qun t ngn xa, tp hp li thnhb Gio s ny. V ti liu c su tp t nhiu ngun khc nhau, cho nncc danh t c h gi nguyn bn bng c Phn ng ln ting Pali, anxen trong cc bi vit

*

Sau khi t Chnh qu v h sn, c Pht n ngay Sarnath (Lc Uyn)

ging dy hc thuyt ca ngi mi ng c. Trc y ngi nh tm AlaraKalam, ngi bn c hc thc, khn ngoan, thng minh v hi khng nghong ca ngi ngy xa. Nhng ngi ta cho ngi hay l Alara Kalam qua i. Ri ngi li ngh n Uddaka Ram-putta, nhng ng y cng khngcn.

n y c Pht nh n nm ngi bn tu c ca ngi khi ngi cn theoui php tu kh hnh Niranjana, tc l nhm ng Kaundinya (Kiu Trn

Nh). Nm ngi ny hi trc tc gin v ri b ngi, v ngi b li tuhnh xc . c Pht hi thm v c bit rng h ang sng trong rng


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Lc D (Mrgadava), vng Sarnath Isipatana. Ngi i ngay n y tmh.

Thp Dhamekh Sarnath, nh du ni c Pht thuyt php ln u tin (tranh v1850)

Khi nghe tin ngi n gp, nm v tn gi (parivrajaka kht s) ny bnvi nhau v quyt nh khng n tip ngi. Mt ngi trong h ni, Cc

thy, kht s C m (Gautama) ang n y. ng ta b li tu khhnh sng mt cch xa hoa, sung tc, v vng vo ti li. V thchng ta khng cn phi n tip ng ta. Chng cn phi ng dy chohi, v cng chng cn ly bnh bt v o ca ng ta. Chng ta ch cndnh cho ng ta mt ch ngi. Nu ng ta thch th c ngi. V c bnng .

Nhng khi c Pht n ni, c nm tn gi b chong ngp trc phongthi ca ngi, cho nn h qun mt nhng g h d tnh v u ng lnn ngi. K bt, ngi o, v mt v i ly nc v ra chn ngi.

Sau khi trao i nhng li x giao, nm v tn gi hi Pht c cn gi phptu kh hnh hay khng. Ngi tr li rng khng. Ri ngi cho h bit l chai li sng cc oan: mt l sng trong khoi lc v mt l li sng thnh xc. Mt ni rng hy n ung th ca i, ko mai khng cn sngna. Mt ni phi dit tt c cc i hi v chng to ra lun hi. Ngi bcb c hai cch sng , v chng u khng tt cho con ngi.
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9/22

Pht ni ngi tin vo thuytTrung o(Madhyama Marga con ng gia), tc l khng phi l con ng khoi lc, m cng khng phi l conng t hnh xc.

Hy tr liti, ngi hi cc tn gi, Hin bn thn ch v vn cn nngng v tip tc thm kht khoi lc, c phm tc ln thin ng, th phichng s tu hnh p xc ca cc ngi u v ch? H u tr li, Tha,ng nh ngi ni.

Lm sao qu v c th gii thot mnh ra khi phm ng bng li sng thnh xc khn kh , nu cch sng y khng dp tt c la thmkht? V h tr li, ng nh ngi ni.

Ch khi no ci Ta trong cc ngi c ch ng thot khi ni dc vng,th cc ngi mi ht ham mun dc lc phm tc. V ny, s p ngnhng nhu cu thin nhin s khng lm ai u c. Hy n ung y cho nhng g c th cc ngi cn.

Cc loi nhc dc u lm ngi ta bc nhc. Con ngi m dm dc trthnh n l ca s am m ca mnh. Tt c cc vic tm kim khoi lc ul hn h v th tc. Nhng ti xin ni vi ch v rng, s p ng nhng

nhu cu ca i sng khng l vic xu xa. Gi thn th khe mnh l bnphn y, v nu khng th qu v khng th c tr c mnh khe sng sut,v ngn n tr tu khng th sng c.

