Awareness raising about WAB2E technologies:

20th September-2013

UNEP- India ProjectOn

“WAB for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission Reduction”:

Awareness raising workshop: 20th September-2013

TitleBackground:Technology ClassificationMethods of utilizing waste agricultural biomass as a source of energy

• Direct combustion• Thermo-chemical conversion routes• Conventions for deriving thermal value of biomass:• Densification• Briquetting• Biological Conversion• Liquid Biofuels: • Process of the WAB to Biofuel conversion

Environmental performancesImpacts of emissions from biomass combustionTechnology selectionSAT Methodology.

Implemented Case study

Target audience:Professionals working in the energy generation and utilization activity. Total of 25 members attended

Workshop coverage:

The main coverage of the workshop:Sharing the information about the global scenario of WAB Different technology developments, Need to develop the subject to be prepared to face the dangers of energy shortageNeed for development of alternate sources of energy, Renewable energy sources area and optionsVarious other forms of renewable energy, and Need to stress upon the WAB as a major energy resource.

Recent inclusion of the “Short Lived Climate Pollutants” (SLCP)

Technology Classification

Different processes and technologies for converting biomass to energy. • Direct combustion of the raw biomass • Combustion after simple physical processing • Sorting• Chipping• Air-drying (beneficiation)

Straightforward conversion of thermal energy into mechanical or electric power and the resulting loss in such conversions.Use of low temperature waste heat for drying or heating purposes, thereby achieving much higher overall efficiencies. Types of combustion reactions: viz:•Exothermic: Heat is released as a result of the reaction•Endothermic: Heat is absorbed during the reaction

Importance of maintaining appropriate Air/Fuel Ratios

Methods of utilizing waste agricultural biomass as a source of energyDifferent processes and technologies are available for converting biomass to energy.

Various routes for conversion of biomass to useful fuel

Various routes for conversion of biomass to useful fuel

Gaseous-phase combustion Diffusion flame, mostly Turbulent – a ‘free’ fire T > 1000C (probably T < 1000C) Simultaneous heat and mass transfer with chemical reaction; Surface combustion – a slow process 500C < T < 800C Problem same as in zone A but with sources/sinks due to pyrolytic reactions 200C < T < 500C Heat conduction in a medium with a moving boundary; Mitigation of moisture & gases; Uncertain properties T < 200C

Figure 6.1: Processes and temperatures in a burning piece of wood

Flame

D

Char

C

Pyrolytic Zone

B

Virgin Wood

A

Hea

t Flo

w

Gas

Flo

w

Stages of burning of fuel

Energy content (Heating Values) of WABEnergy content (Heating Values) of WAB :

Three different conventions commonly used:

Gross Calorific Value (or Higher Heating Value-HHV),

Net Calorific Value (or Lower Heating Value-LHV), and

Usable Heat Content.

Fuel Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Ash

Paddy Husk 63.3 14.0 22.7

Bagasse 74.0 19.3 6.7

Wood 77-87 13-21 0.1-0.2

Lignite 43 46.6 10.4

Anthracite Coal 5.0 80 15

Composition of different fuels

Biomass Fuel Composition (% by weight) HHVD (MJ/Kg)

 VM (ash

free)FC

(ash free) Ash Model-A Model-B Model-C

Bagasse 84.2 15.8 2.9 18.1 19.4 19.6

Coconut coir 82.8 17.2 0.9 18.8 20.1 20.2

Coconut shell 80.2 19.8 0.7 19.4 20.6 20.3

Coir pith 73.3 26.7 7.1 19.3 20.4 18.3

Corn cob 85.4 14.6 2.8 17.9 19.2 19.6

Corn stalks 80.1 19.9 6.8 18.1 19.3 18.4Groundnut shell 83.0 17.0 5.9 17.8 19.0 18.7

Paddy Husk 81.6 18.4 23.5 14.5 15.6 13.2

Paddy straw 80.2 19.8 19.8 15.5 16.6 14.3

Wheat straw 83.9 16.1 11.2 16.6 17.8 17.0

Peanut shell 78.4 21.6 7.2 18.4 19.5 18.3

Cotton stalk 80.8 20.0 5.3 18.5 19.7 18.9

HHVD in Mega Joules per Kg. of biofuel

Densification

Densification (briquetting or pelleting for only those WABs with very low density).

