ba malayalam - v sem core course -...

KZykmlnXyw

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

150

BA MALAYALAM

V SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

2

kvIqƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FUyp-t°-j≥

tImgvkv 10 KZykmlnXyw

Prepared by:

Dr. SREEJITH .G.,Assistant Professor,Malabar Christian College,Calicut.

Scruitnised by:

Dr. ANIL KUMAR .V.Professor & HeadDepartment of Malayalam & Kerala StudiesUniversity of Calicut

Layout by:Computer Section, SDE

(c)reserved

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA MALAYALAM

V SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

KZy-km-lnXyw

3



samUyqƒ 1 KZy-km-lnXyw ˛ kmam\y hnh-c-Ww,

amXr-Im-]m-T-ßƒ 5 - 14

samUqƒ 2 ae-bmf `m-j-bpsS B[p-\n-I-Imew 15 - 26

samUyqƒ 3 ka-Im-en-I-KZyw ˛ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ,

]pXn.b kao-]-\-ßƒ 27 - 31

samUypƒ 4 Poh-N-cn-Xw, Bfl-I-Y, bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww,

kvac--W-Iƒ ˛ amdp∂ ka-hm-Iy-ßƒ 32 - 36

D≈-S°w

4



5



KZy-km-lnXyw kmam-\y-hn-h-c-Ww, amXr-Im-]m-T-ßƒ

KZyw

hnImcßfpw hnNmcßfpw hn\nabw sNøm\p≈ D]m[nbmWv mj. CXn\v ]Zysa∂pw

KZysa∂pw hn`P\ßfp≠v. hrØ\n_≤amb hmMvabsØbmWv ]Zysa∂v hnfn°p∂Xv.

kzm`mhnIambpw hrØ\n_≤a√mØ hmMvabamWv KZyw. hy‡ambn ]dbpI F∂v

A¿Yap≈ KZv [mXphn¬\n∂v \njv]∂amb i_vZamWv hmkvXhØn¬ CXv.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ hy‡ambn hNn°p∂XmWv KZyw.

A£cßfpsS kwJy \nbXamb ]mZßƒ AYhm hcnIƒ, ]ZyØns‚

khntijXbmWv. Cu coXnbn¬ ]mZßfn√mØXmWv KZyw. t\csØ \n›bn®ncn°p∂

kºZmbØn¬ hcnIfn√mØXmWv KZysa∂v \nco£n°mw. ]mZclnXamb ]ZkwLmXamWv

KZysa∂v ZWvUn.

KZysØ hma\≥ \membn hn`Pn°p∂p≠v. ap‡Iw, hrØK‘n, DXvIenI, Nq¿WIw

F∂nhbmWv Ah. kamkßfn√mØ cN\sbbmWv ap‡Isa∂v At±lw t]cn v hnfn°p∂Xv.

CSbv°v Oµ v CSs]Sp∂XmWv hrØK‘n. Zo¿Lamb hmIyßƒ \n_‘n®ncn°p∂

cN\sbbmWv, At±lw DXvIenIsb∂v thdn v ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. efnXamb ]Zßfpw

eLphmb kamkßfpap≈ cN\bmWv Nq¿WIw.

KZyØn\v hmsamgnsb∂pw hcsamgnsb∂pw c≠v cq]ßfp≈Xmbn ImWmw. Chbn¬

hmsamgnbmWv H∂masØ cq]w. temIw kmaqlnIambpw kmwkvImcnIambpw hnIkn®t∏mƒ,

hnImcßfpw hnNmcßfpw tcJs∏SpØn kq£n°m≥ a\pjy≥ Is≠Ønb D]mbamWv

hcsamgnsb∂ c≠masØ cq]w. tcJs∏SpØm\p≈ kt¶XsØ en]nsb∂v hnfn°mw.

KZykmlnXyw

KZyØn¬ \n¿hln®ncn°p∂ k¿KmflIamb cN\bmWv s]mXpth KZykmlnXyw.

Oµ ne√msX FgpXnbncn°p∂ mh\m[njvTnXamb kmlnXysa∂v kq£vaambn \n¿hNn°mw.

a\pjys‚ hyhlmcØn\p≈ `mj A∂pw C∂pw KZyamWv. F∂m¬ ]gb

kmlnXyØn¬ KZykmlnXyØn\√, ]ZykmlnXyØn\mWv ap≥Xq°w. ]gb k¶ev]]Imcw,

]ZyØn¬ cNn°p∂Xv amXta kmlnXyamhpIbp≈q. KZyØn¬ FgpXp∂ KZykmlnXyw

DSseSpØXpw s]mXpkΩXn B¿Pn®Xpw hfsc sshInbmWv.

samUyqƒ H∂v

6



aebmfKZyhnImkNcnXw ˛ H∂mw JWvUw

ae-bm-f-K-Zy-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ Ncn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jWw \sΩ-s°m-s≠-Øn-°p-∂Xv

imk\ßfpsS hnim-e-tem-I-Øm-Wv. inemimk\w, sNºp-]- bw/ Xma-im-k\w/ sNt∏-Sv, Hme-

°-cWw XpS-ßnb tcJ-I-fmWv ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ ]mNo-\-amb cq]hpw mhhpw ]Tn-°m-\p-ff

BZysØ D]m-Zm-\-ßƒ. cmPm-°-∑mcpw ]`p-°-∑mcpw c-W-kw-_‘-amb Imcy-ßƒ hyhÿ

sNbvXn-cp∂ tcJ-I-fmWv Ch. AXm-bXv DS-º-Sn-Ifpw hnfw-_-c-ßfpw a‰pw. hyh-lm-c- m-j-bmb

ae-bm-f-Øn\v sN¥-an-gv, kwkvIrXw F∂n-h-tbm-Sp-ff _‘w Ch-bn¬ ]I-S-am-Wv. t£X-h-cn-

Iƒ, KŸ-h-cn-Iƒ XpSßnb tcJ-I-fm-Wv ]n∂sØ D]m-Zm-\-ßƒ. t£Xw, tImhn-eIw XpS-

ßnb CS-ß-fnse ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff tcJ-I-fmWv Ch. BZy-Imeßfn¬ Ch kwkvIr-

X-]-tbm-K-ß-sf-°mƒ sN¥angv ]tbm-K-ßƒ sIm≠v kar-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. hyh-lm-c- m-j-bmb

ae-bm-f-Ønse ]tbm-K-ßƒ ]n∂o-SmWv kwI-an-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

imk\ßƒ

inem-imk-\-ßfpw Xma-im-k-\-ßfpw 9˛mw \q‰m≠v apX¬ Xs∂ ]Xy-£-s∏- n-cp-∂p.

Akz-X-¥-L´w AYhm ]c-X-¥-L´w AkvX-an-°p-tºmƒ, AXm-bXv kwI-aWL´w Bcw- n-

°p-tºmƒ. Ch-bnse mj BZy-Im-e-K-Zy-ß-fpsS DØ-a-am-Xr-I-I-fm-Wv. tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS hI-

bmbn Cu kµ¿ -Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ Nne sNt∏-Sp-I-fmWv ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ BZy-ImeamXr-I-

Iƒ.

hmg∏n≈n imk\w

I≠p-In- n-bn- p-ff G‰hpw ]gb imk\w cmP-ti-J-cs‚ hmg-∏n-ffn imk-\amWv. Imew:

In. h. 830 (sIm.-h. 5). Cu I®w/ DS-ºSn hs -gp-Øn-emWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-ep-ff ani-

`mj ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ ae-\m- p-X-angv/ hyh-lm-c-Ø-ang,v ae-bm¨a-bmbn/ ae-bm-f--ambn amdm-\p-ff

shº¬ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv \ocn-£n-°mw. AXm-bXv, hc-sam-gn-bpsS cq]-Øn-tebv°v hnI-kn-°m≥

X° ]mI-Xbpw hf¿®bpw hmg-∏n-≈n-s®-t∏-Sns‚ ImeØv Chn-SsØ hyh-lm-c- mj t\Sn-bn-cp-

∂p.

hn⁄m-]-\m-fl-I-KZyw F∂ \ne-bn¬ hmg-∏n≈n imk\w, ]Zy-sØ-°mƒ ]g°w KZy-

Øn-\p≈ mj-bmWv ae-bmfw F∂v ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. ""\a-»n-hmb. io. cmPm-[n-cmP ]c-ta-iz-c- -

´m-cI cmP-ti-J-c-tZ-h¿°p-s®-√m-\n‚ bm≠p ]∂n-c≠p A∆m-≠p...'' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ hmg-∏n-≈n-

s®-t∏-Sn¬ Fgp-Xnb Bfns‚ ]Z-t_m-[-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v k‘nbpw Ahy-h-ÿ-bp-sa√mw ImWm-

\p-≠v. en]n-Zm-cn-Zyhpw CXn¬ ]I-S-amWv. hn⁄m-]-\-K-Zy-Øns‚ s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ß-fmb

sabv°o¿Øn, hkvXp-ÿn-Xn-kq-N-\, \n¿t±iw ewLn-°p-∂-h¿°p≈ in£, km£n-Iƒ F∂o

Awi-ß-sf√mw hmg-∏n≈n imk-\-Ønepw kmam-\y-ambn ImWmw.

BZnImew apX¬ Xs∂ tNc-\m- nse mj-bn¬ tZio-b-t`Zw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AØcw

tZio-b-t -Zta imk-\- m-j-bnepw ImWp-∂p≈q F∂p-amWv Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈ \nco-£n-

7



°p-∂-Xv. hmg-∏n≈n imk\w sN¥-an-gn-emWv Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≈-sX∂v At±lw hmZn-°p∂p. Cu

ImeØv ae-\m- p-X-angv Hcp ]tXy-I- m-j-bm-bn-Øo-cm-\p≈ kI-e-e-£-W-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®p-I-gn-

™ncp-∂-XmbmWv B ]T\w ka¿∞n°p∂Xv. ae-\m- nse imk-\-ßfpsS mj Xan-gm-sW∂

Kp≠¿ v- -tem-K≥˛tKm-]n-\m-Y-dmhp ]`r-Xn-I-fp-sS hmZ-ßsf JWvUn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Cfw-Ipfw Xs‚

hmZ-ßƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ Kth-jWw At\Iw taevhm-b-\-Iƒ°p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ sXfn-®n-Sp-∂p≠v.

F. Un. 9˛mw iX-I-am-Ip-tºm-tgbv°pw Xan-gns\ ewLn-°p∂ Hcp hyh-lm-c- mj ae-\m- n¬ cq]-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. hmg-∏n≈n sNt∏Sv Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈hbn¬ Xangv mj-bp-sSbpw hymI-c-W-

\n-b-a-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw 12- mw \q‰m-t≠msS AXv Ipd-™p-Ip-d-™p-h-cp-

∂p. \∂q-ense s]men, adphv, XpS-ßnb \nb-a-ßƒ kzmX-¥y-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-\n-anØw

"ae-\m- p-X-angv' cmP- m-j-bmb X\n-Ø-an-gn¬\n∂v Gsd amdn-t∏m-bn. Cu mj-sb-bmWv F. B¿.

sImSp-¥-an-sg∂pw Cfw-Ipfw sN¥-an-sg∂pw hnfn-®-Xv. Cßs\ Xan-gn¬\n∂p n∂-ambn ae-bm-

f-Øns‚ X\n-a-bn-tebv°v k©mcw Bcw- n® Hcp mj-bmWv imk-\-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ ae-\m- p-X-an-gns‚ hn`n-∂- m-jm-t -Z-k-a-\zn-X-amb Hcp ssieohXvIr-X- m-j-bn¬

Fgp-X-s∏´ HutZym-Kn-I-tc-J-I-fmWv imk-\-ßƒ. ]cn-Wm-a-hn-j-b-Øn¬ AXv kmln-Xy- m-jbv°p

]n∂n-em-bn-cp-∂p.

Zmhn-U-h¿Æ-am-e-bnse 12 kzc-ßfpw 18 hyRvP-\-ßfpw AS-ßnb hs -gp-Øn-emWv imk-

\-ß-sf√mw Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≈-Xv. hmg-∏n-≈n-s®-t∏-Sn¬ hs -gp-Øn\p ]pdta KŸm-£-chpw ImWp-

∂p-≠v.- kwkvIrXm£cw Fgp-tX≠n-S-ØmWv KŸm-£-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≈-Xv. en]n-hy-h-

ÿ, h¿Æ-am-e, ]Z-tImiw F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ imk-\- mj kwkvIr- m-j-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-

c-Øn-s‚bpw kzm[o-\-Øn-emWv \nev°p-∂-Xv. Xan-gn¬\n∂p amdn-sb-¶nepw hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ,

enwK-]-N-\-hn- -‡n-Iƒ, Ime-]-Xyb-ßƒ, hmIy-L-S\ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ AXv Xan-gn-t\m-

S-SpØp \nev°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ imk-\-ßƒ A∂sØ tIc-f-Ønse hyh-lm-c- m-j-

bpsS kz`mhw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w hc-sam-gn-bpsS IrXn-a-Xzhpw bmYm-ÿn-XnI-Xzhpw shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ÿmWp chn-h¿a-bpsS Xcn-km-∏-ffn imk-\-amWv as‰mcp imk-\w. Imew: In. h. 849

(sIm. h. 24). thWmSv cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ Aø≥ ASn-Iƒ, sIm√Øv Xcn-km-∏-ffn ]Wn-bm≥ qanbpw

a‰pw ssIam-dp-∂-Xn\v Xøm-dm-°nb ]am-W-amWv CXv. Ct∏mƒ tIm´bw henb ]f-fn-bn¬ kq£n-

®n-cn-°p∂ CXv Xs∂-bmWv tIm´bw sNt∏-Sv. hs -gp-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ CXns‚ apJy-

`mj sN¥-an-gm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-hm-°p-I-fpsS X’-a-cq-]-ßƒ CXn¬ ImWmw. DZm-l-cWw kzkvXn.

CSbv°v X¤-h-cq-]-ßfpw ImWmw. DZm-l-cWw `qan- - ]qan . Iq -Øn¬ hyh-lm-c- m-j-bnse

cq]-ß-fp-ap-≠v. h¿W-hn-Im-c-ßƒ kw -hn-®-hbpw kw -hn-°m-°-h-bpw. DZm-l-cWw Nssa®p

sImSpØ XpS-ßn-b-h.

8



10˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ tImX-c-hn-h¿a-bpsS c≠v DØ-c-tI-c-f-im-k\-ß-fp-≠m-bn. tNmIq¿ imk-

\hpw Xr∏-tßm´v imk-\-hpw. Cµp-t°m-X-h¿a-bpsS aqgn-°pfw imk-\hpw Xr°m°c imk-

\hpw h√- ≥ tImX-bpsS amº-ffn imk-\hpw Ihn-bq¿ imk-\hpw Cu KW-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]cn-

K-Wn-t°-≠-h-bm-Wv. hyh-lm-c- mj cmP- m-j-bpsS hymI-c-W-Øn¬ t]mepw CS-s]-Sp∂ ImgvN

ChnsS ImWmw, A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-]-kcw, Xme-hym-tZiw F∂nh shfn-s∏-Sp∂ cq]-ßƒ I≠-a-

m\-ap-≠v. sF©-gn- - sF-™mgn , c£n-Øp ˛ c£n®p apX-em-bh DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ.

11˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ mkvI-c-chnh¿a-bpsS s]cp-s\bn¬ imk\w, chn-h¿a-bpsS Xrs°m-Sn-

Øm\w imk\w apX-embh cq]-s∏- p. hyh-lm-c- m-j-bnse ]pcp-j-h-N-\-]-Xy-b-ß-fn-√mØ Inbm-

cq-]-ßƒ cmP- m-j-bn-tebv°v kwI-an-°p-∂Xv ChnsS ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ h∂n-cp-¥p ,

Ccp∂ apX-em-b-h. hyh-lm-c- mj IqSnb tXmXn¬ hymI-c-W-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-tXmsS cmP-

`mj ItaW inYn-eam-Im≥ XpSßn.

12˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ DZ-b-am¿Øm-WvU-h¿a-bp-sSbpw hoc-cm-a-h¿a-bp-sSbpw imk-\-ß-fmWv

]_--e-am-b-h. bYm-Iaw sIm√q¿ aTw imk\hpw shf-fm\n imk\hpw. ChnsS kwkvIr-X-

Øns‚ kzm[o\w IqSp-X-em-Wv. F∂m¬ hyh-lm-c- mj _en-jvT-amb coXn-bn¬ CS-s] v cmP- m-

jsb IS-∂m-Ian°p-∂p-≠v.

13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ hoc-tI-c-f-h¿a-bpsS Xncp-h√m imk\w cq]-s∏- p. ]q¿W-ambpw hyh-lm-

c- mj CS-s] v cmP- m-jsb XI¿°p-∂Xv CXn¬ ImWmw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ X\n-aebm-f-Øns‚

]m‡-\-cq-]-ßƒ ]eXpw CXn-ep-≠v. F∂m¬ hyh-lm-c- m-j-bp-sSbpw cmP- m-j-bp-sSbpw a[y-

h¿Øn-bmb Hcp mjm-co-Xn-bmWv ChnsS hnI-kn-°p-∂Xv.-

ae-bm-f-K-Zy-hnIm-k-N-cnXw ˛ c≠mw JWvUw

ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-N-cnXw c≠mw JWvUw ]Tn-°p-hm-\p-ff G‰hpw hne-s∏´

D]m-[n-Iƒ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°v \n¿h-ln® Nne

KZy-X¿P-a-I-fmWv Ch-bn¬ H∂m-asØ hn`m-Kw. c≠m-asØ hn`mKw IqØv, IqSn-bm´w XpS-ßnb

¢mkn-°¬ Zriy-I-em-cq-]-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v cq]-s∏´ Ia-Zo-]n-I-Ifpw B -]-Im-c-ß-fp-am-Wv.

