E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

E4S -project

UNIT1 FACTS

Chapter 2

Background of Crisis

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

Content

1. Basic needs in our life – secure life

2. What would you do?

3. Reasons for migration

4. Situation in Syria

5. Iraq, Afghanistan

6. Eritrea

7. Final excercise

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

We all need a secure life

1st excersise 5-10 minutes

Discuss in pairs about your needs!

• What are your needs generally?

• What are your needs and wishes today?

• Have you ever felt you are deprivated of anything?

Make a common class-wishlist, choose the 10 things what you (asstudents / as citizens / as human beings) would like to have.

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

This five-stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs. The first four levels are often referred to as deficiency needs (D-needs), and the top level is known as growth or being needs (B-needs).

The order of needs is not rigid but instead may be flexible based on external circumstances or individual differences.

Most behavior is multi-motivated, that is, simultaneously determined by more than one basic need.

Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

What would you do…

• If an armed conflict would outbrake in your country?

• If fresh water would be not available anymore in yourresidence?

• If health care services and medicines are would notprovided anymore in your country?

• If violent acts affecting the civilian population would become everyday?

2nd Excercise –10 minutes

Create small groups (3-4 students) and discuss

about possibleconsequences and

solutions of one of thesituations below.

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

Reasons for migration

People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, social, political or environmental:

• economic migration - moving to find work or follow a particular career path

• social migration - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends

• political migration - moving to escape political persecution or war

• environmental causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding

Some people choose to migrate, eg someone who moves to another country to enhance their career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, egsomeone who moves due to war or famine.

A refugee is someone who has left their home and does not have a new home to go to. Often refugees do not carry many possessions with them and do not have a clear idea of where they may finally settle.

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

Push and pull factors

UnemploymenetA lack of services oramenitiesPoor safety and securityConcerns about highcrime ratesCrop failureDroughtFloodingPovertyWar

Potential for employment

Better service provision

A safer atmosphere

Low crime rates

Fertile land

Good food suppliers

Less risk of natural hazards

Greater wealth or affluence

Political security

A more attractice climate

A more attractive quality of life

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

The vast majority arrived by sea but some migrants have made their way over land, principally via Turkey and Albania.

The conflict in Syria continues to be by far the biggest driver of migration. But the ongoing violence in Afghanistan and Iraq, abuses in Eritrea, as well as poverty in Kosovo, are also leading people to look for new lives elsewhere.

Source: https://www.iom.int/migration

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

SYRIA

• The ongoing Syrian Civil War was inspired by the Arab Spring revolutions.It began in 2011 as a chain of peaceful protests, followed by a crackdownby the Syrian Army. In July 2011, Army defectors declared the formationof the Free Syrian Army and began forming fighting units. The oppositionis dominated by Sunni Muslims, whereas the leading government figuresare generally associated with Alawites.

• According to various sources, including the United Nations, up to 100000people had been killed by June 2013, including 11000 children. Toescape the violence, 4,9 million Syrian refugees have fled toneighboring countries of Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Turkey. Anestimated 450 000 Syrian Christians have fled their homes. As the civilwar has dragged on, there have been worries that the country couldbecome fragmented and cease to function as a state.

• Nearly eight years since it began, the war has killed more than 480.000people. Crowded cities have been destroyed and horrific human rightsviolations are widespread. Basic necessities like food and medical careare sparse.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GSAOerzP9U

Source: https://www.mercycorps.org/articles/iraq-jordan-lebanon-syria-turkey/quick-facts-what-you-need-know-about-syria-crisishttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703856

2014

Population:

21,1 million

Life expectancy:

74/78 years

Area:

185 180 km2

Major religions:

Islam, Christianity

Currency:

Syrian pound

GDP/capita:

Estimared (2014):

2 000 $

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

IRAQ• Iraq has been ravaged in recent years by cycles of warfare, a growing refugee

crisis, crippling sectarianism, and the violent spread of the self-styled Islamic State extremist movement (also known as ISIS, ISIL or by its Arabic acronym, Daesh).

• In the past decade, Iraqis have made some progress in building their government—approving a constitution to replace that of the Saddam Hussein era, and holding successive elections for parliament and provincial governments. Still, governing institutions remain weak, and corruption and poverty endemic. The ISIS threat and rising violence compelled U.S. military advisors to return to the country in 2014, after having withdrawn in 2011.