Ch kht s, qu v nn bit rng c hai cc oan m con ngi khng nntheo. Mt l ci thi quen bung th b cun ht vo cc am m quynr, nht l nhc dc. y l cch tm kim tha mn mt cch man r, thphn, bt li. Cch th hai, ngc li, l kh hnh hay t hnh xc, l lisng au n, thp km, bt li. C mt li gia trnh c c hai cc

oan m qu v nn bit. y l ci Trung o m ti rao ging .


10/22

Pht Thch Ca kh hnh, Th k th 2 Gandhara (Cn ), Bo tng Lahore,Pakistan

Nm v tn gi ch lng nghe li ngi ging. Khng bit phi ni g v ciTrung o m Pht va ging, h xoay qua hi ngi v mi chuyn xy racho ngi sau khi h ri b ngi do trc. c Pht k cho h nghe chuynngi ri n Gaya (Gi da). Chuyn ngi ngi nhp nh di cy B . Ri

chuyn sau bn tun tham thin y ngi t Gic ng, v nh ngitm ra c hng i mi.

Nghe n y cc tn gi cm thy tht nng lng mun bit con ngmi l g, v h yu cu Pht gii thch. c Pht chiu h.

Ngi khi u bng cch ni rng ci phng php y, tc lo phpcangi, khng quan tm n Thng (Brahman) hay linh hn. o ca ngikhng quan tm n i sng sau khi cht. o ca ngi cng khng quan

tm n cc nghi thc v vic cng t. Trng tm ca o ngi l conngi, v mi tng quan gia con ngi vi con ngi trong kip snghin ti trn th gian. Ngi ni y l nhn nh th nht ngi ng c.

Nhn nh th hai ca ngi l mi ngi u sng trong bun phin, khau v thiu thn. C ci i ny u y ry kh au. V tm ra cch tr b c s kh au cho th gian l mc ch c nht ca o ngi.

Vic nhn thc c s hin hu ca phinno, v ch dy phng php

gii tr phin no l nn mng v cn bn ca o ngi. y l nn mng
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v l l c nht ca o. Tn gio no khng nhn thc c iu ny thkhng phi l mt tn gio.

Tht y, ch kht s. Bt c mt c s hay tu s no m khng thu hiu

c rng s kh au ca i v cch thot khi chng l mc ch chnhca o, th theo ti h khng phi l c s hay tu s. V sut i nhng

ngi cao qu y chc cng s khng hiu ni ngha tht ca o l g.

Cc tn gi hi ngi, nu nn mng ca o ngi l vic nhn bit c shin hu ca phin no v cch tr kh n, th xin cho chng ti bito ngi dit kh bng cch no?

Pht tr li h rng theo o ca ngi, nu mi ngi u theo ui Gii

o (con ng Thanh khit Veramani MargaPath of Purity), Chnh o(con ng Ngay thng Ashtanga Marga Path of Righteousness) vHnh o (con ng o hnh Paramita MargaPath of Virtue) th miphin no s chm dt. V ngi nhc li rng y chnh l ci o m ngimi ng c .

Cc tn gi lin nh Pht gii thch thm v o ca ngi cho h, Pht vuiv ng . V trc ht ngi ging vGii o.

Ngi ni, Gii o dy rng ai c mun tr thnh mt ngi tt cng phinhn my nguyn tc sngcn bn lm nguyn tc sng ca mnh. TheoGii o ca ti th cc nguyn tc l:

- Khng c lm b thng hay st hi;

- Khng c trm cp hay gian ln ca ci ca ngi khc;

- Khng c ni di;

- Khng c chm m trong ham mun;

- Khng c lm dng cc thc ung gy nghin.

Ti mun nhn mnh rng tun th cc nguyn tc ny l vic thit yuca mi ngi. V ai cng phi nh vo cc nguyn tc ny kim sotmi hnh vi ca mnh. V theo ti th nhng nguyn tc ny phi tr thnhtiu chun sng ca mi ngi.