Cu tÃPv am\z¬ am[y-a-ß-fnse mj-bpsS Omb-bp-ff mj ]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ Nne KZy-X¿P-

a-I-sfbpw c≠m-asØ hn`m-K-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. \ºym-¥-an-gn¬ cNn-®n- p-ff Nne KZy-Ir-Xn-I-

fmW,v Ch-bn¬ aq∂m-asØ hn`m-K-ambn hcp-∂Xv. Nne e£-W-K-Ÿ-ßfpw imkvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-

amWv \mem-asØ hn`mKw.

`mjmIuSeobw

H∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ IrXn mjm-Iu-Seobw Xs∂-bmWv.

IuS-ey≥/ NmW-Iy≥ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb IuS-eobw/ A¿Y-imkvXw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°v

X¿Pa sNbvX-XmWv IuS-eobw mjm-K-Zyw.- Ir-Xn-bpsS I¿Øm-hn-s\-∏‰n Xo¿®-bn√. mjm-Iu-

9



S-eo-b-Im-c≥ Hcp ssXh¿Æn-I-\m-bn-cn-°m-sa∂ CfwIpf-Øns‚ \nco-£-W-tØmSv kn. F¬.

B‚Wn Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Kth-j-I¿ tbmPn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1125˛1175 Ime-b-f-hn-emWv CXv cNn-®-sX∂v

A\p-am-\n-°mw. 12˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-N-cn-Xw- -c≠mw JWvUw Bcw- n-

°p-∂-sX∂v kmcw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ imk\ßfpsS Ime-amb 9˛mw \q‰m≠v apX¬ 13˛mw

\q‰m≠v hsc-bp-ff H∂mw JWvUØns‚ IrXy-amb XpS¿®-b-√ c≠mw JWvUsa∂v A\p-

am\n°mw.

ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ Ncn-XsØ kn.-F¬. B‚Wn aq∂v L -ß-fmbn hn -Pn-°p-∂p-≠v. Akz-

X-¥-L´w/ ]c-X-¥-L- w, kwI-a-W-L- w, kzX-¥-L´w F∂n-ß-s\. sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv kam-l-

cn® B[p-\nIaebmfkmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS F∂ _rl-ZvK-Ÿ-Ønse, `mjm-

KZyw F∂ ]Xn-s\m∂mw JWvU-Øn-emWv Cu hn -P-\w. Akz-X-¥-L´w/ ]c-X-¥-L- w,

tIcfob¿ sN¥-an-gn-epw kwkvIr-X-Ønepw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-cp∂ 9˛mw \q‰m≠v hsc-bp-ff Ime-

b-f-hmWv. 9˛mw \q‰m≠v apX¬ 17˛mw \q‰m≠v hsc, sN¥-an-gn-tebv°pw kwkvIr-X-Øntebv°pw

hyh-lm-c- mj \pg-™p-I-b-dnb L -amWv kwI-a-W-L- w. 17˛mw \q‰m≠v Ign™v kzX-¥-L- -

am-Wv. cmP- m-j-bmb AYhm HutZym-Kn-I- m-j-bmb sN¥-an-gv, ]fin-X- m-j-bmb AYhm htc-

Wy-km-ln-Xy- m-j-bmb kwkvIrXw F∂n-h-bpsS B[n-]-XysØ hyh-lm-c- mj inYn-e-am-°nb

L -amWv kzX-¥-L- w. Cu mjm-kw-I-a-W-hmZw ae-bm-f-Ønse KZy-]-ÿm-\-N-cn-X-Øns‚

s\Sp-¥qWv Xs∂-bm-Wv.

`mjm-kw-I-a-W-Im-esØ G‰hpw ]g-°-ap-ff KZy-Ir-Xn-bmWv mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw. CXv tIc-

f-Øn¬ am\-Io-I-c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-amb KZy- m-j-bpsS/ KZy-ssi-en-bpsS BZy-L- sØ ]Xn-\n-

[m\w sNøp∂ IrXn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]WvUn-X- m-j-bmb/ htc-Wy-km-ln-Xy- m-j-bmb kwkvIr-

X-Øns‚ kΩ¿±-ßsf mjmIuSeobw t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v.

`mcXw `cn-®n-cp∂ Nµ-Kp-]vX-au-cys‚ (In.ap. 321˛276) D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn-cp∂ IuSey≥

AYhm NmW-Iy≥ (hn-jvWp-Kp-]vX≥) kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb cmjvS-hyh-lm-c-im-kvX-K-

Ÿ-amWv A¿Y-imkvXw/ IuS-eobw. CXv 15 A[n-I-c-W-ßfpw 180 ]I-c-W-ßfpw tN¿∂-Xm-Wv.

CXns‚ mjm-hn-h¿Ø-\amWv mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw. H∂v apX¬ Ggv hsc-bp-ff A[n-I-c-W-ß-fpsS

hnh¿Ø\w amXta In´n-bn- p-f-fq. CXns‚ I¿Øm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v \nivN-b-an√. In.-h. 1125˛1175

Ime-b-f-hn-emWv CXv Fgp-Xn-b-sX∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw.

sN¥-an-gns‚ ]`mhw ]q¿W-ambpw AkvX-an-°mØ A¥-co-£-Øn-emWv mjmIu-S-eobw

hcp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ A[n-\n-thiw CXn¬ hy‡-ambn ImWmw. CXv km[m-c-W-

°m-cs\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp∂ hnh¿Ø-\-a-√. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ km£-c-X-bp-ff \yq\-]-

£sØ amXta CXv BI¿jn-°p-∂p-f-fq. aqe- m-K-ß-fn¬ Nne-sXms° hnh¿Ø\w sNømsX

hn´n-cn-°p-∂Xv cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ B kao-]\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. kwkvIr-X-tØm-Sp-ff hnt[-

bXzw cN-bn-Xmhv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠∂v kmcw. A∂v \ne-hm-c-s∏´ Hcp KZy- m-j-bpsS A`m-h-ap-

10



≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ s]mXpth kΩXn t\Sm≥ km[y-X-bp-ff Hcp k¶-c-ssi-en-bn-

emWv mjm-Iu-S-eobw Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ ae-\m- p-X-angv Hcp kzX-¥- m-j-bmbn ae-bm-f- m-j-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°m≥

shº¬ sIm≈p-∂-Xns‚ AS-bm-f-ßƒ mjmIu-S-eo-b-Øn¬ ImWmw. cmP- m-j-bmb Xan-gn-s‚bpw

]WvUn-X- m-j-bmb kwkvIr-X-Øn-s‚bpw kΩ¿±-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn Ch-bpsS Ie¿∏p≈ Hcp

h¿Æ-ame cq]-s∏- p-h-cp-∂Xpw mjm-Iu-S-eo-b-Øn¬ ImWmw.

a[y-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-KZyw ˛ B´-]-Im-c-ßƒ, Ia-Zo-]n-I-Iƒ, \ºym-¥-angv

`mc-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-imkvXw A\p-k-cn®v kwkvIr-X-\m-SIw A`n-\-bn-°p-∂-XmWv IqSn-

bm- w. CXv NmIym-∑mcpw \ßym-∑mcpw IqSn-bm-Sp-∂-XmWv. ]pcpj∑m-cpsS thjw NmIymcpw

kvXobpsS thjw \ßym-cp-amWv sI´n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. angmhv hmbn-°p-∂Xv \ºym¿. A`n-\-bn-°p-

hm≥ t]mIp∂ IY KZy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw \ºym¿ Xs∂. \mµn sNm√p-∂Xv \ºym¿. kqX-[m-

c-\mbn cwKØv hcp-∂Xv \ºym¿ Xs∂. cwKØv ]mSp-∂Xpw Xmfw sIm´p-∂Xpw \ßym-cmWv.

c≠mw tNc-km-am-Py-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb Ipe-tiJ-c-s∏-cp-amƒ, At±-l-Øns‚ kZ-ky-

\mb tXme≥ F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂mWv IqSn-bm´w ]cn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n\v apºv tIc-f-Ønse

_m“-Wsc amXw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvX Ie-bm-bn-cp∂p IqSn-bm- w. AS™ hyØ-Ønse

Ie Xs∂. F∂m¬ Ipe-ti-J-c-s∏-cp-amƒ CS-s]´v ]cn-jvI-cn-®tXmsS, 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n\v tijw

CXv Ipsd-sbms° s]mXp-k-aq-l-sØ A`nkwt_m-[\ sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. CXns‚ `mj-bn¬

Xs∂-bmWv At±lw Hcp ][m-\-]-cn-jvImcw \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv. hnZq-j-I≥ Dƒs∏sS Nne ]mX-

ßƒ ]mIrX-Øn¬ amX-a√, hyh-lm-c- m-j-bnepw kwkm-cn-°p∂ ioew Aßs\ h∂p. kwkvIr-

X-Øn¬ ]mho-Wy-ap-f-f-h-tcmSv amX-a√ IqSn-bm´w kwh-Zn-t°-≠-sX∂ P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-t_m-[-

amWv Cu ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn-®-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw IqSn-bm´w mjm-K-Zy-Øns‚

hf¿®sb \n¿Wm-b-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-®p.

At\-I-m- n\bamWv AXmbXv H∂n-e-[nIw t]¿ tN¿∂p-ff A`n-\-b-amWv IqSn-bm- w.

F∂m¬ NmIym¿IqØv GIm- n-\-b-am-Wv. NmIym¿ \S-Øp∂ ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]-kw-K-amWv IqØv.

NmIym¿ hnZq-j-Is‚ thj-Øn¬ h∂v en-X-c-k-tØmsS kwkvIr-X-t«m-I-ßƒ sNm√n hymJym-

\n-°pw. IqSn-bm- -Øn¬ hnZq-j-Is‚ en-X-c-k-tØm-sS-bp-ff s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-bp-≠v. Cu s]cp-am-‰-

coXn ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-Y-\-Øn\v th≠n hnI-kn-∏n-®-XmWv NmIym¿IqØ.v

cmP- m-j-bmb/HutZym-Kn-I- m-j-bmb sN¥-an-gn¬ hyh-lm-c- mj CS-s] v inYn-e-am-°p∂

]In-b-bn¬ NmIym¿IqØv IqSn ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. Aßs\ cq]-s∏´ \oN-cm-P- m-j-bn¬ ]n∂oSv

kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ kwI-aWw kw -hn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. NmIym¿IqØv hgn \nN-cm-P- mj-bn-tebv°v

kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ hmIy-_-‘-k-º-Zmbw kwI-an-°p-∂p-≠v. NmIym¿Iq-Øn-¬\n∂v mj-bv°p-

≠m-bn- p-ff KpW-K-W-ßƒ koam-Xo-X-am-sW∂v B¿. \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-°¿ (tI-cf`mjm-km-ln-

Xy-N-cnXw H∂mw- m-Kw) A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ChnsS Hm¿an-°mw.

11



I¿°-i-amb NS-ßp-Ifpw kt¶-X-ßfpapff ¢mkn-°¬ Iem-cq-]-ß-fmWv IqØv, IqSn-

bm´w XpS-ßn-b-h. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ thZn-bn¬ A\p-jvTn-t°≠ NS-ßp-I-fpw \n¿h-ln-t°≠

kt¶-X-ßfpw a‰pw IrXy-ambn hnh-cn-°p∂ tÃPv am\z¬, ¢mkn-°¬ Zriy-I-em-cq-]-ß-fpsS

khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. Ia-Zo-]n-I-bmWv B Iq -Øn¬ H∂m-a-tØ-Xv. Nne Nn -I-fn-te-bv°v- A-Yhm

Ia-ß-fn-tebv°v shf-n®w hoip∂ Zo]nI AYhm hnf°v Xs∂-bmWv Ia-Zo-]n-I. \So-\-S-∑m¿

]tXy-In®v hnZq-j-I≥ A\p-jvTn--t°≠ NS-ßp-Isf-°p-dn®pw CXn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. c≠m-

a-tØXv B´]Imc-am-Wv. BSp∂ ]Imcw hnh-cn-°p-∂-XmWv B -]-Im-cw. AXm-bXv B -]-

Imcw \So-\S-∑m¿°p-ff \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv.

a¥m-¶w, aØ-hn-em-kw, iq¿∏W-Jm¶w, Atim-I-h-\n-Im¶w XpS-ßnb ]e B -]-Im-

cßfpw I≠p-In- n-bn- p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw mjm-coXn hyXy-kvX-amWv. mjm-kw-I-a-

W-Ime-Øns‚ ]e kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ IqSn-bm- -Øn\v th≠n ]e Ihn-Iƒ cNn-®-XmWv Ch.sb∂v

A\p-am-\n-°mw. 9˛mw \q‰m≠v apX¬ 15˛mw \q‰m≠v hsc-bp-ff Ime-b-f-hn-emWv Ch-bpsS \n¿anXn

B -]-Im-c-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°-ap-f-fXv a¥m¶w Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cßs\ Df-fq¿ (tI-c-f-

km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw- -hmeyw H∂v) A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXnse mjm-coXn ]ga \nd-™-Xm-Wv. DZm:

tamZIw sIm≠v apºn¬ tXhsc sh®v tXhm-cn®v \ne-Øn-cp∂v Ccpfw sNm√n BZy-¥cw BSn-

s°m-ffq. F∂m¬ Ipsd-°qSn ]pXp-a-bp-ff mjm-co-Xn-bmWv Atim-I-h-\n-Im¶w ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-

∂Xv. DZm: ]oTw \o°n-bn´v DØ-cobw Ac-bn¬ sIń t]mbn \Jhpw sIń NmSn Acbpw

Xebpw apdp°n Nµ-lmkw sXm v Xe-bn¬ sh®v ta¬∏- bv°v Fdn-™p-]n-Sn®v hnf°Øv Nmcn-

\n∂v At√ iq¿∏-W-t-J, \nøv tXcn¬ Ibdnbmepw F∂v Imń he-tØm-t´bv°v Xncn-™p\n∂v

FS-tØm v t\m°n... a¥m¶w, Atim-I-h-\n-Im¶w F∂nh XΩn¬ \mtem At©m \q‰m≠pI-

fpsS A¥-c-ap-≠v. AXm-bXv kpZo¿L-amb Ime-b-f-hn-ep-ff ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ hf¿®-sb-bmWv

Ch km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

cmP- m-j-bn-tebv°v hyh-lm-c- mj Ie¿∂v \oN-cm-P- mj cq]-s∏- p. ]n∂oSv Cu \oN-cm-

P- m-j-bn¬ kwkvIr-X-Ønse ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßfpw hmIy-L-S-\-Ifpw Ie¿∂v ap°q´v mj-bm-bn.

CXv IqØv, IqSn-bm´w F∂n-h-bpsS B -]-Im-c-Ønepw Ia-Zo-]n-I-bnepw ]I-S-amb mj-bmWv.

CXv 13 apX¬ 15 hsc \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xnb Nne KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw mj-bmbn amdp-∂p-≠v.

DZmlcWw ZqX-hm-Iyw. I¿Ømhv A⁄m-X-am-Wv. alm- m-c-Xw DtZym-K-]¿hw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂

`K-h-±qXv Xs∂-bmWv ZqX-hmIyw KZy-Øns‚ Df-f-S-°w. kwkvIr-X-Ønse ZqX-hmIyw \mSIw

IqØn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ \S≥ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf Hmtcm kµ¿ -Ønepw \n¿t±-in-®mWv

`mjmZqX-hmIyw cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

km[m-c-W-P-\-ßsf e£y-am°n \ºym-∑m¿ ]pcm-W-I-Ym-I-Y\w \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp∂p. CXmWv

]mTIw. 14˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]q¿∆m¿[-Øn-emWv CXns‚ Acßv Bcw- n-®-Xv. CXn\v th≠n \ºym-

∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂-Xv IqØv, IqSn-bm´w F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb mj-bmWv. CXmWv

12



\ºym-¥-angv. hn -‡y-¥-a-√mØ kwkvIr-X-amWv \ºym-¥-an-gn-ep-f-f-Xv. 14˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-

cm¿[-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb eoem-Xn-eIw H∂mw inev]w \ºym-¥-an-gn-s\-∏‰n N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠vv. `mjm-

kw-kvIr-X-tbmtKm aWn-]-hmfw F∂v aWn-]-hm-fsØ \n¿h-Nn® tijw, eoem-Xn-e-I-Im-c≥

]q¿h-]-£-Øns‚ kwi-b-ßƒ°v DØcw \evIp-∂Xv ImWmw. kwkvIr-X-hn- -‡y-¥-a-√mØ

ImcWw am¿Zw-Kn-I-∑m-cpsS Xangv AYhm \ºym-¥-angv, aWn-]-hm-f-a-s√∂ \ne-]m-Sm-Wv AhnsS

At±lw kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F¶nepw IqØv, IqSn-bm´w `mj-t]mse ]mTIw `mj AYhm

\ºym-¥-angv kwkvIr-X-]-Z-_-lp-e-a√. IqØv, IqSn-bm´w F∂nh ]N-cn-∏n® kΩn-i- m-jsb/

ap°q v mjsb km[m-c-Wo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]mT-I-Øn\v Ign-™p. 14 apX¬ 17 hsc Cu mj-bmWv

KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]I-S-am-b-Xv.

