General Ayub Khan & “The Great

Decade”1958-69

P R E S E N T E D B Y : A G H A S A R M A D

Field Marshal of Pakistan Army First Military Dictator Second President of Pakistan

Oct 7,1958: Martial law enforced

by President Iskandar Mirza.

Gen. Muhammad Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator.

Oct 27,1958: Mirza was ousted by Ayub in a bloodless coup, after Mirza tried to undercut Ayub's authority by coopting military officers.

1958

Oct 27,1959: Ayub introduced “Basic Democracies”. A pyramidal plan allowing people to directly elect local

councilmen they knew. 80,000 Basic Democrats were elected. Ayub used those democrats for referendum held in Feb

14,1960. Winning 95.6% of the vote, he used the confirmation as

impetus to formalise his new system.

1959

As a result of the referendum, Ayub became the president for next 5 years & replaced his military government into civilian constitutional government.

Ayub promulgated the Constitution of 1962 on Mar 1.

The capitol infrastructure had been moved to newly planned state capital, Islamabad, after all capital work development was relocated from Karachi.

1960

4 Candiates: Fatima Ali Jinnah, Ayub Khan, 2 more members with no party affiliation.

Ayub won with 64% of the vote in a bitterly contested election, again becoming the President.

The election did not conform to international standards per many journalists of the time and some accused Ayub of rigging.

1965: Presidential Elections

Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule.

India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. Made Lahore offensive on Sep 6 at 3AM, offensive launched on Sialkot.

The 17-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and also witnessed the largest tank battle since World War II.

- Neutral. - Suspended aid to both. - Supported Pakistan. - Declared ceasefire, implemented on Sep 23

1965: Indo-Pak War

Jan 10, 1966: The Tashkent Declaration was a peace

agreement signed to resolve the Indo-Pak War of 65. Peace had been achieved on 23 Sep by the intervention of

the great powers who pushed the two nations to cease fire, afraid the conflict could escalate and draw in other powers.

Economic development and hiring for government jobs favoured West Pakistan, eventually giving rise to Bengali Nationalism.

Feb 12,1966: S. Mujib-ur-Rehman of Awami League presented 6-points to demand provisional autonomy for East Pakistan (forcefully rejected by Bhutto).

1966

Under pressure from PPP, public resentment,

and anger against his administration mainly from East Pakistan, Ayub resigned from the presidency in poor health.

Mar 25: Ayub handed over powers to General Yahya Khan.

Martial law was enforced again, suspending the 1962 constitution.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto appeared as Chairman of PPP.

1969

Model of capitalism and followed free-market economics

principles, period of Industrialization. Private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale

industries in Pakistan Generated employment and economic growth New curriculum and books for schools; construction of new schools

and colleges Agricultural reforms: Land reform, new agricultural equipment,

consolidation of personal and family land-holdings, and stern measures against commodity-hoarding (such as wheat and sugar) were combined with rural credit programs for the welfare of the people in Pakistan.

These reforms led to 15% GNP growth of the country that was three times greater than that of India, and 7% GDP growth greater among the entire subcontinent.

Economic Policies & The Great Decade

Sept 1960: Indus Water Treaty was signed between

to resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the six rivers in the Punjab Doab that flow between India & Pakistan.

Modernisation of Pakistan Army with support of the US. Establishment of Pakistan's National Space Agency, the

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) directed by Abdus Salam; continuation of nuclear power program

Cultural shift: the pop music industry, film industry and drama pictures gained public attention and nationwide popularity.

Economic Policies & The Great Decade

Ayub Khan allied Pakistan with the global U.S. military alliance against the Soviet Union developing strong economic, political and strategic ties with the United States.

Secret intelligence base at Peshawar Air Station leased to CIA.

Appointed left-wing intellectual Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the Foreign Minister, but soon forced him to resign when he excessively criticized the United States.

Bhutto established close political and military ties with socialist China.

Foreign Policy

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