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Khp mi ni u c nhng ngi sa ng (Patit k sa ng). Nhng c hailoi patit. Mt l loi c tiu chun sng, v mt khng c. Ngi khng ctiu chun sng l ngi khng bit rng mnh sa ng. V kt qu l hn tas lun lun vn l k sa ng. Cn ngi c chun sng l ngi s c gng

ng dy sau mi ln sa ng. Ti sao? V anh ta bit rng mnh sa ng.y l s khc bit ca c hay khng c tiu chun sng trong vic tu tnhi mnh. Vn khng phi l s sa ng, m l s thiu vng mt tiuchun sng.

Ny cc kht s, qu v c th thc mc rng ti sao cc nguyn tc lic gi tr c xem l tiu chun sng? Xin qu v hy t tm li giip cho mnh. Nu mt ai trong qu v hi rng, Cc nguyn tc ny c li

cho ai khng? Hoc qu v cng c th hi, Chng c gip tng trng lich ca x hi khng? Nu cc cu tr li ca qu v l khng nh, th ytc l s chp nhn rng cc nguyn tc trong Gii o ca ti nn cxem l cu thnh t ca tiu chun sng tht s.

Bi thuyt php u tin ca c Pht (th k 10, Trung Quc)

Sau c Pht ging cho cc v tn gi vChnh o. Ngi ni rngChnh o gm c tm iu. Ngi bt u bng vic gii thch vChnhkin(Samyag-dristiRight ViewsT duy ng), tc l iu th nht vquan trng nht ca Chnh o.

nhn thc c tm quan trng ca Chnh kin, Pht ni vi cc tngi, qu v phi thy rng i l mt ngc ti, v con ngi l t nhn
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trong ci ngc ti . Ci ngc ny tht l ti. Ti n ni cc t nhn khc th nhn thy g. T nhn cng khng nhn thc c rng mnh ang trong t.

Qu tht, ngi ta khng nhng tr thnh ui m v b sng trong uminh tm ti qu lu, m ngi ta cn khng tin c rng c th c mts vt l lng gi l nh sng bao gi. Tr tu l cng c c nht qua nnh sng c th n vi con ngi. Nhng m tr tu ca cc c dn trongngc ti ny khng c th l dng c hon b cho mc ch c.N ch cho mt t nh sng vo thi. Ch va chng t cho nhng aic t cht th gic nhn thc c rng qu tht c ci gi l u minh tm ti. Nhng ch hiu bit sng ti nh th th qu l cn th thin.

Nhng xin ch v kht s yhiu rng tnh cnh ca cc t nhn khngn ni tuyt vng nh n xem ra. Bi v trong ngi ta c ci gi l ch.Khi c mt ng lc thch hp dy ln, ch c th c nh thc v khing. Ch cn va nh sng nhn ra mt phng hng no nh hng cho s hot ng ca ch, con ngi c th dn dt mnh nt do.

Nh vy mc d con ngi b tri buc, nhng anh ta c th t c s

gii thot. Bt c lc no anh ta cng c th bc ci bc u tin rtcc a mnh n s gii thot. y l bi v tr c c th c hun luyn tin v bt c li no ta mun. Chnh tr c bin ta thnh nhng tnhn trong cuc i. Chnh tr c khin mnh thnh nh th. Nhng ci g dotr c lm ra, tr c c th hy b. Nu n angi ta n cuc i n l,th chnh n cng c th a ngi ta n t do khi xc nh c nghng. V y l vic m Chnh kin c th lm c.

Cc tn gi hi, Th thnh qu ca Chnh kin l g?

Pht p, L s gii tr V minh (tm ti Avijja). N chng li T kin(Mrishaa-Dristi Wrong Views). V V minh c ngha l khng hiu ccc chn l cao qu, ngha l khng hiu c s hin hu ca Kh v cchdit Kh. Chnh kin lm c iu .