_“-m-WvU-]p-cm-Ww, Aw_-cotjm-]m-Jym-\w, \tfm]mJym\w, tZho-am-lm-flyw F∂n-h-

bmWv \ºym-¥-angv am[y-a-am-°nb ][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. kK-c\v XS- -an-√msX cmPyw cn-°p-hm≥

Ipe-Kp-cp-hmb hkn-jvT-a-l¿jn `Z-Zo-]-]-Xn-jvTm-hXw D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-XmWv _“m-WvU-]p-cm-

Ww KZy-Øns‚ CXn-hr-Øw. GIm-Z-io-h-X-Øns‚ amlmflyw ]ta-b-am-°nb KZy-amWv Aw_-

cotjm-]m-Jym-\w. CXn¬ Atbm[ym-cm-Pmhv Aw_-co-j\v, hkn-jvT-a-l¿jn GIm-Z-io-hXw A\p-

jvTn-°m≥ D]-tZ-in-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. \fs‚ NcnXw h¿Wn-°p∂ KZy-Ir-Xn-bmWv \tfm-]m-

Jym-\w. alm-hn-jvWp, inh≥ F∂n-h-cpsS tXP- n¬\n∂v Dcp-hmb alm-a-bsb ]Io¿Øn-°p-

I-bmWv tZho-am-lm-flyw sNøp-∂-Xv. _“m-WvU-]p-cmWw KZy-Ir-Xn°v Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-

bn¬, ]n.-hn. them-bp-[≥]n-ff _m“-W-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS t]c-W-sIm≠v Icp--∏n-Sn®-XmWv Cu

KZy-Ir-Xn-°q- -sa∂v \nco-£n-°p-∂p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ CXn\v am[y-a-am-Ip∂ KZyw

lnµp-K-Zy-am-Wv.

Aw_-cotjm-]m-Jym-\w

A⁄mX-I¿Xr-I-amb cN-\-bmWv Aw_-co-tjm-]m-Jym\w. CXn¬ kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ AXn-

]-kcw ImWm-\n-√. F. Un. 14- mw iX-I-Øns‚ A¥y-Øn-em-IWw CXns‚ \n¿Ωm-Ww. GIm-Z-

io-am-lm-fly-h¿Æ-\-amWv CXnse ]Xn-]m-Zyw. C°m-eØv sshjvW-h-a-X-Øn-\p-≠mb ]Nm-c-

Øns‚ AS-bmfw IqSn-bmWv Aw_-co-tjm-]m-Jym\w. hknjvTal¿jn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v

Aw_-co-j≥ GIm-Z-io-h-X-a-\p-jvTn°p-∂Xpw Cµ-\n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v Zp¿∆m-kmhv AXp apS-°m≥

ian-°p-∂Xpw Ah-km\w Aw_-co-js‚ hXw ]cn-k-am-]vXn-bn-se-Øp-∂XpamWv IY.

\ºym-¥-an-gnse ]e khn-ti-j-]-tbm-K-ßfpw Cu cN-\-bn¬ IrXy-ambn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-

∂p-≠v. "Aam-Xy-]p-tcm-ln-X-cm¬ ]cn-hr-X-\m-bn- n-cn-t∂m≥', "AsX-bp-a√', "B\-Ø-e-h-ßƒ' XpS-

ßn-bh DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. Ac-ßn¬ km£m-XvIm-c-ap≈ ]mT-I-Øns‚ `mj-bmWv \ºym-¥-an-gv.

kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \ºym-¥-angv mj-bpsS Omb-bn-ep≈ Aw_-co-tjm]m-Jym\w Gsd mh-kw-

t]-j-W-km-[y-X-I-fp≈-XmWv. Zmhn-U-Øn-sebpw kwkvIr-X-Øn-sebpw At\Iw h¿W-ßƒ

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv Aw_-co-tjm]m-Jym\w. Zan-U-kw-LmXmIvjc\n-_-≤-amb ]m´p-]-ÿm\w

13



cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]Zy-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amWv Cu KZy-kw-kvIm-c-Ønse kzc-hy-

RvP\-L-S-\-sb∂v kmcw. kwkvIrX-]-Z-ßƒ CXn¬ I≠-am-\-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ hn -‡y-¥-kw-

kvIrX]Z-ßƒ/kwkvIr-X-hn- -‡n-I-fn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ kwkvIrX]Z-ßƒ ImWp-∂n-√. A\p-

\m-kn-ImXn-]-kcw GI-tZiw ]q¿W-am-bn-Øs∂ CXn¬ ImWmw. DZm: sNm∂m≥, h∂m≥, sNm∂p,

h∂p. F∂m¬ ‚ tN¿∂ cq]-ßƒ am‰-an-√msX Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. DZm: sXmSn‚, ImWn‚,

Acp-fn‚, HgpIn‚. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ ]Xybw CXn¬ ‚ Xs∂-bm-Wv. DZm: sXmSn‚,

ImWn‚, Acp-fn‚, H-gp-In‚. ]pcp-j-]-Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿∂ Inbm-cq-]-ßƒ CXn¬ ImWmw. DZm:

sNm∂m≥, h∂m≥. tNcmØ Inbm-cq-]-ßfpw ImWm-w. DZm: sNm∂p, h∂p. hmsam-gn-cq-]-ßƒ

Aw_-co-tjm]m-Jym\Øn¬ \nct∏ ImWmw. DZm: H≈ (D-≈), FSw (C-Sw), Csd®n(C-d-®n),

shdIv (hn-d-Iv) iIw (N-Iw), alm-shen (a-lm-_-en). kap-®-b-Øns‚ ]Xybamb Dw tNcp-

tºmƒ A\p-kz-mc-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ cq]amsW-¶n¬ a Imcw amdn h Imcw hcp-∂Xv

ImWmw. hwiw + Dw- = hwiapw F∂v hcmsX hwihpw F∂v hcp-∂Xv DZm-l-c-Ww. hmIy-Øns‚

LS-\-bn¬ kwkvIr-X-kzm-[o\w ]I-S-ambn ImWmw. hnti-j-Ww, hntijyw F∂nh XΩn-ep≈

s]mcpØw DZm-l-c-W-amWv. Rm≥ ]pWysØ hnjvWp-hns\ hnNm-cn-®nXp. ]pWy-sØ, hnjvWp-

hns\ F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ s]mcpØw it≤-b-am-Wv.

\ºym-¥-angv IrXn-I-fpsS tiWn-bn¬ G‰hpw ]ap-J-amWv Aw_-co-tjm]m-Jym\w. Cu

IrXn-bn-epƒs∏sS \ºym-¥-an-gn¬ hn -‡y-¥-kw-kvIrX]Z-ßƒ ImWp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ CXv

aWn-]-hm-f-a-s√∂v, ]q¿h]£-Øn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn-bmbn eoemXneI-Im-c≥ ]Jym]n-°p-∂p-≠v.

_m“-W-an-j-W-dn-am-cpsS t]c-W-bn¬ cq]-s∏´ lnµp-K-Zy-sa-∂mWv \ºym-¥-angvKZysØ _“m-

WvU-]p-cmWw Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬(1977) ]n.-hn.-th-em-bp-[≥]n≈ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. InkvXy≥ anj-W-

dn-am-sc-t∏mse aX-]-Nm-c-W-Øn\v th≠n-bp≈ kwL-Sn-X-amb iaw _m“-W¿ \S-Øn-bn- n-s√∂v

\nco-£n®v Ct±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]mbsØ sI. -Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿ X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p-≠v.

ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ c≠mw JWvUw hnIm-k-N-cn-X-Ønse \mem-a-sØ D]m-Zm-\-amWv e£-

W-K-Ÿ-ßƒ. DZmlcWw eoem-Xn-eIw. 14˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿[-Øn¬ cq]-s∏´ CXv ]m v,

aWn-]-hmfw F-∂n-hsb \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXns‚ mj-kw-kvIr-X-amWv. F∂m¬ BZysØ

aq∂v inev]-ßƒ A∂sØ cmP- mj, \oN-cm-P- mj, hyh-lm-c- m-j F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v km£y-

-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn-te-bv°p-ff kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ ]k-c-Whpw eoem-Xn-eIw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂Xv ImWmw.

\mem-asØ D]m-Zm-\-ß-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ imkvX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xncp-h-f-fp-

h-cpsS Xncp-°p-dƒ KZy-]-cn- mj, tPymXnj]fin-X≥ ag-aw-Kew i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS aplq¿Ø-

]-Zhn XpS-ßnbh DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠nse a‰v KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fmWv If-cn-hn-Zy, kwKo-X-

imkvXw XpS-ßn-b-h. ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v Ch \√ t]mj-I-ß-fm-bn.

14



aebmf- m-jmKZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-N-cnX-Øn¬ imk-\-ßƒ°pw mjm-Iu-S-eo-b-

Øn\pw tijw _“m-WvU-]p-cm-Ww, ZqX-hmIyw XpSßnb a[y-Ime BJym-\-ßƒ°v Gsd

]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. \ºym-¥-angv F∂pw am¿±w-Kn-I-∑m-cpsS Xangv F∂pw t]cn- p- hn-fn-°m-hp∂ Ah

cwK-I-e-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn-®-h-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv ae-bmf`mj AXns‚ hnIm-k-N-

cnXØn¬ tIhew Hcp im_vZn-I-hym-]mcw amX-am-bn HXp-ßnbn-cp-∂n-√; Zriy-]-cXbpsS Bi-

bm-h-en-I-sf-°qSn hf¿®m-aq-e-I-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

15



ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS B[p-\n-I-Imew

1498- ¬ t]m¿®pKokv \mhn-I-\mb hmkvtIm-Un-Kma tImgn-t°m-Sn\v hS°v Im∏mSv h∂p.

Aß-s\-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ hntZ-in-IfpsS A[n-\n-thiw Bcw- n-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv U®p-Imcpw ^©p-

Imcpw h∂p. XpS¿∂v Cw•n-jp-Imcpw. Ch-cn¬ I®-h-S-°m¿ amX-a-√, anj-W-dn-amcpw Dƒs∏- n-cp-

∂p. I®-h-S-am-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS apJy-amb e£yw. F∂m¬ ItaW InkvXp-aX]Nm-cWw Ch-

cpsS apJy-amb C\-ambn-Øo-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw ]PIfpw kln-jvWp-X-tbm-sS-bmWv

hWn-°p-I-sfbpw ]mXn-cn-am-scbpw kzoI-cn®v t]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. anj-W-dn-am¿ \√-hÆw

ae-bmfw ]Tn-®p. Ah¿ Hcp-]mSv \n¿Wm-b-I-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In. Ah ae-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚

hnIm-k-N-cn-X-Ønse \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fm-bn.

ae-bm-f-K-ZyhnIm-k-N-cnXw ˛ aq∂mw Jfiw/anj-WdnKZy-N-cnXw

1599- ¬ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv kw -hn-®p. knt\m-tZmkv (synodos) F∂ Ko°v ]Z-

Øn¬ \n∂mWv kq\-l-tZmkv F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ \njv]-Øn. CXns‚ A¿Yw alm-k-tΩ-f-\-sa-

∂m-Wv. InkvXpaX-Ønse A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ (153 t]¿), hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ (660 t]¿)

F∂n-h-cmWv almktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Isf am¿∏m-

∏-bpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn\v Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p kq\-l-tZm-kv. 7 Znh-k-ß-fn¬

9 tbmK-ß-fmWv \S-∂-Xv. kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ AwKo-Imcw t\Snb ]ta-b-ß-fmWv/ \nb-a-ß-fmWv

It\m-\-Iƒ. \nb-a-ßƒ XpS-°-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv t]m¿®pKoknem-Wv. ]n∂oSv ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. Cu 267 It\m-\-Iƒ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS hI-bmb BZyKZy-am-Wv. hnh-¿Ø\w

\n¿∆-ln-®Xv ]≈p-cp-Øn-°m-c≥ bmt°m_v IØ-\m-cm-sW∂v Nne¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬

Cu ZuXyw Gs‰-Sp-ØXv sIm®n cq]-X-bnse Hcp kwLw sshZn-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv kvIdnbm

k°-dnb \nco£n-°p-∂-Xv.

amXyqkv ]mXncn tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv (Hortus Malabaricus) AYhm tIc-

fm-cmaw cNn-®p. CXv tIc-f-Ønse kky-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ KŸ-amWv. 12 hmey-ßƒ.

791 NnX-ßƒ. sIm®n-bnse U®v Kh¿W¿ sl‚nIv hm‚oUv Cu KŸw ]cn-jvI-cn®v ]kn-≤o-

I-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ]mc-º-cy-ssh-Zy-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ s]´ C´n A®p-X≥ IqSn kl-I-cn®v 1678˛¬

H∂mw hmeyhpw 1693- ¬ c≠m-w hm-eyhpw ]Im-in-∏n-®p.

sIm√w (1578), sIm®n (1579), ssh∏n≥ tIm´ (1602), Aº-g-°mSv (1663) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

anj-W-dn-am¿ A®Snime-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. InkvXo-bX-Xzw, InkvXo-b-h-W°w XpS-

samUyqƒ c≠v

16



ßnb IrXn-Iƒ Ah¿ A®-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. B ImeØv Xs∂ cq]-s∏´ tIc-f-N-cn-Xw, tIc-tfm¬]Øn

XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fn¬ kzX-¥-amb KZyw ImWmw.

18 -˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ H∂mw ]Ip-Xn -bn¬ A¿tWmkv ]mXncn Hcp ae-bmfw-˛

t]m¿-®p-Kokv \nL≠p cNn-®p. H∏w Hcp hym-IcWKŸhpw. ]ueo-\n-tbmkv ]mXncn IqZmi

]pkvXIw, Znhy-⁄m\w e`n-°m-\p≈ kcWn XpS-ßnb KZy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Fgp-Xn. kwkvIr-X-]-

fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂p Ct±-lw. 18- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ ¢a‚ v ]mXncn ae-bmf-\n-L≠p

cNn-®p. t\c-sØ-Xs∂ Ct±lw InkvXp-a-X-X-Xz-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]t_m-[-\-K-Ÿw Xøm-

dm°n A®-Sn-®n-cp∂p. AXm-bXv kwt£-]th-Zm¿Yw (1722). CXv aebmfw en]n-bn¬ apZWw

sNbvX BZysØ IrXn-bm-Wv. Kpcphpw injy\pw XΩn-ep≈ kwhm-Z-Øns‚ LS-\-bn-emWv CXv

Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A∂sØ hyh-lm-c- m-j-bpsS AS-bm-f-ßƒ CXn-¬ ImWmw.

1768- ¬ Imcn-bm-‰n¬ Hutk∏v IØ-\m¿ thZ-X¿°w cNn-®p. InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-

bn¬ s]mXpth ]I-S-am-bn-cp∂ sFIy-an-√m-bva, OnZ-hm-k\ F∂n-hsb Zqco-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-

cp∂p CXns‚ e£yw. 1786- ¬ ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmΩm IØ-\m¿ h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw cNn-®p.

CXv ae-bm-f-Øn-se BZy-bm-Xm-hn-h-c-W-am-Wv. Imcn-bm-‰n¬ Hutk∏v IØ-\mcpw ]mtd-Ωm-°¬

tXmΩm IØ-\mcpw IqSn \S-Ønb tdmam-bm-X-bpsS hnh-c-W-amWv CXv. km[m-cWhyh-lm-c- m-

j-bpsS cq]-amb KZyw khn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-c-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ NqSpw Nqcpw

\jvS-am-Ip-∂n-s√∂v Cu IrXn-Iƒ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.

s¢a‚ v ]mXncn F∂v tIcfØn¬ DS\ofw Adnbs∏´ncp∂ s¢a‚ vv ]nbm\nbkv F∂

C‰menb≥ anjWdnbpsS hnJymXamb IrXnbmWv kwt£]thZm¿Yw. 1772˛¬ tdmanse

_lp`mjmapZmebØn¬ A®Sn® aebmf]pkvXIamWv CXv. eØo≥ `mjbnep≈ Hcp

io¿jI\maw s¢a‚ v ]mXncn CXn\v \evInbn´p≠v. compendiosa legis explictio

omnidus christianis scitunecessaria F∂mWv CXns‚ eØo≥ t]cv. BZysØ

]Zw aebmfoIcn®v ]ecpw CXns\ Iptº¥n F∂v hnfn°mdp≠v. At\Iw ]mTßfmbpw

ImWvUßfmbpw hn`Pn®mWv CXv cNn®ncn°p∂Xv.

aebmfen]nbn¬ apZnXamb BZysØ IrXnbmWv kwt£]thZm¿Yw F∂v s]mXpth

A`n]mbap≠v. CXn¬ 270 ]pdßƒ ImWmw. tdman¬sh®v aebmfw-A®pIƒ \n¿an®v

A®Sn®n´p≈ ]pkvXIamWnXv. BZysØ ]pdØn¬, \kmWnIƒ Hs°bpw Adnsb≠p∂

kws£]thZm¿Yw F∂v ]pkvXI\maw hntijWtØmsS tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. injy\pw

Kpcphpw XΩnep≈ ]ivt\mØcnbmbmWv CXv Nn´s∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. A∂sØ a‰v

IrXnIfpambn XmcXays∏SpØptºmƒ, CXn¬ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂ KZyw ip≤amWv.

h¿Øam-\-∏p-kvXIw AYhm tdmam-bmX ˛ ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m¿

a\p-jy≥ Ahs‚ AXn-Po-h-\-Øn-\p-th≠n \S-Ønb alm-bm-X-Ifpw Ah-sb-°p-dn-®v ]e

am[ya-ß-fn-¬ Dcp-Øn-cn™ BJym-\ßfpamWv k©mcIY\ßfpsS XpS°w F∂p ]dbmw.