• The continued weakness of governance in Iraq—along with ISIS’ seizure of much of northwestern Iraq and adjacent parts of Syria, and its recruitment of young Muslims worldwide—poses a long-term challenge to stability in the region and globally.

• The main reasons for emigration from Iraq (based on a research) are lack of security (general and personal), perceived lack of equality and social justice, and political instability. Economic instability was mentioned across all locations, but was considered secondary to security concerns in Baghdad.

Source: International Organization for Migrationhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14542954

2016

Population:

37 million

Life expectancy:

68/73 years

Area:

438 317 km2

Major religions:

Islam

Currency:

Iraqi dinar

GDP/capita:

4 609 $

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

AFGHANISTAN• Afghanistan has suffered from such chronic instability and conflict

during its modern history that its economy and infrastructure are in ruins, and many of its people are refugees.

• The Taliban, who imposed strict Islamic rule following a devastating civil war, were ousted by a US-led invasion in 2001 but have recently been making a comeback.

• The internationally-recognised government set up following the adoption of a new constitution in 2004 has struggled to extend its authority beyond the capital and to forge national unity.

• Nato-led foreign combat troops had the main responsibility for maintaining security after 2001, and the formal end of Nato's combat mission in December 2014 was followed by an upsurge in Taliban activity.

• Insecurity and Unemployment are the main factors which make Afghans to migrate to Europe.

Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12024253https://prezi.com/cc0iaatexrqi/afghan-refugee-migration/

2016

Population:

31,6 million

Life expectancy:

59/62 years

Area:

652 864 km2

Major religions:

Islam

Currency:

Afghani

GDP/capita:

561 $

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

• Eritrea won independence from Ethiopia in 1993 after a 30-year war.

• Bordered by Sudan, Ethiopia and Djibouti, it occupies a strategic area in the Horn of Africa but remains one of the most secretive states in the world.

• Tensions with Ethiopia remain high across a closed and heavily fortified border. The perceived threat of war is said to have been used by the government to clamp down on society. Brutal repression, including extrajudicial killings is forcing thousands to flee Eritrea.

• Eritrea is a one-party state, and its 1997 constitution - which provided for the existence of multi-party politics - has never been fully implemented. Military conscription is mandatory and indefinite.

• Prolonged periods of conflict and severe drought have adversely affected Eritrea's agriculture-based economy and it remains one of the poorest countries in Africa.

• Media beyond the state-sanctioned newspapers and broadcasters are non-existent.

• Outlets run by Eritreans overseas provide alternative sources of news but their reach is limited, not least because of very low levels of internet access. (1,3%)

• In late 2015, the government ordered all paper currency held by citizens be turned in to government banks within six weeks. In February 2016, the government decreed that payments exceeding 3,000 nakfa ($200) could only be made by check.

Eritrea

2016

Population:

5,6 million

Life expectancy:

63/67 years

Area:

117400 km2

Major religions:

Islam, Christianity

Currency:

Nakfa

GDP/capita:

No data

Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349395

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

And what are their backgrounds, needs and wishes?What do you think, what are the daily needs of these children? - 15 minutes

• Choose one from the pictures.

• Discuss in pairs (or small groups).

• Make notes, share your thoughts and final conclusion with the class

Syria

Iraq

Eritrea

Afghanistan

E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project

Sources• https://www.naija.ng/1110251-eritrean-womens-rights.html#1110251

• https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/667305/Half-unaccompanied-child-refugees-Europe-Afghan-Syrian

• https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/mission/emergencies/conflict/iraq/5-things-know-about-iraq-crisis/17376

• http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/syrian-refugees-school-turkey-151109101947670.html

• https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD

• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703856

• www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14542954

• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12011352

• https://www.hrw.org/tag/europes-migration-crisis

• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349395

• https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/eritrea#257149

• http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2015/9/560523f26/seven-factors-behind-movement-syrian-refugees-europe.html

• https://www.mercycorps.org/articles/iraq-jordan-lebanon-syria-turkey/quick-facts-what-you-need-know-about-syria-crisis

• http://www.unhcr.org/europe-emergency.html

• https://prezi.com/cc0iaatexrqi/afghan-refugee-migration/

• http://migrationdataportal.org/

Trebag, HungaryAnikó Vári PhD