- Chnh kin l bc b s tin tng vo hiu nng ca cc nghi thc v viccng t.

- Chnh kin l bc b quyn lc thn thnh ca kinh sch.


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- Chnh kin l phi t b m tn v d oan.

- Chnh kin l phi t b tt c cc hc thuyt ch bit lun bn tranh cim khng c cn c vo s tht hay tri nghim thc t.

- Chnh kin i hi tm v tr phi ci m.

Mi ngi u c mc tiu, nguyn vng v tham vng.Chnh Tduy(Samyag-Samkalpa) dy rng nhng mc tiu, nguyn vng v thamvng phi cao thng v ng khm phc, ch khng c thp hn vv gi tr.

Mt trong nhng tng Pht Thch Ca truyn thng c nht. Gandhara (Cn )th k u Cng nguyn (Bo tng Quc gia Tokyo)

Tip n lChnh Ng (Samyag-vacca Right Speech). Chnh ng dy

rng:- Ch c ni tht,

- Khng nn ba t,

- Khng nn ni xu ngi khc,

- Phi kim ch s vu khng,

- Khng nn bung nhng li gin d v tha m n ngi khc,
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- Nn ni tt v nh nhn vi mi ngi,

- Khng nn chm m vo nhng chuyn gu vu v, ngu ngc, m ch nnni nhng g hp l v ng vo vn .

Nh ti gii thch, ta tun th vo Chnh ng khng v s hi hay hng phc. Khng nn quan tm cht no n vic cc ng bn trnnh gi th no v hnh vi ca mnh, hay n bt c mt s thua thit nom Chnh ng c th gy ra cho mnh. Nguyn tc l tun th Chnh ngkhng phi do s phm vo cc gii cm t bn trn, hay v c li chc nhn; m tt c u phi do t tm.

Chnh nghip(Samyag-karmantaRight Conduct) ch cho ta cch c x

tt. N dy rng mi hnh vi u phi cn c vo s tn trng cm xc vquyn li ca ngi khc. Nguyn tc ca Chnh nghip l g? l hnghot ng hi ha nht vi cc nguyn tc sng cn bn. Mi vic chng talm s hi ha vi Chnh nghip khi chng ng thun vi cc nguyn tcny.

V ai cng phi mu sinh. Nhng c nhiu cch lp nghip, tt c, xuc. Ngh nghip xu l loi gy thng tn v bt cng cho ngi khc. Li

sng tt l tm vic lm no khng gy thng tn v bt cng cho ai. ygi lChnh mnh(Samyag-ajivaRight Livelihood).

Chnh tinh tn(Samyag-vyayamaRight Efforts) l hng ht n lc camnh vo vic dit v minh tm ti, n c v m c ci ca dn rakhi ci ngc ti au thng kia. Chnh tinh tn c bn mc ch:

- Mt l ngn nga cc trng thi tm tr i ngc vi Chnh o.

- Hai l trn p cc trng thi tm tr xu nu chng dy ln.

- Ba l to ra nhng trng thi tm tr c th gip ta p ng nhng i hica Chnh o.

- Bn l thc y s gia tng v pht trin hn na cc trng thi tm trtt lnh , nu chng hin hu.

Chnh nim(Samyak-smriti Right Mindfulness) i hi s ch tm vthn trng. N l s lun cnh gic ca tm tr. Mt cch nh ngha khc


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ca Chnh nim l s canh chng v bo v tm tr trc nhng am m tm.

Ny ch v kht s, c nm ci gng cm, hay chng ngi vt, lun cn

ng nhng ai mun t Chnh kin, Chnh t duy, Chnh ng, Chnhnghip, Chnh mnh, Chnh tinh tn, Chnh nim.