17



]nev°m-eØv, temIsaºmSpw tImf-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂ e£y-tØmsS qJ-WvU-ß-fn-eqsS

A[n-\n-th-i-I¿ \S-Ønb kml-kn-I-bm-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-W-ßfmWv \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ime-ØmWv ÿe-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-X-e-ßƒ a\p-jys\ BI¿jn-°m≥

XpS-ßn-bXpw Ah-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bfl-\n-jvThpw `mhm-fl-Ihpamb -hn-kvXm-c-ßƒ kmln-Xy-

Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xpw. "tKmƒUvkvan-Øns‚ "Smh-e¿' F∂ k©m-c-Ir-Xn-sb-

∏‰n Um_nƒ \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-cWw Cu kµ¿ -Øn¬ it≤-b-am-Wv: ""Hcp Ihn-sb-t∏mse

k©m-cnbpw Bev]vkns‚ Db¿∂ tImWn¬\n∂v X\n°p ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-ambn ]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb q]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-Isf ho£n-°p-Ibpw

Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p''(Sn. Pn. am[-h≥Ip- n, 2008 : 823). ÿe-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-chpw

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kuµ-cym-fl-I-hp-amb temI-t_m-[-ßsf tImUo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ hnth-Ihpw

HuNn-Xy-t_m-[-hp-ap≈h\mWv Hcp k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥ F∂¿∞w. kwkvIr-X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS

kzm[o\-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠mb ktµ-i-Im-hy-ß-fmWv D-Æp-\o-en-k-tµ-iw, tImI-k-tµ-iw˛

ÿem-Jym-\-ßfpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ BZyw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ KZy-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏´

BZysØ k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-IrXn ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m-cpsS h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw AYhm

tdmam-bmX BWv.

1790˛\pw 1799˛\pw CS-bn-emWv h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw AYhm tdmam-bmX cNn-°-s∏- Xv.

]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m¿ (1736- 99) aX-]-c-amb Xs‚ ZuXyw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-

ambn, kplr-Ømb Icn-bm-‰n¬ tPmk^v aev]m(1742- 86)-t\m-sSm∏w \S-Ønb tdmam-bm-X-bpsS

hnh-c-W-amWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en-°¿°v ]c-tZ-in-I-

fmb aX-ta-[m-hn-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≠mb ]oU-\-ßƒ t]m¿®p-Kokv c-W-Iq-S-sØbpw am¿∏m-∏-sbbpw

Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn\p ]cn-lmcap≠m-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p B bmX. Aßs\-

h-cp-tºmƒ B bmXbpw AXns‚ hnh-c-W-amb h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw AYhm tdmam-bmX tIc-

f-Ønse ssIkvX-h-cpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-cm-jvSobPohn-X-Øns‚ tcJ IqSn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Cu

KŸ-Øns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠p mKhpw tIc-f-Ønse am¿tØmam InkvXym-\n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-

c-W-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.

78 A≤ym-b-ß-fp≈- (A≤ym-b-Øn\v "]Zw' F∂ t]cmWv tXmamIØ\m¿ \evIp-∂-Xv)

bmX-mhn-h-c-W-K-Ÿ-amWv h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw AYhm tdmam-bmX. mc-X-Øn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏ v

(Ir-Xy-ambn ]d-™m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ \o≠q¿ F∂ ÿe-Øp-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v), sX°v tXmhmf

hgn aZn-cm-in-bn-seØn Ahn-sS\n∂v I∏¬ Ib-dp-∂p. (Cu hnhcWßƒ 17 apX¬ 25 hsc 9

A≤ym-ß-fmbn KŸ-Øn¬ ImWmw.) B^n° Np‰n A‰vem‚nIv kapZw IS∂v sXt° Ata-cn-

°-bnse _koens‚ Xocwhsc sN∂-Xn-\p- ti-j-amWv bmXn-I¿ t]m¿®p-K-en-se-Øp-∂Xv.

At\Iw kpdn-bm-\n-∏-Z-ßfpw bqtdm-]y≥ mjm-]-Zßfpw kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ßfpw ]mNo-\-a-e-

bm-f-]-Z-ßfpwsIm≠v kar-≤-amWv h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw. \km-Wn, kl-Zm, I¥o-i-ßƒ

18



(kpdn-bm-\n), Im∏, Ipcn-ip, ]c-s¥-kv, ]mXncn (bq-tdm-]y≥ `mjm-]-Z-ßƒ), thZw, hnizmkw

(kw-kvIr-Xw), ASm-Ø, \Sp°m¿, Ad-∏p-sI-SpI (]m-No-\-a-e-bmfw) F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ.

"KŸ-Im-cs‚ \nco-£-W-]m-S-hw, XymPy-Km-ly-hn-th-N-\-km-a¿∞yw, hnh-c-W-ssh-ZKv[yw apX-

emb kn≤n-Iƒ°v Fhn-sSbpw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ ImWmw. kwkvIr-X-]-[m-\-amb Hcp ssien-b√

At±-l-Øn-\p-≈-Xv, ]XypX A∂sØ k¿°m-sc-gp-Øp-Ip-Øp-I-fnepw a‰pw ]Np-c-]-Nm-c-am-bn-

cp∂ HcpXcw `mjm-co-Xn-bm-Wv... BsI-°qSn, `mj-bnse BI¿j-I-amb Hcp KZy-KŸw F∂-

Xn\p ]pdta, A°m-esØ tZi-N-cnXw, kap-Zm-b-N-cnXw XpS-ßnb hnh[ hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n A\yX

Akp-e- -amb hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ `WvUm-Kmcw F∂ \ne-bnepw h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw \ΩpsS

ka-K-amb «mLsb A¿ln-°p∂p' F∂v D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿ \nco-£n-®n- p≠v ( hmfyw

aq∂v : 676).

tUm. ]n. sP. tXma-kpw C°mcyw kqNn-∏n-®n- p≠v: ""At±lw (]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-

\m¿) Fgp-Xnb h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw AYhm tdmam-bmXbnse `mj ]uVhpw h¿Æ-\-Iƒ

ckm-h-l-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p... amX-a-√, bqtdm-∏v, Ata-cn°, B^n° F∂o qJ-WvU-ß-fn¬ At±lw

I≠ \K-c-ß-sfbpw A¤p-X-I-c-amb ImgvN-I-sfbpw h¿Æn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnti-j-]m-Shw ]Z¿in-

∏n-®n- p-ap-≠v''(1935 : 154˛57).

""G. Un. 18- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ kzX-¥-a-e-bm-f-KZyw FX-tØmfw hnI-kn-®n-

cp-∂p-sh∂v Kln-°m≥ Cu KŸw(h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw AYhm tdmam-bmX) ]tbm-U-\-]-Z-

am-Wv... CXnse KZy-ssien A¢n-jvShpw ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hyh-lm-c-cq-]-tØmSv ASp-Øp-\n-ev°p-∂-

Xp-amWv''(kn. F¬. B‚-Wn, 1958 : 748).

KZy-c-N-\-I-fpsS ]Xm-]-Imew : hntZ-i-an-j-W-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

1705˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n® e≠≥ anj-\nse dh: aoUv hnZym- ymk ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ XmXv]-cy-ap≈ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. N¿®v anj¨ skmssk‰n (kn.- Fw. F-kv.) 1813 ¬

tIm -b-sØmcp tImtfPv ÿm]n-®p. Cu tImtf-Pns‚ amK-kn-\n-emWv ae-bm-f-Øns‚ BZy-t\m-

h¬ A®-Sn®p h∂-Xv. Ah¿ Hcp skan-\m-cnbpw ÿm]n-®p. CXns\ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂mWv kvIqƒ

ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xs∂ sX°≥ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ \mK¿tIm-hn¬ tIµ-

am°n "km¬th-j≥ B¿an'-sb∂ t]cn¬ as‰mcp anj-WdnkwLw ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n-®n-cp∂p.

Cu kwL-Ønse "‰nwKn¬ ‰m_v' F∂ kv]m\njv anj-Wdn 1806 epw 1816 \pw at[y \mK¿tIm-

hnepw kao] ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Cw•ojv kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. anj-WdnkwL-ß-fpsS hnZym-

`ymk]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XncphnXmw-Iq¿ Kh¨sa‚ v KWy-amb klmbkl-I-c-W-ßƒ \evIn.

kn.-Fw.-F- n\v dmWn ]m¿∆-Xo- mbn 21200 cq. kw`m-h\ \evIp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

aX-]-N-c-W-am-bn-cp∂ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS ][m\e£yw. hnZym- ymk]N-cWw AXn-\p≈

][m\ D]m-[n-bmbn Ah¿ IW-°m-°n. cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ

19



ÿm]n-®p. ItaW k¿°m-cns‚ i≤bpw hnZym- ym-k-Øn-tebv°p Xncn-™p. 1834˛¬ Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cØv BZy-ambn k¿°m¿ hI Cw•ojv kvIqƒ ÿm]n-®p. ]n∂oSv Xncp.-]p-cØpw Fd-Wm-

Ip-fØpw Kh: tImtf-Pp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn.

ae-_m¿ ]tZ-iØv hnZym- ymk]Nm-c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \evIn-bXv "_mk¬ anj¨'

F∂ P¿Ω≥ anj-Wdn kwL-am-Wv. 1856 ¬ Ah¿ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ Hcp kvIqfm-cw- n-®p. _mk¬

anj¨ ]mXn-cn-am-cn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-bm-fmWv tUm. sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿ v.

`mj-bpsS kXz-chpw _lp-ap-J-hp-amb hf¿®bv°v aX-]-Nm-cWw Imc-I-i-‡n-bmbn

]h¿Øn-®n- p-≠v. e≠≥ anj¨, kn.-Fw-F-kv. F∂o s]m -Ã‚ v anj-Wdn kwL-ßƒ 19- mw

iX-Im-cw- -Øn¬ Xs∂ Xncp.-Iq-dn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n-®p. hnZym- ym-kw, hyh-km-bw, A®-Sn, ]cn-

`m-j, hymI-cWw ]X]h¿Ø-\w, X¿÷-a, t\mh¬, KŸ-\n-cq-]-Ww, \nL≠p \n¿ΩmWw,

]`m-j-W-I-e, [\-X-Øz-imkvXw imkvX-km-lnXyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-emWv anj-W-dn-am¿ tIc-

f-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ i≤ tIµo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ Xs∂ hnZym- ym-k-Øn¬ Ch-cpsS kw`m-h-\-

Iƒ hne-s∏- -Xm-Wv. anj-W-dn-]-ÿm\w KZy-im-Jsb kºp-jvS-am-°n. mc-Xob mj-I-fpsS KZy

kmlnXy hf¿®bv°v ssIkvX-an-j-W-dn-am-tcm-Sp≈ B[¿ΩWyw Ah-K-Wn-°-\m-hn-√.

hnZym- ym-k-cw-K-sØ∂ t]mse hyhkm-bnI cwKØpw _mk¬ anjs‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

hep-Xm-Wv. Ah¿ XpWn-an-√p-Ifpw (tIm-gn-t°m-Sv, IÆq¿) Hm´p-I-º-\nbpw (tIm-gn-t°mSv) ÿm]n®p.

Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amw-hÆw Ne-\-ßƒ D≠m-°nb Hcp hnπ-h-am-bn-cp∂p A®-Sn. mc-X-Øn-em-

Zy-ambn Hcp ] v ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv tKmh-bn-em-Wv (1556). 1772˛¬ A®-Sn® kwt£] thZm¿∞w

Cu cwKØv ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp Im¬h-bv]m-Wv. ae-bm-fm-£-c-ßƒ amX-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Cu KŸw

Xøm-dm-°nbXv tdman¬ h®m-Wv. I¿Ømhv ¢a‚ v ]mXn-cn-. tUm. _©-an≥ s_bven acw-sIm-

≠p≈ Hcp ] v ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw kz¥-ambn A®p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w Cu cwKsØ Hcp ][m\ kw`m-h-am-Wv. 1821˛¬ kn.-Fw.-F-kv. ] v

]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n-®p.

1821˛¬ tIm´bØv N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰nbpsS B`napJyØn¬, A®pIqSw ÿm]n®p.

1929˛¬ ss__nƒ ]pXnb \nbaw ChnsS A®Sn°pIbp≠mbn. 1839˛¬ Xncph\¥]pcØv,

kzmXn Xncp\mƒ Hcp k¿°m¿ A®pIqSw ÿm]n®p. k¿°m¿ tcJIƒ ChnsS

A®Sn°pIbp≠mbn. 1824-˛¬ dh. _©an≥ s_bven, sNdpss]Xßƒ°v D]Imcm¿Yw

Cw¢oin¬\n∂v ]cn`mjs∏SpØnb IYIƒ ]kn≤oIcn®p. tIm´bw skan\mcnbn¬

]n≥kn∏embncp∂p Ct±lw. 1829˛¬ ss__nƒ aebmfØntebv°v ]cn`mjs∏SpØn.

Ct±lØns‚ kw`mh\Ifn¬ \nL≠p°fpw Dƒs∏Sp∂p≠v. 1868˛¬ km£m¬ sl¿a≥

Kp≠¿´v tIcf∏ga ]kn≤oIcn®p. 1872˛¬ aebmf\nL≠p, aebmfhymIcWw, ]mTame,

]gs©m¬ame, tIctfmev]Øn XpSßnb 27 IrXnIƒ ]kn≤oIcn°pIbp≠mbn.

]X]h¿Ø\w: cmPykamNmcw (1847), ]›ntamZbw (1847).

20



A∂v tIcfØn¬ sshZnIcmbncp∂ dh. B¿®pUo°≥ tImin, B¿®pUo°≥ DΩ≥,

DΩ≥ ]oent∏mkv F∂nh¿ aebmfKZyØns‚ hf¿®sb kzm[o\n®n´p≠v. bYmIaw

]ctZinbpsS tam£bmX, ietams‚ kphntijßƒ, AactImiZo]nI F∂nh IrXnIƒ.

dh. tPm¿Pv amØ≥/ Koh¿Kokv IØ\m¿ aebmfKZyØns‚ hf¿®sb kzm[o\n®n´p≠v.

kXyhmZtJSw, aebmgvabpsS hymIcWw, _mem`yk\w, thZkwbp‡n F∂nhbmWv

At±lØns‚ IrXnIƒ. 1809˛¬ thepØºn ZfhbpsS ]kn≤amb Ip≠d hnfw_cw. CXn¬

]m›mXykºZmbw ]pe¿Øp∂ KZyw kPohambn ImWmw. 1866˛¬ Adbv°¬ sIm´mcØnse

]WvUnX≥ amb≥Ip´n Ffb, Jp¿ B≥˛s‚ aebmf]cn`mj \n¿hln®v ]kn≤oIcn®p. Jp¿

B≥˛s‚ H∂masØ aebmf]cn`mj. 1866˛¬ Bbneyw Xncp\mƒ almcmPmhv, Hcp _p°v

IΩ‰n cq]oIcn®p. tIcfh¿a henb tImbnØºpcm\mbncp∂p CXns‚ c≠masØ A[y£≥.

IΩ‰n Hmtcm ¢mkntebv°pw ]mTmhen Xømdm°n, XncphnXmwIq¿ NcnXw, C¥ym NcnXw,

`qanimkvXw, kmºØnIimkvXw, imkvXw XpSßnbh.

kzX-¥-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS cN-\-bn-eqsS amX-a√ DXvIrjvS IrXn-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

t]m -Ã≥dv anj-W-dn-am¿ ae-bm-f- m-jsb kº-∂-am-°n. ss__n-fns‚ hnh¿Ø\w Hcm-h-iy-

ambn h∂p-Iq-Sn. kpdn-bm-\n, eØo≥ mj-I-fn-se-gp-Xnb ss__n-fp-I-fm-Wn-hnsS ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp-

∂-Xv. 1806 ¬ "_p°m-\≥' F∂ kn.-Fw.-F-kv. anj-W-dn-bmWv Cu cwKsØ H∂m-a≥. tUm. _©-

an≥ s_bven Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂pw t\cn- p≈ ss__nƒ X¿÷a Xøm-dm-°n. ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam-

°-Ø-\m¿ InkvXm-\p-I-c-Whpw B¿®p Uo°≥ tImin ]c-tZ-in-bpsS tam£-bm-Xbpw "Xncp-

t∏m-cm- hpw' X¿÷a sNbvXp.

tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠mb BZysØ hymI-cW KŸw eoem-Xn-e-I-am-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-an-j-W-dn-am-

cpsS hc-hn\v tij-amWv hymI-c-W-imJ IqSp-X¬ hnI-kn-®-Xv. tUm. B©-temkv ^m≥knkv

(1700- 1712) A¿tÆmkv ]mXncn (1699- 1732) tdm_¿´v Uw, sh: tPmk^v ]n‰v (1841) XpSßn

]ecpw A]q¿Æ-ß-fmb hymI-cW KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®p. 1863 ¬ dh: tPm¿÷v amØs‚ "ae-bm-gva-

bpsS hymI-cWw' ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®p. Hcp ae-bmfn ae-bm-f-Øn-se-gp-Xnb BZysØ hymI-c-W-K-Ÿ-

am-Wn-Xv. 1851 ¬ tUm. Kp≠¿´ns‚ "ae-bmf`mjmhymI-cWw' ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v XpS-°-an- Xv anj-W-dn-am-cm-Wv. _mk¬ anj¨ AwK-

amb tUm. Kp≠¿´mWv ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\Øns‚ P\-bn-Xm-hv. 1847 PqWn¬ ae-bm-f-Øns‚

H∂m-asØ amkn-I-bmb "cmPy-k-am-Nmcw' ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. aX-Im-cy-ß-fmWv CXnse D≈-S-°w.