Chng l tham lam, thnh kin, u oi li bing, nghi ngi v khng ququyt. V th phi vt qua c nhng tr ngi, m tht ra l nhng cicm, . V cch vt qua c chng l nh vo Chnh nh. Nhng ch vkht s nn bit rngChnh nh(Samyak-Samadhi CorrectConcentration) tht ra khc vi nh (Samadhi Concentration). Khc nhiuy.

nh ch l s tp trung t tng. Chc chn n cng gip t c nhngkhonh khc ca trng thi Thin nh, nhng l loi t pht, d cng tmngn c nm chng ngi kia.

Nhng nhng khonh khc nhp Thin ny u ch l tm thi. Cho nn sngn chn c cc chng ngi kia ca nh cng ch l tm thi. iu cnthit l t c s chuyn hng vnh vin ca tm tr.

Ch c nh thi vn l tiu cc, v nhiu lm nh cng ch chn c ccchng ngi kia mt cch tm thi, ngn ngi. V n khng rn luyn chotm tr c g my. Trong khi Chnh nh mi l tch cc. N luyn chotm tr tp trung v suy tng vo cc hnh vi, t tng tt lnh (KusalaKarma) trong lc tham thin. V nh loi tr c khuynh hng ng vcc hnh vi, t tng xu (Akusala Karma) do nm chng ngi kia to ra.Chnh nh to cho tm tr thi quen ngh v iu tt lnh, v lun lun chngh v iu tt lnh. Chnh nh to cho tm tr nhng nng ng lc cn

thit hnh thin.


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Tng Pht Thch Ca triu i Milinda (Di Lan ) thi n Hy. Th k th NhtCng nguyn (Bo tng Metropolitan, New York)

Sau Pht ging tip cho cc v tn gi vHnh o(Paramita Marga).Ngi ging cho h rng Hnh o c ngha l tun theo cc phm hnh ctn l: o c (Sila), B th (Dana), X (Pali: Uppekha Phn: Upeksha),Ly (Nekkhama), Tinh Tn (Virya), Nhn nhc (Khanti Ksanti), Chn Tht(Sacca Satya), Kin quyt (Adhithana Pranidhana), T Bi (Karuna),

Qung i (Metta- Maitri).

Cc tn gi hi Pht cc Hnh ny l th no. V c Pht li tip tc giithch cho h:

- o c(Sila), l ci tnh trnh lm iu c v ch lm iu thin, l sbit xu h khi lm iu sai tri. o c l s trnh lm iu c. o cl s lm iu sai tri.

- Ly(Nekkhamma), l s la b. L t b nhng khoi lc phm tc.

- B th(Dana), l cho i. L cng hin tt c: ca ci, mu v tay chn, vc thl c mng sng ca mnh, gip ngi khc m khng i his n b.

- Tinh Tn(Virya), l s n lc. L n lc ht mnh hon tt vic mnhphi lm. V khng bao gi c tng li bc.
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- Nhn nhc(Ksanti), l tnh nhn nhc, l lng khoan dung. Khng lyon tr on l ct li ca hnh Khoan dung. N ch t c nh tnh nhnnhc.

- Chn(SuccaSatya), l chn tht. Khng bao gi c ni di. Li ni raphi lun l s tht.

- Kin quyt(Adhithana Adhisthana), l qu quyt, l s kin quyt tc mc ch ca s, vic mnh t ra.

- T bi(Karuna), l lng yu thng n tt c mi ngi.

- Qung i(Metta Maitri), l thin tm vi tt c mi sinh linh. Khng

ch ring vi bn mnh, m vi c k th. Khng ch cho con ngi,m choc mi sinh vt.

-X(bnh thn) (Pali: Upekka Phn: Upeksa), l thanh thn, khc vidng dng. L tm trng khng thch khng ght. Khng ng lng v thnhqu, d vn d vo vic theo ui n.

Nhng phm hnh ny phi c thi hnh mt cch tuyt i. y l ti saochng c gi l nhng iu tt nh (Paramita Ba la mt a States of

Perfection)

Sau khi ging gii v o ca ngi v tt c nhng vic lin quan, Phthi cc v tn gi: C phi vic tr gii bn thn l nn mng ca s tt lnhtrong th gian khng? V h tr li, Ngi ni ng.

V ngi tip tc, C phi vic tr gii (gi gn tnh thanh khit) bn thn bngn tr bi nhng s tham lam, am m, v minh, s hy dit mng sng,trm cp, ngoi tnh v di tr khng? S tr gii bn thn c cn tch ly

y c tnh mnh m khng ch c nhng s t m y khng? Lmsao mt ngi c th l cng c ca tnh thin nu bn thn hn khngthanh khit? V h tr li, Tha, ng nh ngi ni.

Li na, ti sao ngi ta khng ng tm khi n l ha hay h hip ngikhc? Ti sao ngi ta khng ng tm khi gy kh au cho i sng cangi khc? Phi chng v ngi ta khng chn chnh trong cch hnh xvi mi ngi? V cc v tn gi p li ngi theo cch ph nh (ngha l

ng vi ngi nd).


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C phi nu ai cng sng theotm chnh o th mi s bt cng vbt nhn m con ngi vn to ra cho con ngi s khng cn? V cc vtn gi u tr li, Vng.

Chuyn nHnh o, Ngi hi, C phi cn chnh B th (Dana) gii tr mi kh au ca ngi ngho, i; v thc y mi s tt lnhkhng? Phi chng hnh T bi (Karuna) cn phi c gii ta s nghokh khp mi ni? C phi hnh Ly (Nekkhama) cn thit lm nhngvic v tha? Ri phi chng cn thit phi c hnh Bnh thn (Upekka) nlc dn thn, d khng mng n li ch c nhn?

Ri Pht li hi, Ta cn phi yu thng mi ngi, ng khng? H utr li, Vng.

Th th ti cn i xa hn na v ni rng, lng thng yu vn cha .iu cn thit y l lng Qung i (Maitri). N rng ln hn tnhthng. N c ngha l s tng thn khng ch gia con ngi vi conngi, m vi tt c mi sinh vt. N khng ch gii hn trong nhn loi.Nh vy khng l lng qungi khng cn thit? Ngoi n ra th cn c cig khc c th cng hin cho mi sinh vt nim hnh phc m ta mongmun cho bn thn; c th gi tm khng phn bit rng m n tt c; c

th ban pht tnh thng yu n mi ngi v khng ght b mt ai u?H u tr li, Vng.

Tng Pht Thch Ca th k th 4 Cng Nguyn. Bo tng Sarnath (Lc Uyn), n
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Nhng thc hnh c cc hnh ny li phi c Tr tu (Prajna Btnh). Th qu v thy tr tu c cn thit khng? Cc tn gi khng tr liPht. lm cho h phi tr li, Pht ging tip rng cc phm cht tt camt thin nhn l: Khng lm iu xu, khng c ngh xu, khng kim

sng mt cch xu xa. V khng ni iu g xu xa hoc c th lm tn hingi khc. H u ni, Vng iu ng.

Nhng c nn lm nhng vic thin mt cch m qung khng? Pht hi.V ngi ni lun, Khng c. Ch lm iu thin khng th khng . cPht gii thch cho cc tn gi: V nu nh th th mt a tr s sinh cngc th tnhn rng mnh ang lm vic thin hay sao? a tr cn chabit thn th n l g, th n cn lm c iu g bng thn th n tt hn

l vic p, lon x. N cha bit li ni l g, th n pht biu c iug tt hn l khc nh. N cha bit ngh l g ngoi vic khc cho . Ncha bit kim n bng cch no tt hn l b sa m, ni g n i lmnhng vic xu xa.

V th o hnh cn phi i i vi Bt Nh, tc l cch gi khc ca trthng minh v s hiu bit.

Ngoi ra cn c l do na cho s cn thit ca Bt nh Ba la mt (Prajna

Paramita Thng minh tuyt nh). Ta phi lp hnh B th. Nhng nukhng c Bt nh (thng minh, sng sut) th vic b th c th thnhphn tc dng. Ta phi thc hnh hnh T bi. Nhng khng cs sng sutth lng t bi dn d c th chiu dng tnh xu.