1847 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ "]›n-tam-Zbw' F∂ amknI ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. hn⁄m-\-]-Z-ß-fmb teJ-\-

ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn¬. 1848 ¬ kn.-Fw.-F-kns‚ apJ-]-X-amb "⁄m\-\n-t£]w' ]pd-Øp-h∂ 19-

˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]e ]Xn- m-im-en-I-fp-sSbpw If-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p ⁄m\-\n-t£-]w. hnZym- ymkw

Klw F∂ tIm´bw kn.-Fw.-F-kv. tImtfPv amK-kn≥ 1865 ¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. Ch-bvs°√mw

]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn-®Xv anj-W-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.

21



`mj-bpsS i_vZ-kz- m-hsØ \nb-a\w sNbvXv \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xv hymI-c-Whpw A¿∞ kz`m-

hsØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xv \nL-≠p-hp-am-Ip-∂p. mjmimkvXKŸ\n¿ΩmWw Hcp X]-ky-bm°n

am‰n-b-h-cmWv anj-W-dn-am¿. hcm-∏p-g, Aº-g-°mSv XpS-ßnb skan-\m-cn-I-fn¬ sshZn-I-]-T\w \S-

Øn-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bmWv BZy-Ime \nL-≠p-Ifpw hymI-c-W-ßfpw cq]w

sIm≠v A]q¿Æ-ßfpw Aap-Zn-X-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-bn¬ ]e-Xpw. A¿tÆm-kv]m-Xncn (1681

1732) Ão^≥ ]mXncn (1700 ˛1769) ¢a‚ v ]nbm-\n-bqkv ]mXncn (1714 ˛ 1782) ^ntdmkv ]mXncn

(1715- 1789) tPm¨ _m]vXo-_Ø F∂n-h-cmWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ BZy-Ime ]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-b-

h¿. 1860 \pw 1890 \pw CSbv°v hcm-∏p-g-bn¬ \n∂v 4 \nL-≠p-°ƒ ]kn≤o-I-cn®p. ae-

bmfw˛eØo≥, eØo≥˛ae-bm-fw, Cw•ojv ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw eØo≥ Cw•ojv F∂n-h-bm-

W-h. 19- mw \q‰m-≠nse \nL≠p \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fn¬ ][m\n dh: tUm. _©-an≥ s_bven. 1846

¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® ae-bmfw ˛ Cw•ojv \nL-≠p. At±-l-Øn\v Cu `mjbn¬ Aa-cXzw t\Sn-

s°m-Sp-Øp. 29 h¿jsØ ]cn-i-a- -e-am-bn-cp∂p AXv s_bven 1848 ¬ Hcp Cw•ojv ae-bmfw

\nL≠p IqSn ]k-≤o-I-cn-®p. dh: dn®m¿Uv tImfn≥kv 1865 ¬ Hcp ae-bm-fw- -a-e-bmfw \nL-≠p-

hn\v cq]w sImSp-Øp. ae-bmf ]Z-ßƒ°v ae-bm-fm¿∞w \evIp∂ BZy-\n-L-≠p-hm-Wn-Xv. 1872¬

Kp≠¿´ns‚ \nL≠p ]Im-i\w sNbvXp.

ae-bmf KŸ\ncq-]-W-Øn\v Hcp \q‰m≠v ]g-°-ap-≠v. hnZym-kw-Klw amkn-I-bn¬ 1864

Pqsse amk-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®ph∂ k∑m¿§ thtZm-]-tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂ \ncq-]-W-

amWv BZy-tØXv F∂p ]d-bmw. dh: tPm¿÷v amØ≥, Un e£va-W-cm-b¿ F∂n-h-cp-tS-XmWo

teJ-\w. P∑n ˛ IpSn-bm≥ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ "sImgp-ap-X-em◊', Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv ]pXn-b-

Xm-bm-cw- n® Bip-]-Xn-°v-A-Sn-ÿm-\-an´ kw -hsØ hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ km[m-cW NnIn-’m-

ime F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ teJ-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.

1881˛¬ m. PdmZv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "Ae-¶m-c-imkvX'amWv ]`m-jWIe-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy-

K-Ÿw. [\-X-Øz-imkvX kw_-‘-ambn mj-bn-em-Zy-ambn KŸw cNn-®Xv dh. CtSycm Cu∏-

\m-bn-cp-∂p. KZy-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS ]N-c-Wm¿∞w XncphnXmw-Iq¿ Kh: \S-Ønb ]_‘ cN\m

a’-c-Øn¬ kΩm-\m¿l-amb KŸ-am-Wn-Xv. "]W-°m-cy-h¿Æ\' F∂mWv KŸ-t∏cv.

19- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb s]m -Ã‚ v anj-W-dn-am¿ \√ imkvXm-h-t_m-[-ap-≈-

h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. aXhpw imkvXhpw XΩn¬ ka-\z-bn-®m¬ c≠n\pw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂-h¿

hniz-kn-®p. ae-bm-f- m-j-bn¬ BZy- u-Xn-I-im-kvX-KŸw cNn-®Xv 1883 ¬ F¬ tPml-\mkv

t^m¨ tab¿ F∂ P¿Ω≥ ]mXn-cn-bm-Wv.

kaq-l-Øns‚ _lp-ap-J-amb hf¿®-bv°p-XIpw hn[-ap≈ anj-Wdn ]h¿Ø-I¿ km[m-c-

W-°msc Ah-cn-te-bv°m-I¿jn-®p. PmXn, aX h¿Æ-\-b-ßƒ t\m°m-sX-bp≈ hnZym- ymk \bw,

XmgvØ-s∏- -h-tcm-Sp≈ kulr-Z-k-ao-]\w F∂nh A[:ÿnXsc Ah-cn-te-bv°m-I¿jn-®p. X∑qew

hf-sc-b-[nIw t]¿ InkvXp-a-X-Øn-tebv°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXp. Ah¿°v lnµp-a-X-Øns‚

Ah¿Æ≥ Ah-i-X-Iƒ ]e-Xp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

22



ae-bmf mj-bn¬ amX-a√ Xan-gv, sXep-¶v, I∂-U, _wKmfn, adm-Øn XpS-ßnb mc-Xob

`mj-I-fnepw anj-WdnamcpsS m-jm-hn-j-b-I-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ImWmw. ae-bmf mj-bp-sSbpw

kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw cq]-h-chpw ma-]-c-hp-amb hf¿®bv°v anj-Wdn ]h¿Ø\w klm-bn-®n- p-

≠v.

BwKekmln-Xy-Øns‚ NphSp ]nSn-®mWv t\mh¬ ae-bm-f-Ønep≠mIp-∂-Xv. 1882¬ B¿®v

Uo°≥ tImin ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "]pt√-en-°p©p' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ae-bmf t\mh¬ ]ÿm-\-

Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-ßƒ ImWmw. tIm´bØp\n∂v ]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂ ⁄m\\nt£]w

amknIbnemWv CXv 1882˛¬ JWvUix ]Xy£s∏ńcp∂Xv. CXv ]n∂oSv, tIm´bsØ aebmfw

dnenPnbkv SmIv‰v skmssk‰nbpsS B`napJyØn¬ ]pkvXIambn ]kn≤oIcn®p. aebmfØnse

BZysØ t\mhse∂v Nne kmlnXyNcnXImc≥am¿ AhImis∏Smdp≠v. Hcp t\mhen\v

Ahiyw th≠ ]e LSIßfpsSbpw A`mhap≈ IrXnbmWnXv. kwhmZmflIamb LS\bnemWv

CXns‚ cq]inev]w.

InkvXym\nbmb Hcp apX¬]nSn°mc≥, ssIX∏≈n cma∏Wn°¿, ]pt√en°p©p]n≈,

s\Spßm´paTØn¬ imap AÆmhn, s\Spthen a\bv°¬ aqØ\ºqXncn∏mSv, ssIX∏≈n

am[h≥Ipń XpSßnbhcmWv IYm]mXßƒ. ]eXcwNn¥mKXnIfp≈ Cu IYm]mXßƒ,

kwL¿jmflIambn AWn \nc°p∂Xv ImWmw. sslµhhnizmkßfpsS \nc¿YIX

Nq≠n°mWn°phm\mWv CXns‚ cNbnXmhv apXncp∂Xv. ssIkvXhhnizmkßƒ°v

Bt]£nIambp≈ ta∑sb cNbnXmhv DZvtLmjn°pIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. CXns\ aq∂v

`mKßfmbn hn`Pn®ncn°p∂p. tImƒ t]m¿´¿ F∂ D]tZinbpsS Zo¿Lamb

InkvXpatXmZvt_m[\w IqSn CXnep≠v. "LmI-X-h[w' F∂ t\mh¬ tImfn≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

Cu cwKsØ ][m\ krjvSn-bm-Wv.

1810 apX¬ 1829 hscbp≈ Imebfhn¬ XncphnXmwIqdn¬, tkXp]m¿hXo `mbnbpsS

t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂ Kwòcamb doP≥kn cWw/ cmP]Xn\n[nbpsS cWw, hnZym`ymkØn\v

ap≥Xq°w \evInbncp∂Xmbn ImWmw. A∂v XncphnXmwIq¿, sIm®n Znhm\mbncp∂ tIW¬

a¨tdm Cw•njv hnZymebßƒ ÿm]n°m≥ D’mltØmsS ta¬t\m´w hln°pIbp≠mbn.

1817˛¬ tIm´bØv N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰nbpsS B`napJyØn¬, Hcp Cw•njv kvIqƒ ÿm]n®p.

AXmbXv C∂sØ kn.Fw.Fkv. kvIqƒ. 1834˛¬ Xncph\¥]pcØv Hcp Cw•ojv hnZymebw

ÿm]n®p. CXmWv C∂sØ bqWnthgvkn‰n tImfPv. 1835˛¬ sa°msf ]`p ka¿∏n®

hnZym`ymkdnt∏m¿´v Kh¿W¿ P\d¬ AwKoIcn®p. CXv C¥y apgph≥ HutZymKnIcoXnbn¬

Cw•njv hnZymebßƒ Bcw`n°m≥ ImcWambn.

anj-Wdn ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

F.-Un. 1 mw \q‰m≠p apXev°p Xs∂ C¥ybv°p ]pdØp \n∂v InkvXp-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ

h∂psIm≠n-cp-s∂-¶nepw F.-Un. 15- mw \q‰m-≠n\p tijw aX-]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\nhn-sS-sb-Ønb k`m-

23



]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmWv anj-W-dn-am¿. 1542 ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ sk‚ v ^m≥knkv tkhy-dn-t\m-Sp-IqSn

anj-W-dn-am¿°p ]m[m\yw kn≤n-°p-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v t]m¿´p-K¬, kvs]bn≥, t]mf-≠v, ^m≥kv,

C‰-en, Cw•-≠v XpS-ßnb bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw anj-W-dn-am¿ tIc-f-Øn¬

h∂p. aX-]-N-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p apJy e£y-sa-¶nepw hnhn[ mj-Iƒ ]Tn®v Ahsb ]cn-t]m-jn-

∏n-°m≥ Ah°v XmXv]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

16- mw \q‰m≠v tIcf Ncn-XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Hcp kp]-[m\ Ime-L- -am-Wv. ChnsS

\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn-te-°mWv t]m¿´p-Kokv anj-W-dn-am¿ h∂-Xv. InkvXp-aX

ktµ-i-ßƒ P\-lr-Z-b-ßsf ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ktµi ]Nm-c-

WØn\p≈ am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv Hcp ]pXnb ae-bmf KZysØ krjvS-°m≥ Ah¿ apXn¿∂-

Xv. Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ KZyw imk-\-ß-fnepw IqØv, IqSn-bm´w XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS B -]-Im-c-ß-

fnepw Ia-Zo-]n-I-I-fn-ep-ambn cq]-s∏´ H∂mWv. F∂m¬ Cu ssien°v ae-bm-f-a-Æn¬ thcp-d-

bv°m≥ Ign-™n-√. kwkvIr-X-P-Sn-e-amb "\ºym≥ Xangv' ssien-bn-te-°m-WXp ]ptcm-K-an-®-Xv

AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ B[p-\nI ssien-bpsS ]nXrXzw Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ CXn\p Ign-bm-sXbpw t]mbn.

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂p thWw aoj-Wdn KZysØ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥.

anj-Wdn KZysØ c≠p L -ß-fmbn hn -Pn®p ImWm-dp-≠v. H∂mw-L´w F.-Un. 16 18 hsc

iX-I-ßƒ.

ItØm-en°m anj-W-dn-am-cm-bn-cp∂p Cu Ime-L- -Ønse KZy-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v am¿§-\n¿t±iw

\evIn-b-Xv. Cu Ime-L- -Øn-ep-≠mb KZy IrXn-I-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ qcn-]-£hpw anj-\-dn-amcpw

\m´p-In-kvXym-\n-I-fp-am-Wv. DZ-bw-t]cq¿ kp\-l-tZmkv Imt\m-\-Iƒ, thZ-X-Øzw, ⁄m\-ap-Øp-

am-ew, kwt£-]-th-Zm¿∞w, h¿Ø-am-∏p-kvXIw. cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb kw -h-hn-Im-k-

ßfpw aX-]-c-amb X¿°-hn-X¿°-ßfpw mjm-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. kmam-\y-P-\-

ßƒ°v kXy-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ th¿Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ah-cpsS mj Xs∂ kzoI-cn-®p. D±n-

jvSm-i-b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]Z ZmcnZyw A\p- -h-s∏- -t∏mƒ anj-W-dn-am¿ eØo≥, kpdn-bm-

\n, t]m¿´p-Kokv mj-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]Z-ßƒ IS-sa-Sp-Øp. Aßs\ IS-sa-Sp-Øh aX-]-c-amb kw⁄m-

\m-a-ß-fmbn. F¥m-bmepw anj-Wdn `mjsb "]mXncn ae-bmfw' F∂v Nne¿ ]cn-lm-k-]q¿∆w

hnfn®p t]m∂p. B[p-\nI ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ anj-Wdn KZy-Øn-em-sW∂v s]m^.

kn.-F¬. B‚Wnsbt∏m-ep-≈-h¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

Z£nW tIc-f-Øn¬ kn.-Fw.-F- pw DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øn¬ _mk¬ anj\pw aX-]-h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°p t\XrXzw \evIn-b-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv. Cu Ime-L- -Ønse mjm-kz- mhw kXy-th-Z-tJ-Sw,

tIc-f-∏-ga XpS-ßnb KŸßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\- n-em-°mw. 19- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-bm-f-KZyw

Standardise Bbn-Øo¿∂p. am¿ØmWvUh¿Ω-bpsS ZnKvhnPbw 18- mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb anj-

W-dn-am¿ XpS-ßn-h®v mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-]-In-bsb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kp]-[m-\-am-sbmcp ]¶p

hln-®p. \thm-∞m\ ]tXy-I-X-bmb At\z-j-W-Xzc tIc-fob Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. s]m -Ã‚ v

24



anj-Wdn hnZym- ymk ]h¿Ø\w aqew Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v ]Np-c-]-Nmcw e`n-®p. A∂p-

hsc Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\p amXw e`n® hnZym- ymkw km¿∆-Xn-I-ambn ]cn-W-an-®p. KZy-h-f¿®bv°pw

\ne-hm-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\pw B°w Iq´p-hm≥ A®-Sn°pw ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw Ign-™p. _©-

an≥ s_bvenbpw Kp≠¿´pw ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p apXn¿∂Xpw `mjmKZyØns‚

hf¿®bv°v klm-b-I-am-bn. hymI-cW]c-amb Acm-P-IXzw Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-

amb `mjm-L-S\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cßs\ kaq-l-Øns‚ _lp-ap-J-amb hf¿®sb

]Xy£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw klm-bn-®-h-cmWv s]m -Ã‚ v anj-W-dn-am¿.