Ti thit ngh phi c nhng kin thc v nhn thc v cch c x xu xav cch n hnh thnh. Tng t, cng phi c kin thc v nhn thc vth no l c x ng, v th no l c x sai. Khng c ci kin thc thkhng th c vic hnh thin tht s, mc d vic ta lm c th l vic tt.y l ti sao ti ni Bt nh l mt tnh cht cn phi c.

Ri c Pht kt thc bui thuyt php ca ngi vi nhng iu rn sau ycho cc v tn gi. Ch v c th cho o php ca ti l bi quan, v n kugi s ch ca ngi ta n vic hin hu ca kh au. Ti xin ni vi quv rng nhn nh v o ti ch nh th l sai lm.

Qu tht l o ti quan tm vo s hin hu ca phin no, nhng ng

qun rng n cng nhn mnh tng ng n vic dit phin no. Trongo ti c c hy vng ln mc ch. Mc ch ca n l tr kh V minh,


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ngha l tm ngu dt khng hiu bit v s hin hu ca Kh. Cn vic chy vng l v n ch dn cch dit Kh cho con ngi. Qu v c ng vi iu khng? V cc tn gi tr li l c.

Vn Lc Uyn hin nay, Sarnath, vi thp Dhamekh

Nm v tn gi lc ng c rng y qu l mt o php mi. H b ntng mnh bi li tipcn mi m vi cc rc ri ca cuc i. n ni hng thanh pht biu rng, Trc nay cha c Minh s ca mt tn gio

no dy rng cn bn chn chnh ca o l vic nhn thc c s Khau ca nhn loi. V cha bao gi c mt v Minh s no dy rng dit khl mc ch chnh ca o nh ngi dy.

Cha bao gi mt phng php cu ri li c ra mt cch tht gind, khng c yu t siu thin nhin v siu nhn. Mt o php tht clp, hay c th ni l tht i nghch vi nhng php thng thng khchay t trng tm vo linh hn, vo Thng v vo cuc i sau khicht, nh phng php ny.

Trc nay th gian cha bao gi c mt o no khng dnh dng g nthin khi, tin tri huyn b; m cc iu rn dy ca o u xut pht tcc nhu cu cuc sng ca con ngi, ch khng t nhng cm iu caThn thnh; nh o ny.

Cha bao gi m s gii thot c hnh thnh t n hu hnh phc docon ngi t t c trong i ny, ci ny, bng li sng chn chnh,o c ca bn thn nh vy.
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y l cc cm tng m nm v Tn gi pht biu vi mi ngi sau khi hnghe c Pht thuyt ging v o php mi ca ngi. H thy c tngi mt nh canh tn vi nhng mc tiu nhn o chn chnh. Mt ngiy sng to v can m dm qu cm a ra mt quan nim tri chiu,

tc l ci hc thuyt v s gii thot ngay trong ci ny, trong kip ny, quavic tu chnh ni tm bng phng php t trau di v t kim sot.

Lng tn sng Pht ca h tht v hn, n ni h lp tc quyphc ngi vmong ngi nhn h lm t. c Pht nhn h vo ging tu ca ngibng cu cho n thnh ph thng, Ehi Bhikkave (Thin lai T khu,c ngha l Li y, T khu). T y h c gi l PanchavargiyaBhikkus, tc Nhm nm T khu kht s. V h lun tng thut li mt

cch t m cuc m o ny nh mt bi thuyt ging nhp tm cho cc t ca c Pht Thch Ca sau .

Hp vng ng 3 ngc X li ca c Pht Thch Ca do vua Kanisha (Ca Ni ScCa) ca triu i Kushan (Qu Sng) chn Kashmir (Ca Thp Si La) hi th k 1Cng nguyn. Ngi Anh tm c v mang v bo qun Mandalay, Min in tnm 1910
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