-hn-a¿i-\hpw \n-cq-]-Whpw kam-\m¿∞-ØnemWv C∂v ]tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw

\q‰m-≠n¬ Bcw- n® ae-bm-f-\ncq-]Ww kwkvIr-X-km-lnXyaoamw-k-sb-bmWv ]Y-am-[m-c-am-°n-

bXv. ]Sn-™m-dns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ AXv sas√-sas√ amdn. ]eXcw hn`m-K-I-ev]-\-I-fn-tebv°pw

ap≥K-W-\m-I-a-ß-fn-tebv°pw \ncq-]Ww ]cn-W-an-®p. 1889 apX¬ 1898 hsc hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-

bn¬ ]Xm-[n-]-cmbn ]h¿Øn-® kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-tam≥ (1863- 1937) Cu ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ AS-

bm-f-am-Wv. ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈-bpsS ae-bmf`mjm-N-cn-XsØ BZy-ambn Jfi\w sNbvXp-hn-

a¿in-®-Xpw tat\m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kmln-Xy-Im-c-s\-b√ kmln-Xy-sØ-bmWv hna¿i-I≥ t\cntS≠Xv

F∂ kp]-[m-\-amb \nco-£-Whpw At±lw D∂-bn-®p. hS°pw-Iq¿ c≠m-cm-P-h¿Ω ANyp-X-ta-

t\ms‚ hna¿i-\sØ(kao-]-\sØ) \ncq-]-W-b-a-Zfiw F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.

tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥

"B[p\n-I-a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-Øns‚ inev]n' F∂mWv tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥

(1845˛1914) Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Ønep≠mb Cw•ojv hnZym-

`ym-k-Øns‚ ]Nm-chpw hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw ]pXnb ]mT-]p-kvX-IßfpsS \n¿Ωm-

W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ 1866˛emWv sSIvÃv _p°v IΩ‰n F∂ kwcw`w

Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. Bbneyw Xncp-\mƒ Bbn-cp∂p A∂v cmPm-hv; Znhm≥Pn am[-h-cm-b-cpw. IΩ-‰n-

bpsS BZy A≤y-£≥ AÆm-Pn-cm-b¿ Bbn-cp∂p. kp∫-ø-Zo-£n-X¿, ap≥jn cma≥Xºn F∂n-

h-cm-bn-cp∂p IÆ-‰n-bnse a‰w-K-ßƒ. 1868- ¬ tIc-f-h¿Ω ]mT-]p-kvX-I-°-Ω-‰n-bpsS A≤y-£-

ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b-tXmsS hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pth≠n Ncn-Xw, qan-im-kvXw, IW-°v, t£X-K-Wn-

Xw, kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ A≤y-b-\-Øn\mbn At\Iw KZy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-®pXp-S-ßn-. imkvXo-b-amb coXn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ B ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ Cutkm-∏p-I-Y-

Ifpw kzX-¥-I-Y-I-fp-amWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. aXm-[n-jvTn-X-I-Y-Ifpw ]c-h-©\ ]ta-b-am-

Ip∂ ]©-X-¥hpw ]mT-ß-fn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√.

ae-bmfKZykmln-Xy-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp P\p- mb D]-\ymkamWv tIc-f-h¿Ω Xs‚

]mKev yw sXfn-bn® Hcp aWvU-ew. Cw•o-jnse Ft (Essay) F∂ ]Z-Øn\p Xpey-ambn ae-

bm-f-Øn¬ D]-\ymkw F∂p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. H‰-bn-cn-∏n\p hmbn-®p-Xo¿°m-hp-∂Xpw kmt¶-XnItam

A√mtØm Bb -hn-j-b-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp-≈-Xp-amb KZy-cq-]-sØ-bmWv D]-\ymkw F∂p

25



hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬ \nhy-‡n-I-am-b-hsb Hu]-Nm-cnIw F∂pw A√m-Ø-hsb A\u-]-Nm-

cnIw F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. as‰mcp hn -P-\-Øn¬ ctaym-]-\ymkw F∂pw ssh⁄m-\n-tIm-]-\ymkw

F∂pamWp-≈-Xv. tIc-f-h¿Ω 15- ¬ ]cw D]-\y-k-ßƒ cNn-®n- p-≠v. hnZym- ym-kw, _me-]-cn-N-c-

Ww, cmPy- mcw As√-¶n¬ iº-fw, Fs‚ arK-bm-kva-c-W-Iƒ F∂nh Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. 1860-

-I-fn-emWv Ch-bpsS cN-\.

s]m^. kn. F¬. B‚Wn Cßs\ \nco-£n-°p∂p: ""]mT-]p-kvX-I-cN-\bv°v Hcp kan-Xn-

bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh-¶nepw KŸ-\n¿ΩnXn an°-hmdpw tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ Xs∂-

bmWv \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. X∑qew At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡n-K-X-amb KZy-ssi-en°v Z£n-W-tI-c-f-Øn¬

]Nmcw kn≤n-°m-\nS h∂p. ae-bm-K-Zy- m-jm-ssi-en-bn¬ Hcp hy‡n°v Hcp ]ÿm-\-sØ-t∏mse

t]c-Wm-i‡n sNep-Øphm≥ Ign-™n- p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv tIc-f-h¿Ωbv°p amX-am-Wv''(1958 : 757).

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]pkvX-I-ßƒXs∂ th≠X C√m-Xn-cn°ptºmƒ \S-Øp∂ Jfi-\-hn-

a¿i\w DNn-X-a-s√∂v tIc-f-h¿Ω A`n-]m-b-s∏´p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv tIc-f-h¿Ωsb t]mj-I-hn-

a¿i-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-hmbn hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿a Ah-tcm-[n®-Xv.

tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b-\m¿

aebmf-Ønse ctaym-]-\ym-k-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mWv tIkcn F∂ Xqen-Im-\m-a-Øn¬

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿(1861- 1914). hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-bpsS kl-]-X-m[n-]cpw

tIc-f-k-©m-cn-bpsS ]X-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp∂p tIk-cn. I]-S-th-Zm-¥n-Iƒ, io´p-Ifn, ]c-am¿∞w,

sshZyw, Irjn-]-cn-jvImcw XpSßnb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®√mw At±lw D]-\y-k-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-

´p-≠v. 1068 hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-(]p. 4, e. 6)bn-emWv "\ms -gp-Ø-»-∑m¿' ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

\m´nse hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Fgp-Ø-—-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ tIk-cn-bpsS \¿Ω-Øn¬ s]mXn™

hnh-c-Ww ctaym-]-\ym-k-Øns‚ hnt\m-Z-[¿ΩsØ k¿∆Ym ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. FgpØ-—-

∑m-cpsS BIm-c-h-Sn-hp-I-fnepw mh-]-I-S-\-ß-fnepap≈ hyXy-kvX-X-Isf IqSp-X¬ \ndw tN¿Øv

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- p≈ Cu cN\ kmap-Zm-bn-I-hn-a¿i-\-sa∂ [¿Ωw IqSn kq£va-ambn \n¿h-ln-°p-

∂p-≠v. henb Adn-shm-∂p-an-√msX, A©mdv t«m-I-ßƒ lrZn-ÿ-am°n AXpw ]mSn ]WvUn-X-

Ω-\y-∑m-cmbn Imew-t]m-°p∂h¿°p≈ Hcp ]lcw IqSn-bm-hp-∂p-≠v, Cu cN\.

""tIkcn \mb-\m¿ lmky-Øn-\-\p-Kp-W-amb Hcp a[p-c-ssien IqSn kzmb-Ø-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.

\ms -gp-Ø-—-∑m¿, BJym-bnI AYhm t\mh¬ apX-emb D]-\ym-k-ßƒ mjm-N-a-XvIm-c-Øn\pw

DZm-l-c-W-amWv (F-kv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿, 2008 : 592).

]ptcm-K-a-\mi-b-ß-tfmsS ae-bmfkm-lnXyhna¿i-\-cw-K-tØ-bvs°-Ønb hy‡n-bmWv kztZ-

im- n-am\n sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈. Bfl-t]m-jn-Wn-bneqsS-bmWv cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈bpsS -te-J-\-

ßƒ ]pd-Øp-h∂Xv. Jfi\coXn-tbm-Sm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\p ]nbw.

ae-bm-f-Ønse Imev]-\nIkm-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn\v am¿§-Z¿i\w \evIn-bXv F. B¿. cmP-

cm-P-h¿Ω-bm-sW∂p ]dbmw; \fn-\n-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bneqsS. \f-N-cnXw B -°-Ybv°v Im¥m-c-

26



Xm-c-Iw F∂ t]cn¬ G. -B¿ Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-w At±-l-Øns‚ \ncq-]Wkao-]-\sØ Bg-

Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw, hrØ-a-RvP-cn, `mjm- q-j-Ww, kmln-Xy-km-

lyw XpS-ßnb IrXn-Iƒ F. Bdns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-I-⁄m-\-sØbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[-sØbpw

kzX-¥-Nn-¥-sbbpw ]e-am-Xncn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.

hna¿i-\sØ K-th-j-W-]c-ambn hnIkn∏n-® kmln-Xy-]-©m-\≥ ]n.-sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥\ºym¿ F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn-®p \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-]-T-\-ßƒ ae-bm-

f-bpsS hn-Im-k-N-cn-X-Øn-tebv°p≈ At\zjWw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

aq¿t°mØp Ipam-c≥

km-ln-Xyhna¿i-I≥, D]-\ym-k-Im-c≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-emWv aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥ (1874 ˛

1941) ]kn-≤-\m-bn-Øo¿∂-Xv. lmky-c-k-]-[m-\-ambn kmaq-ln-I-hn-a¿i-\-t_m-[-tØmsS Bkq-

XWw sNbvX-h-bmWv Ipam-cs‚ Hmtcm cN-\-bpw. At±-l-Øns‚ D]-\ym-k-ß-sf√mw efn-Xhpw

a¿Ω-t -Zn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kmln-Xym-Zn-a-WvU-e-ß-fn¬ mh-\-bv°p≈ ][m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pw AtXm-sSm∏w Hm¿Ω-i-

‡n°v AXn¬ k¿§m-fl-I-ambn Fßs\ CS-s]-Sm-\mhpw F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®pw kc-k-a-[p-

c-am-bn, Btem-N-\m-tNm-Z-I-ambn "`mh-\m-i‡n' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥ Ah-X-

cn-∏n-®ncn-°p∂p. Imfn-Zm-ks‚ Imhy-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw NqWvNn-°m-Wn-®p-

sIm≠v hmb-\-°m-c\v hnj-b-hy-‡X \evIp-hm≥ teJ-I\v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. kZriXI-fn¬\n∂v

`mh\ A¤p-X-ßƒ hncn-bn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ hni-Zo-I-cWw ¢mkn-°¬ kuµ-cy-hn-i-I-e-\-

Øns‚ ]mX-bn-emWv \nev°p-∂-sX∂p ]d-bmw.

A¢n-jvS-kp-µ-c-amWv aq¿t°mØv Ipam-cs‚ D]-\ym-k-ß-fnse ]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn. D÷z-ehpw

]k-∂-hp-amb ssien-bnep≈ B cN-\-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ]Ir-Xn-\n-co-£-W-Ip-i-e-Xbv°pw

at\m-[¿Ω-]-I-S-\-Øn\pw mh-\m-i-‡nbv°pw \nZ¿i-\-ß-fmWv (km-ap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, 2008 :

616).

Un. ]fl-\m- \pÆn (kmln-Xy-k-cWn, kmln-Xy-cwKw) h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ (hna¿i-

\hpw hna¿i-I-∑mcpw, ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw kmln-Xy-I-e-Ifpw), F. B¿. _me-Ir-jvW-hm-cy¿ (]_-

‘-a-RvPcn), tNe-\m v ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ (]Z-£nWw) intcm-a-Wn ]n. IrjvW≥\m-b¿ (Im-hy-Po-

hn-X-hr-Øn, B -°Y As√-¶n¬ IY-Ifn, k¿Zm¿ sI. Fw. ]Wn-°¿ (Ihn-Xm-X-Øz-\n-cq-]-Ww),

]n. i¶c≥ \ºym¿ (kmln-Xy-tem-N\w, kmln-Xy-\n-jvIp-Sw) XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw C°m-eØv KZy-

km-ln-Xy-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ s]cp-am-dn-b-h-cm-Wv.

sFIy`mcXØns‚bpw ]n∂oSv sFIytIcfØns‚bpw cq]oIcWw, Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠n¬

aebmfKZysØ Ias∏SpØnb c≠v ]InbIfmWv. `cW`mjm]Zhn°pw ¢mknIvv

`mjm]Zhn°pw th≠nbp≈ NqS≥ kwhmZßƒ, aebmfKZyØn\v Ct∏mƒ ]pXnb cpNnbpw

aWhpw \evIp∂p≠v.

27



-

ka-Im-en-I-KZyw ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ,

]pXnb kao-]-\-ßƒ

BapJw

tIc-f-Øns‚ qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-Xbpw A[n-\n-th-iß-fn-eqsS ]p\x-I-ao-I-cn-

°-s∏´ kmwkvIm-cn-I-L-S-\bpw ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsSbpw kmln-Xy-Ø-ns‚bpw DXv]-Ønsb kzm[o-

\n-®n- p-≠v. ]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿[Øn¬ tIcfkwkvImcw \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn. ]X-]-h¿Ø\w, A®-Sn, KZy-km-ln-Xy-]ptcm-K-Xn F∂nh kmln-

Xy-Øns‚ ImgvN∏m-Sp-Isf Xs∂ am‰n. AXp- IqSp-X¬ A\m-Uw-_-c-amI-m≥ XpSßn. sImtfm-Wn-

b¬Ime-Øn\p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ae-bm-f-K-Zy-co-Xn°v, kmam-\y-hn-h-c-W-Øn-\p≈ ]tbm-K-£-

aX Ipd-hm-bncp∂p. F∂m-¬ InkvXy≥anj-W-dn-am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ae-bm-fnbpsS s]mXp-

Po-hn-XsØ IqSp-X¬ D∑n-j-Øm°n. C°-m-e-Øm-W,v ]uen-t\mkv ]mXncn ae-bm-f-Ønse \qtdmfw

]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®Xv. Cw•ojv mj-bpsS ]Nm-chpw ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬, Ihn-

X-bn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-amb kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn. \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-

Øns‚ ImesØ kmln-Xy-ho-£Ww amdp-Ibpw XXvÿm-\Ø,v Cw•ojvhnZym- ymkw kn≤n®

a[y-h¿Kw _Z¬cq]-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t\mhepw sNdp-I-Ybpw D]-\ym-khpw ae-

bm-f- m-j-bn¬ CSw t\Snb Ime-am-W-Xv.

19- mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv KZyw B[p-\nIZi ]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xw, amkn-I, ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw,

]pkvXIw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS. km[m-c-W-°m-c\pt]mepw a\- n-em-Ip∂ \√ ae-bm-f-am-bn-cn-cp∂p

AYhm ]®-a-e-bm-f-am-bn-cn-cp∂p ]X-a-e-bmfw. CXv mhp-I-Xz-]-c-amb \ne-hm-c-ßtfm hyXn-bm-\-

ßtfm _m[n-°msX GXv hmb-\-°m-c-s\bpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøm≥ sIev]p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

sXfn-a-bmbncp∂p AXns‚ Poh≥. AXns‚ kzXzw t\cns\ t\cmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p≈ B¿÷-

h-am-bncp-∂p-sh∂p ]dbmw.

Cu ]X-a-e-bmfw kPo-h-am-bXv 20- mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv. hm¿Ø-bpsS km£m-XvIm-c-Øn\v

amX-a-√, ]e hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ ⁄m\-Øns‚ km£m-XvIm-c-Øn\pw KZy- mj ItaW ]m]vXn

t\Sn-sb∂v ImWmw. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb mj Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ ]co-£-W-Øn¬ ]X-]-h¿ØI¿

hnP-bn-®p. kn.- ]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥, F.- B¿.- cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω, kztZ-im- n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈,

sImSp-ß-√q¿ Ip™n-°p- ≥Xºp-cm≥, D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈

XpS-ßnb alm-c-Y≥am-cpsS ss[j-Wn-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ CXn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

samUyqƒ 3

28



]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km\ c≠p Zi-I-ßƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬

\n¿Wm-b-I-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w mj-sb-∏‰n A`n-am-\w, kzbw-]q¿W-am-Im≥ ian-°p∂ Kma-

ßƒ, km¿h-Xn-Ihpw kuP-\yhpw Bb hnZym- ym-kw, NnIn-’m-ku-I-cyw, G‰-hp-a-[nIw P\-

ßƒ°p- sXmgn-sem-cp-°p∂ Irjn, ]c-º-cm-K-X-hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI ASn-Ød Z-am-

°¬, aX-ku-lm¿Zw, P\m-[n-]Xyw XpS-ßnbhsb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-aq-ey-ß-fmbn ÿm]n® Ime-am-

bn-cp∂p AXv. ]mc-º-cysØ ]p\¿\n¿h-Nn-°p-Ibpw ]p\¿\n¿an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv ]pXn-sbmcp

kmaq-ln-Im-h-t_m[w A°m-eØp cq]-s∏- p-h-∂p. Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw \os≠m-cp -N-

cnXw tIc-f-Øn-\-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-sa-¶nepw AXp km¿h-Xn-I-am-Ip-∂Xv Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv.

]pkvX-I-tI-µn-X-amb ]pXn-sbmcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ IS-∂p-h-chpw A°m-e-Øp-≠mbn.

B[p-\n-I-KZyw AXns‚ \m\mhnj-b-kzmw-io-I-c-W-k-a¿∞-X-sIm≠pw Be-¶m-cn-I-X-

sIm≠pw ]pXnb mjm-co-Xn-sIm-≠p-amWv hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂-Xv. hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]pXnb

taJ-e-Ifntebv°v hmb-\-°msc sIm≠p-t]m-Im\pw Aßs\ XnI®pw B[p-\n-I-amb A`n-cp-Nn-

temIw krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m\pamWv A°m-eØv KZy-Im-c-∑m¿ ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. \thm-∞m-\-aq-

ey-ßfpw hnπ-hm-i-b-ßfpw ]pXnb kuµ-cy-Z¿i-\-ßfpsa√mw I -]n-Sn-®p-\n∂ A¥-co-£-Øn-

emWv B[p-\n-I-K-Zy-Im-c-∑m¿ Fgp-Xn-sØ-fn-™-Xv. t\mh¬, sNdp-I-Y, \ncq-]Ww XpS-ßnb P\p-

p-I-tfm-sSm∏w D]-\ym-kkmlnXyw, lmk-km-lnXyw, ssh⁄m-\n-I-km-lnXyw apX-emb cq]-

ßfpw Ccp-]-Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-bn. Fw. ]n. t]mƒ, tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-

]n-≈, Ip‰n∏pg IrjvW-]n-≈, ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n-≈, Ip´n-°r-jvW-am-cm¿, ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-

c≥\m-b¿, D≈m- n¬ tKmhn-µ≥Ip- n-\m-b¿, C. Fw. tImhq¿, Fw. B¿. _n. (ap-√-aw-K-eØv cma≥

` -Xn-cn-∏m-Sv), C. Fw. Fkv., sI. F≥. Fgp-Ø-—≥, kn. B¿. tIc-f-h¿Ω, thfq¿ IrjvW≥Ip- n,

Un. kn. Ing-t°-ap-dn, F. ]n. DZ-b- m\p XpS-ßn-b-h¿ A°m-e-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ß-fm-Wv.

Fw. ]n. t]mƒ (1904˛1952) ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ hnth-I-im-en-bpw kuµ-cy-hm-Znbpw

AtX-k-abw hnπ-h-Im-cn-bp-amb \ncq-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bmw. hnth-N-\-amWv hna¿i-\sØ

krjvSn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ \ΩpsS hna¿i-I-cn¬ G‰hpw hna¿i-I-Xz-ap≈ hy‡n Fw.- ]n. t]mfm-

sW∂pw AtX-‰hpw Ipd-™-bmƒ tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bm-sW∂pw kpIp-am¿ Agn-t°mSv

\nco-£n-®n- p-≠v. ]ptcm-K-a\kmln-Xy-]-ÿm-\-ßfpsS t\Xr-\n-c-bn¬Øs∂ \n∂ alm-i-b-\m-

bn-cp∂p At±lw. t]mfns‚ sNdp-IYm]ÿm-\w, t\mh¬km-lnXyw F∂o IrXn-Iƒ ae-bm-f-

t\mh-en-s‚bpw sNdp-I-Y-bp-sSbpw k¿§m-fl-I-_m-em-cn-jvS-X-Iƒ°p≈ ho´p-a-cp-∂pIfm-bn-cp-∂p.

kuµ-cy-\n-co-£Ww, kmln-Xy-hn-Nm-cw, Imhy-Z¿i-\w XpS-ßn-bhbmWv At±-l-Øns‚ a‰p

IrXnIƒ.

]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m¥-ßsf tIµo-I-cn®v ae-bmfhna¿i-\sØ ]pXp-°n-∏-WnX \h-

temI-k-jvSm-hm-bn-cp∂p tIk-cn. G. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈. tIk-cn, ka-Z¿in, ]t_m-[n\n F∂n-

h-bpsS ]Xm-[n-]-c-mbn At±lw ]h¿Øn-®n- p-≠v. B[p-\nIae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Xs∂ -

29



am¿K-Z¿in-bm-bn- mWv tIkcn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \h-temIw, t\mh¬]ÿm-\-ßƒ, cq]-a-RvPcn,

kmt¶-XnI KŸ-\n-cq-]-W-ßƒ, kmln-Xy-K-th-j-W-ame, tIk-cn-bpsS kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-ßƒ

XpS-ßnb KŸßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿i-I-]-Xn- sb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. sISm-aw-Kew

]∏p-°p´nbpsS IS-Øp-h©n°pw Nß-ºpg IrjvW-]n≈bpsS kv]µn-°p∂ Aÿn-amSØn\pw

tIkcn Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-Ifpw it≤-b-ß-fm-Wv.

kwkvIrXkmln-Xy-ao-amw-k-bpsS kq£va-]-cn-k-c-Øn¬ ]b-‰n-sØ-fn™ ae-bm-f-Ønse

F°m-e-sØbpw alm-\mb \ncq-]-I-\mWv Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿ (1900˛1973). kmln-Xy-k-√m]w, cmPm-

¶-Ww, ssIhn-f-°v, lmk-km-lnXyw, Z¥-tKm-]p-cw, Ie PohnXw Xs∂, kmlnXy`qjWw, hrØ-

inev]w, mc-X-]-cy-S\w, ae-bmfssien Xpßnb cN-\-I-fn-eqsS amcm¿ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-

t_m-[-sØ-Øs∂ ]cn-jvI-cn-®p.

]uckvXyhpw ]m›mXyhpamb kmln-Xy-ao-amw-km-X-Øzßsf aebm-f-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬ HuNn-

Xy-tØmsS ]tbm-Kn® \ncq-]-I-\mWv tPmk v ap≠-t»cn (1903- 1977). cq] -ZX, \mS-Im¥w IhnXzw

XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v Xs‚ kuµ-cy-t_m-[hpw Bims\ hnπ-h-Øns‚ ipI-\-

£Xw F∂pw Inbm-hn-Nn-X-am-b Pohn-X-Øns‚ \mS-Io-bhpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-hp-amb Bhn-jvIm-

c-amWv \√ kmlnXyw F∂pw ]Jym-]n®v cmjvSo-b-t_m-[hpw At±lw Dd-∏n-®p. ams‰men, Bim≥

IhnX˛ Hcp ]T\w, Icn-¥n-cn, h≈-tØmƒ IhnX˛ Hcp ]T\w, hmb-\-im-e-bn¬, am\-Zfiw,

A¥-co£w, a\p-jy-I-Ym-\p-Km-bn-Iƒ, cmP-cm-Ps‚ ams‰men XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ cN-

\-Iƒ.

F. ]n. DZ-b-`m\p

ctaym-]-\ym-k-Im-c≥, ]X-]-h¿Ø-I≥, kzmX¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n, \nb-a-k- m-km-am-Pn-I≥

F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw ]kn-≤-\mWv F. ]n. DZ-b- m-\p (1915˛1999) . Im®n-°p-dp-°n-sb-SpØ en-

Xhpw kq£va-Z¿i-\hpw A]m-c-amb a\p-jy-kvt\-l-hp-amWv DZ-b- m-\p-hns‚ D]-\ym-k-ß-fn¬

\nd-™p-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv. A¿∞hpw A\¿∞hpw, kwkm-cn-°p∂ ssZhw, sIm®p-N-°-c-®n, B\bpw

Aev]w sXep-¶pw, H∂mIpw sIm®p-Xp-ºn, A\m-Y≥, t]a-°n-fn, Hmtcm Xfn-cn-epw, Ifnbpw Imcyhpw

XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ it≤-b-c-N-\-Iƒ. kzm\p- -h-ßfpw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw ÿe-N-cn-

Xhpw kap-Zm-b-N-cn-Xhpw ]pcm-W-hp-sams° CS-I-e¿∂mWv DZ-b- m-\p-hns‚ D]-\ym-k-ßƒ ]ptcm-

K-an-°p-∂-Xv.

ae-bm-fn°v ae-bm-f-tØm-Sp≈ at\m- m-hsØ ck-I-c-ambn hnNm-cW sNøp∂ DZ-b- m-\p-

hns‚ teJ-\-amWv "B\bpw Aev]w sXep¶pw'. a‰p mj-Iƒ ]Wn-s∏´p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ

FX t`Z-amWv amXr- mj Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-°-∂-sX∂ Bi-bsØ e-fn-Xhpw a[p-c-hp-amb mj-

bn¬ teJ-I≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnj-b-ssh-hn-[y-amWv DZ-b- m-\p-hns‚ D]-\ym-k-ßsf auen-

I-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xv.

30



ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n≈

\mS-I-Im-c-s\∂ \ne-bn-emWv ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n-≈-bpsS ]i-kvXn. XnI™ Km‘n-

b≥, anI® A[ym-]-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fnepw At±lw ]i-kvX-\m-Wv. kz¥w \mS-Im-\p- -h-ß-sf-

°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb \mS-Io-bw, tamlhpw ap‡n-bpw, A·n-]-co-£, sISm-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, lcn-›-µ≥,

Zpc-¥-Zp-»¶ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-Iƒ.

"\mS-Im- n-\bw Nne Nn¥-Ifpw kvac-W-Ifpw' F∂ teJ\w ssI\n-°-c-bpsS lrZy-amb

\mS-I-kva-c-W-I-fm-Wv. A`n-\-bn-°p-hm≥ F√m-h¿°p Ign-bp-sa∂pw Pohn-XsØ k¿§m-fl-I-ambn

]I¿Øp-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv A`n-\-b-sa∂pw teJ-I≥ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. sslkvIqƒ ]p\-cp-≤m-c-

W-Øn-\mbn am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω \mSIw Hcp-°p-∂-Xns‚ ck-I-c-amb Hm¿Ω-Iƒ teJ-\-Øn-ep-

≠v. ImgvN-°m-cmbn BfpIsf Iq´p-I F√m-h-scbpw A`n-\-b-I¿Ω-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°p-I, ]Ww

kam-l-cn-°pI F∂n-h-sb√mw Hcp \mS-Im-h-X-c-Ww-sIm≠v km[n-°p-tºmƒ AXv hyXy-kvX-

amb Hcp kmaq-ly-]-In-b-bmbn amdp-∂p.

\mS-I-Im-c-\mb ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n≈ \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-sa∂ kmaq-ln-I-]-h¿Ø-\-sØ-

°p-dn®v FgpXptºmƒ AXv Bfl-hn-i-I-e-\hpw Bflhnh-c-W-hp-ambn amdp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv

bmYm¿∞yw.

Fw. B¿. ` -Xn-cn-∏mSv

tIcf\thm-∞m\Øns‚ Ncn-XØn¬ ad-°m-\m-hmØ t]cmWv ap-√-aw-K-eØv cma≥ - -Xn-

cn-∏mSv F∂ Fw. B¿. _n. 1931- ¬ ]pd-Øp-h∂ ad-°p-S-bv°p-≈nse alm-\-cIw F∂ H‰-°r-Xn-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ At±lw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A\-iz-c-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. tkmt±-iy-\m-S-I-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn¬

tIc-f-k-aq-l-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ho£-W-L-S-\-Isf Cu cN\ ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp-sh∂p ]dbmw. CXp-

Iq-SmsX ae-bm-f-Øn¬Xs∂ A]q¿∆-amb Imthym-]-\ym-k-im-J-bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hmbpw Fw.

B¿. _n. Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. KZy-I-hn-X-bpsS ssien-bn-ep≈ AØcw D]-\ym-k-ßƒ A\p- -hn-∏n-

°p∂ kuµ-cy-fl-I-hnXm\w it≤-b-am-Wv.

\ºq-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse PmXn-Nn-¥-sb-°p-dn®pw D®\oNXz`m-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ hna¿i-

\m-fl-I-Nn-X-amWv "Nn¥n-t∏mb HtcSv'. Hcn-°¬ D®-bq-Wn\v ]K-ev -\mb Hcmƒ ho´n-tebv°v hcp-

∂p-sh∂v h≈-tØmƒ Fw. B¿. _n.-tbmSp ]d-™p. h∂Xv km£m¬ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿. Bh-

W-∏-e-I-bn¬ DuWp-\-evIn-b-t∏mƒ Xd-hm- nse apXn¿∂-h¿°pw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿°p-aXv ckn-®n-

√. amcm-cpsS Ahÿ CXm-sW-¶n¬ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ]d-tb-≠-Xpt≠m F∂v teJ-I≥ tNmZn-°p-

∂p. \thm-∞m\m\¥-c-tI-c-f-Øns‚ Cu Zpc-hÿ AXy¥w Aam-\-hn-I-am-sW∂v Fw. B¿.

_n.- \nco-£n-°p-∂p. \ºqXncn-k-ap-Zm-bsØ ad-°p-S-bv°p-≈n¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°m≥ ]cn-i-an-®-

h-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mb Hcmƒ Xs∂bmWv Cu hyY ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-sX∂ Imcyw \sΩ Ccp-Øn-®n-

¥n-∏n-°p-∂p.

31



""XqenImNnXw, k©m-c-h¿Æ-\w, ctaym-]-\ym-kw, Fs∂√mw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kmln-Xy-cq-

]-ß-fn¬ ]Y-]-Z¿i-I-s\∂ \ne-bv°p-Xs∂ Fw. B¿. _n.-bv°p≈ ÿm\w ]cs° AwKo-Ir-

XamWv. ]t£ F√mw tN¿Øp-h-®-Sp°n t\m°p-tºmƒ kmln-Xyhpw cmjvSo-b-hp-a-S-°w-\-ΩpsS

kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KsØ \n¿Æm-b-I-am-sbmcp Ime-L- -Øns‚ Du¿÷z-kz-e-amb Ncn-X-amWv ChnsS

CXƒ hncn-™p-h-cp-∂Xv (hn-jvWp-\m-cm-bW≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, 1988 : 7- 8).

Ip™pÆn

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Ipdp-¶-hn-X-I-fpsS i‡-\mb ]tbm-‡m-hmWv Ip™p-Æn. _me-km-ln-Xy-

Øns‚ aWvU-ehpw Ihn-™p-\n-ev°p∂ Kuc-hhpw sshhn-[yhpw At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-Iƒ°p≠v.

Ihn-Xbpw IYbpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw IS-¶-Y-Ifpw t\c-tºm-°p-Ifpw sIm≠v tIc-f-Øns‚ ]d-

®n¬]m-c-º-cysØ \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ Ip™p-Æn°p Ign-™n- p-≠v.

Ip™p-Æn-bpsS D]-\ym-k-kz- m-h-ap≈ Ipdn-∏p-I-fn-sem-∂mWv "A∂-hn-Nm-cw'. Irjnsb˛s\-

evIr-jn-sb˛ tIµo-I-cn-®p≈ At\Iw ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v \S-Øp∂ Hcp

kmwkvIm-cn-Im-t\z-j-W-amWv CXv. "A∂-hn-Nmcw ap∂-hn-Nmcw ]ns∂-hn-Nmcw Imcy-hn-Nmcw',

"]Ønc- n® I®-h-S-tØ-°mƒ hnØn-c- n® Irjn \√q', "IqsS-sb-Sp-Øm¬ IqS-se-Sp°mw', "Iq´p-Iq-

Sn-bm¬ IqSp-X-se-Sp°mw' F∂n-ßs\ A\-h[n ]g-sam-gn-I-fn-eqsS Ip™pÆn IrjnbpsS _lp-

kz-c-amb I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-I-fn-tebv°v hmb-\-°m-cs\ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. s\evIr-jn-bpsS ]m[m-

\y-sØ-°p-dn®pw ssPh-Irjn \ne-\n-evt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®psa√mw \sΩ Hm¿Ω-

s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu Ipdn-∏v Ip™p-Æn-bpsS cN-\m-X-¥-ß-ƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ anI® amXr-I-bm-Wv.

32



Poh-N-cn-Xw, Bfl-I-Y, bmX-hn-hcWw, kvac-W-Iƒ ˛

amdp∂ ka-hm-Iy-ßƒ

BapJw

A\p- -hhpw BJy-m\hpw `mjbpw ]pXnb ta®n-¬∏pdßƒ tXSp∂ ImeØv Bfl-I-

Ybpw Poh-N-cn-Xhpw k©m-c-hn-h-c-Whpw cmjvSo-bm-Jy-m\-hp-sa√mw ]pXpa Bhm-ln-°pw. \thm-

∞m-\-aq-ey-ßƒ apX¬ B[p-\n-I- m-hp-IXzw hsc \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Cu ]cn-W-Xn°p hnt[-b-am-

bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Hcp hy‡n-bpsS kz`m-h-sØbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂

tiWn-bmWv Poh-N-cn-Xw. CXv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ hy‡n-bpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØ-bmWv kq£-va-ambn

]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ t\¿°v ]kvXpXhy‡n ]pe¿Øp∂ ImgvN-∏mSv, kao-]\w

F∂n-hsb AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Poh-N-cn-X-Øns‚ e£yw. Hcp hy‡n B¿Pn® aqey-ßƒ,

s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]£nX-amb \√ ]mT-ß-fmbn CXn¬ amdp-∂p-≠v.

IqSp-X¬ ]i-kvX-amb hy‡n-bpsS amX-a√, A]-i-kvX-\mb hy‡n-bp-sSbpw Poh-N-cn-

X-Øn\v kmwK-Xyap-≠v. Hcp hy‡n s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\v \evInb anI® kw`m-h-\-Iƒ CXns‚

kmwK-XysØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kq£v-a-ambn CS-s]-Sp-∂Xv ImWmw. kz¥w tZi-sØbpw

Ime-sØbpw Ipdn®v Hcp hy‡n \n¿h-ln-°p∂ \nco-£-W-ßfpw kzcq-]n-°p∂ \nK-a-\-ß-fp-

amWv B hy‡n-bpsS Poh-N-cn-X-Øns‚ am‰v. \n¿±n-jvS-hy-‡n-bpsS A\p- -h-ßƒ XnI®pw hy‡n-

cn-‡-am-sW-¶n¬ AXv P\-]n-b-ambn amdm\pw km[y-X-bp-≠v. Be- m-c-ß-tfmsS Na-bn®v Fgp-

∂f-fn-°p-∂-X√ Poh-N-cn-Xw. eLp-hns\ Kpcphpw Kpcp-hns\ eLp-hp-am-°msX, hy‡nsb bYm-

X-Y-ambn ]I¿Øp-tºmƒ amXta CXv e-]-Z-am-hp-I-bp-f-fq. Adn-b-s∏-tS≠ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS

Pohn-X-IY Adn-b-s∏-tS≠ hn[-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ cN-\-bmWv Poh-N-cn-Xw. Adn-b-s∏-

tS≠ hn[-Øn¬ F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ IYm-]p-cp-j\v C√mØ hen∏w D≠m-°p-Itbm, Dff hen∏w

Ipd-°p-Itbm sNbvXp-IqSm F∂p-IqSn Dt±-in-°p-∂p. ]h-\≥, Poh-N-cnXw , B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-

f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm\ßfneqsS, sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv (P-\.- F-Un.), Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw,

2011, ]p. 473.

Ae-¶m-c-ßƒ s]mXpth Hgn-hm-t°≠ KW-amWv Poh-N-cn-X-sa∂v \nco-£n-°mw. Hcp

hy‡n-bpsS AIhpw ]pdhpw shfn-s∏-Sp∂ hn[-Øn¬, CXv ssIb-S-°-tØmsS sa\-s™-Sp-t°-

≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. IYm-]p-cp-js‚ am\-kn-I-h-f¿®bpw hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw

samUyqƒ \mev

33



hmb-\-°m-cs‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ i‡n-bmbn ]Xn-b-Ø-°-hÆw Abm-fpsS _mly-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

B¥-cn-I-]-h-W-X-Ifpw Iem-kp- -K-amb coXn-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ Hcp Pohn-X-]p\xkrjvSn-

bmWv Poh-N-cn-Xw. sI.-Fw. tPm¿P,v Poh-N-cn-X-km-lnXyw, F≥._n.Fkv., tIm´bw, 1964, ]p. 11.

kXy-k-‘-amb IY-\-coXn CXns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. A\n-b-¥n-X-amb `mh-\sb, CXns‚

BJym-\-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-Wsa∂v kmcw. F∂m¬ cN-\m-]-c-amb kuµ-cy-Øns‚ s]men-

abv°v th≠ tNcp-h-Iƒ CXn¬ k∂n-th-in-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

GXv hy‡n-bpsS Poh-N-cn-X-amtWm cNn-°p-∂Xv B hy‡n-bpsS _mlyhpw B`y-¥-c-

hp-amb kz`mhw, PohnXw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambn Poh-N-cn-X-Im-c≥ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Poh-

N-cn-X-Ønse IYm-]m-X-amb hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-_-‘-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Poh-N-cn-X-Im-c\v Ah-

t_m-[-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Poh-N-cn-X-Im-cs‚ temI-t_m-[-amWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn\v

Kl-\X h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Poh-N-cn-X-Im-c\v `mj-bn¬ \√ kzm[o-\-ap-s≠-¶n¬, AXv Xo¿®-

bmbpw Poh-N-cn-X-Øns‚ BI¿j-Wo-b-X-bm-bn-cn-°pw. \√-hÆw Pohn® Hcp Pohn-X-sØ-bmWv

Poh-N-cnXw ]p\xkrjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Poh-N-cnXw, B Pohn-X-sØ-t∏mse Xs∂

CuSp-f-f-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.

D≈ns‚bp≈n¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ \mtSmSnbpsS LS\bmWv, sI n°nS°msX IpXdn amdm≥

Hcp k©mcnsb t]cn∏n°p∂Xv. tSmP≥bp≤w Ign™v ISen¬ Zo¿LImew kmlknIambn

Ae™pXncn™ HUoknbqkv Xs∂bmWv, GXv k©mcnbpsSbpw At_m[Ønep≈

amXrIm]pcpj≥.

Imev]\nIXmhmZØn¬ k©mcw, kzmX¥yØns‚ kuµcyhpw kuµcyØns‚

kzmX¥yhpw Ie¿∂ A\p`hamWv. Ae™pXncnb¬Zmlw apJy]hWXbmb

Imev]\nIXmhmZsØ kw_‘n®nStØmfw, ]pXnb ]pXnb `aW]Yßfntebv°v kzbw

hnt£]n°p∂ A\p`qXnbmWv F∂pw k©mcw. ]cnNnXhpw ]cnanXhpamb CSßƒ hn´v,

A]cnNnXhpw A]cnanXhpamb ÿeßƒ tXSnbmWv Hcp ]bmWn kzmX¥yw

BtLmjn°p∂Xv. ]bmWsØ∏‰nbp≈ Hcphs‚ GXv cN\bpw, hy‡y\p`hsØ

hwim\p`qXnbm°m\p≈ XrjvWbpsS ]Jym]\amWv.

bmX ]e XcØneps≠∂v \nco£n°mw. sshb‡nIw, HutZymKnIw, B[ymflnIw

F∂nßs\. XnI®pw kzImcyamb e£yw ap≥\n¿Ønbp≈ bmXbmWv sshb‡nIw.

GsX¶nepw [¿atam ZuXytam ]q¿ØoIcn°m≥ th≠nbp≈ bmXsb HutZymKnIsa∂v

hnfn°mw. ]pWyXo¿Yßfntebv°p≈ ‡nkmµamb bmXbmWv B[ymflnIw. Ch aq∂pw

bmXmhnhcWØn¬ ]Xy£s∏Smw.

ap≥KmanbpsS q]SsØ ]n≥Kman ]p\¿hmbn°p∂ coXn ImWmw. Fkv.sI. s]ms‰°mSv

bmX sNbvX hgnIfn¬ IqSn, k°dnb bmX sNøp∂Xv DZmlcWw. `uXnIamb Hcp bmX

t]mepw, Bflobamb ipXnbp≈ bmXbmbn amdmw. Fw.sI. cmaNµs‚ bmX DZmlcWw.

34



]kn≤a√mØ GsX¶nepw Hcp ÿenbntebv°p≈ bmX t]mepw, hmkvXhØn¬ bmXbmWv.

DZmlcWw A©pcpfnbnse \nemhvv , ]pkvXIw: IrjvWinebpw lnainc pw/ Bjm tat\m≥.

]X Zriyam[yaßfpsS kPohamb CSs]S¬, C∂v k©mckmlnXyØn\v khntijamb

AScpIƒ kΩm\n°p∂p≠v. Sqdnkw e£yam°n Nne kt¶Xßƒ hmb\°m¿°v

]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ ÿncw ]w‡nIƒ ]Xßfn¬ ImWmw. Ch Zriyam[yaßfnepap≠v.

GsX¶nepw Nm\en¬ ÿncw ]w‡nbmbn kwt]jWw sNbvX ]cn]mSnbpsS hoUntbm, kn.Un.

cq]Øn¬ ]Imin∏n°p∂Xv ]XnhmWv. k©mckmlnXyØn\v th≠n hntijm¬

amknIIfp≠v. a‰v taJeIfn¬ ]ikvXcmb hy‡nIƒ FgpXp∂ k©mckmlnXyØn\v

C∂v aXnt∏sdbmWv.

C. Fw. Fkv.

tIcf-NcnXw Hcn-°epw ad-°mØ t]cmWv C. Fw. i¶-c≥\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv F∂ C. Fw.

Fkv. tIc-f-Øns‚ BZysØ apJy-a-¥n, \thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I≥, ]`m-j-I≥, Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ F∂o

\ne-I-fn-se√mw At±lw kz¥w apZ ]Xn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. Cu \mSns‚ P\m-[n-]-Xy-h-XvI-cW-]-In-b-

bn¬ C. Fw. Fkv. hln® ]¶v \nkvXp-e-am-sW∂v At±-l-Øns‚ ]pkvX-I-ßƒXs∂ km£y-

s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. am¿Ivkn-khpw ae-bmfkmln-Xyhpw, kaqlw mj kmlnXyw, Bim\pw ae-bmf

kmln-Xyhpw, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-Øn¬ am¿Ivkn-k-Øn‚ kzm[o\w, \ΩpsS mj, hmb-

\-bpsS Bg-ß-fn¬, am¿Ivkn-khpw kmln-Xyhpw XpSßnh At±-l-Øns‚ it≤-b-ß-fmb cN-

\-I-fm-Wv. Ncn-Xw, kmlnXyw, kwkvIm-cw, mj F∂p-Xp-Sßn C. Fw. Fkv. ssIImcyw sNømØ

hnj-b-ßƒ Cs√-∂p-Xs∂ ]dbmw.

C. Fw. F ns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bpsS t]cv Bfl-IY F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. AXv Hcp \thm-∞m-\-

\m-b-Is‚ kz]v\-ß-fpsS Ncn-Xhpw hnπ-h-ß-fpsS Ncn-Xhpw \mSns‚ Ncn-Xhpw IqSn-bm-Wv.

_m“-Wy-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- C. Fw. Fkv. Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈h¿ \S-Ønb ka-c-ß-fn-tebv°v Hcp Znim-

kq-Nn-bmWv ]IrX-]-I-cWw. AXv tIhew ]qWq¬ s]m´n-s®-dn-™p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp apt∂‰w

amX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp \mSns‚ Ncn-X-sØbpw kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ efn-X-amb a\p-jym-

`n-em-jsØbpamWv C. Fw. Fkv. ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-Xv. NcnXhkvXp-X-I-sf ]pXnsbmcp ]›m-Ø-

e-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-∂-Xns‚ A]q¿hX Cu Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ ]I-S-am-Wv.

s]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿

ae-bm-f-Ønse kuµ-cy-hm-Zn-I-fmb \ncq-]-I-cpsS ]mX ]n¥p-S¿∂v kz¥-am-sbmcp hgn sXfn-

s®-SpØ hy‡n-bmWv s]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿(1919- 2006). hiy-h-N- mb \ncq-]-I\pw \S\pw

\mS-I-Nn-¥-I\pw kwKo-X-⁄-\pw- hm‹n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p At±lw. BZy-IrXn B[p-\nIkmlnXyw.

1996- ¬ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan hnin-jvSmw-KXzhpw 2005- ¬ tIc-f-k¿°m-cns‚ Fgp-Ø-—≥

]pc-kvIm-chpw At±lw t\Sn-bn- p-≠v. kam-tem-N\, Im¥Z¿in-Iƒ, Ck-ßƒ°-∏pdw, Imhy-kz-

35



cq]w, SmtKm¿ Ihnbpw a\p-jy\pw, tIk-cn-bpsS hna¿i\w, \h-am-enI, krjvSnbpw kjvSmhpw,

a\-km-kva-cman (BflIY) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv Kp]vX≥\m-b-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ. afi\hna¿i\Øns‚

coXn ]n¥p-S¿∂ At±-l-amWv Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns‚ HmS-°p-g-en\v Ah-Xm-cnI F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.

Kp]vX≥\m-b-cpsS a\-km-kva-cman F∂ Bfl-I-Y-bnse c≠mw A≤ym-b-amWv "taa\'. Hm®n-

d-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ teJ-Is‚ amXr-Kr-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnkvXr-X-hn-h-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. Hm®nd Kma-

Øns‚ NcvX-Øn-tebv°pw kwkvIm-c-Øn-tebv°pw ]mc-º-cy-Øn-te-bv°p-ap≈ Hc-t\z-j-W-ambn

Cu BJym-\-JWvUw hnI-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hm®nd ]c-_-“w, sNßm-e-∏n≈n _‘p-Ip-Spw-_w,

taa-\-bnse A¤p-X-]p-cp-j-\mb hmkp-t®- ≥, Hm®n-d-°-fn, Hm®nd thep-°p- n, Imbw-Ipfw sIm®p-

Æn, amS-h\ IrjvW-]n≈ F∂n-ßs\ Hcp \mSns‚ AS-bm-f-ß-fmbn Xo¿∂ ]pcm-hr-Ø-ßfpw

hy‡n-Ifpsa√mw CS-I-e¿∂ lrZy-amb Bfl-I-Ym-J-WvU-am-Wn-Xv. HmWm- p-I-c-bpsS hmsam-gn-

h-g-°-sØ-°-dn®v teJ-I≥ as‰mcp ]I-c-W-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-®p-≈-Xns‚ apgp-h≥ ]n≥_-ehpw

taa-\-bp-tS-Xm-W-tX. Cßs\ sXfn™ mj-sIm≠pw \nh¿∂ ]d-®n¬sIm≠pw Bfl-I-Ybpw

taa\ F∂ JWvUhpw hmb-\-°msc ]nSn-®n-cp-Øp-∂p. ]kmZmfl-I-ssi-en-bmWv Kp]vX≥\m-b-

cpsS apJ-ap-Z. hnj-b-ßsf kuµ-cy-fl-I-ambn \nco-£n-°m\pw ]I¿Øm\pw A\p- -hn-∏n-°m\pw

At±-l-Øn-\p≈ Ignhv Chn-sSbpw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

Fw. ]n. hotc-µ-Ip-am¿

cmjvSob-]-h¿Ø-I\pw Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw hm‹n-bp-amWv Fw. ]n. hotc-µ-Ip-am¿. ka-Im-en-

I-amb cmjvSo-b- -km-aq-ln-I- -km-º-Øn-I-hn-j-b-ßfmWv At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-I-fpsS tIµ-_n-

µp. cmas‚ ZpxJw, Km´pw ImWm-®-c-Sp-Ifpw, Nß-ºpg: hn[n-bpsS th -arKw XpS-ßnbh At±-l-

Øns‚ it≤-b-Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. ae-bm-f-Ønse lnam-e-b≥ bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fn¬ BZy-]cnK-W-\-

bn¬ hcp∂hbn-sem-∂mWv hotc-µ-Ip-am-dns‚ ssla-h-X- q-hn¬. tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Uan ]pc-

kvImcw e`n® as‰mcp bmX-hn-h-cWKŸ-amWv Ba-tkmWpw Iptd hymIp-e-X-I-fpw.

lnam-e-b-Øn¬ tPmjo-a-Tn-te-bv°p≈ bmX-bv°nsS teJ-Is‚ kwL-Øn\v A`n-ap-Jo-I-

cnt°≠n-h∂˛Hcp henb Zpc-¥-ambn Iem-in-°p-am-bn-cp-∂- -Hcp oXn-Z-k-µ¿ -sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-

c-W-amWv "Hm¿Ω-bn¬ oXn-Z-amb Hcp bmX' F∂ A≤ym-bw. Af-I-\-µ-bpsS Xoc-Øp-Iq-Sn-bp≈

kwL-Øns‚ bmXbpw ]n∂oSv tPmjo-a-Tn-te-bv°p≈ Zp¿§-a-amb ]mXbpw hgp-Xn-t∏m-Ip∂ hml-

\m-]-I-Shpw hmb-\-°msc DtZz-K-Øns‚ \nan-j-ß-fn-tebv°v Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip∂hbm-Wv. lnam-

e-b≥ bmXm-hn-h-W-ß-fpsS apgp-h≥ \mS-Io-b-Xbpw Kuc-hhpw Cu ]I-c-W-Øn¬ \ap°p

ImWmw.

_me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

B[p\n-I-I-hn-I-fn¬ auen-I-amb Nn¥m-ti-jn-sIm≠pw mh-\m-hym]mcwsIm≠pw it≤-

b-\mWv _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sv. ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xsb A\n-hm-cy-amb mhp-I-Xz-]-cn-W-Xnbv°v hnt[-

36



b-am-°n-b-Xn¬ Cu IhnbpsS ]¶v \n¿Æm-b-Iam-Wv. ]Xn-s\´p Ihn-X-Iƒ BWv At±-l-Øns‚

it≤-b-amb cN-\. Bflm-\p- -h-ß-fpsSbpw kvac-W-I-fp-sSbpw AXn-Xo-h-amb \nth-Z-\-amWv

Np≈n-°m-Sns‚ NnZw-_-c-kva-c-W.

alm-Ihn F∂ JWvU-Øn¬ Np≈n-°mSv ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b-sc-°p-dn-®mWv hnh-cn-®n- p-

≈-Xv. Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv BJym-Xmhns\ ImWm≥ ]n. sN∂Xpw IhnX sNm√n-bXpw inip-k-l-P-

amb \n¿Ω-e-XtbmsS alm-Ihn, Np≈n-°m-Sns‚ Imen¬ hoWXpw ]n∂oSv Xncp-h\¥]pc-tØ-

bv°p≈ bmX-bvs°m-cp-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ipsd ]Ww \evIn-b-Xp-sa√mw sshIm-cn-I-]n-cn-ap-dp-°-tØmsS

Np≈n-°mSv Fgp-Xp-∂p. ]n.-bpsS hyXy-kvX-X-I-fn-tebv°pw A\n-›n-X-Xz-ß-fpsS kuµcy∏c-

∏mbn At±lw amdp-∂-Xns‚ ck-X-¥-Øn-tebv°pw hmb-\-°m-cs\ £Wn-°p-I-bmWv Np≈n-

°m-Sv.

B[p-\n-I-\mb Hcp Ihn Imev]-\n-I-\mb Hcp Ihnsb t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xns‚ ck-I-c-amb

Hcp NnXw-IqSn Wlm-Ihn F∂ JWvUw \evIp-∂p-≠v. Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw B[p-\n-Im-h-t_m-

[hpw \nd-™p-\n-ev°p∂ `mj Cu kµ¿`sØ IqSp-X¬ lrZy-am-°p-∂p.

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