To gain advantage through Productive transport and Improved fuel characteristics.

WABs for densification: Like Sawdust, Loose crop residues, and Charcoal fines.

Pressure, Speed of densification, and Binders decide the characteristics

BriquettingThere are two main briquetting technologies viz: The Piston press, and The Screw press. In the piston press the material is punched into a die by a ram with a high pressureIn the screw press, the material is compacted continuously by a screw.With the screw generally briquettes of higher quality can be produced.

FOR VERY SMALL SCALE APPLICATIONS

FLY PRESSES

Thermochemical Conversion

Biomass subjected to appropriate temperatures and pressures and under a controlled and restricted supply of oxygen, typically at 300 - 500°C, until the volatile matters has been driven off. The residual product is Char (commonly known as charcoal).Char has about twice the energy density of the original fuel and burns at a much higher temperaturePyrolysis is the basic thermo chemical processOldest method of processing one fuel in order to produce better one With more sophisticated pyrolysis techniques, the volatile matters can be collected, Careful choice of the temperature at which the process takes place allows the control of their composition.The products formed are normally a gas, an oil-like liquid (Tar) and charcoal. The distribution of these products is dependent on the feedstock, temperature and pressure of reaction, the time spent in the reaction zone and the heating rate. High temperature pyrolysis (1000°C) maximizes the production of gas (gasification) while lower temperature pyrolysis processes (<600°C) are used for the production of charcoal (carbonization). Another approach to produce liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass is direct catalytic liquefaction Depending on the moisture content and the efficiency of process, 4 - 10 kg of wood are required to produce one kg of charcoal

Biological ConversionTypes and grades of biofuels

Impacts of emissions from biomass combustion

Technology selection, Analysis of the Options, SAT Methodology.

Stages of technology development and adoption

Next stepsIdentified following steps for future stress in this area.

Organise similar workshops for mass awareness raising.

Phase I workshopsAgriculture intensive activity zones like agricultural universities, large organized farms, forest departments, food processing industry units, remote backward areas etc.Characterization of the types of biomasses available in such areas be undertaken. Appropriate need based and practical technologies be identified and implemented. This will solve the problems of either shortage of or non availability of energy sources in such areas.Phase II workshopsFor organized sectors e.g. Various governmental agencies like the ministries of agriculture in states, and the areas where the captive availability of rich biomass is assured. agricultural activity based industry clusters like the oil extraction units, Large vegetable market yards, Large Saw mills, Rice mills, Dal mills etc. And

Phase III workshopsNationwide awareness raising programmes should be conducted. Conventional lecture oriented approach is not advised. Use of mass media, Mobile telephony, TV channels, Road shows etc. should be used as the media of awareness.

Sl No Name of the Employee Occupation1 Mr. Joydev Chatterjee Officer (Information Technology)2 Mr. Ramesh Kumar Verma Engineer (CHP)3 Mr. Sameer Kumar Chimman

LalPublic Relation Officer

4 Mr. Syed Izhar Husain Engineer 5 Mr. N Sivakumar Officer Accounts6 Mr. Sudhi Ranjan Chakraborty  Officer (HR)7 Mr. Bikash Kumar Biswas Engineer 8 Mr. Nrusigha Charan Das Engineer C&I/ O&M9 Mr. Surendra Das Engineer (Elect.)10 Mrs. Jyotshnarani Mohanty Officer (Nursing)11 Mr. Damodara Rao Mavuru Officer (F&A)12 Mr. Padma Lochan Sala Engineer O&M13 Mr. Tanmoy Mukarjee Executive Secretary14 Mr. Dipak Biswas Engineer Mech.15 Mr. Ajit Kumar Sarkar Engineer16 Mrs. Manorama Nayak Officer (Nursing)17 Mr. Akashaya Kumar Prusty Asst. Manager O&M18 Mr. Hemant Kumar Parija Asst. Manager C&M19 Mr. Sudershan Behera Officer 20 Mr. Bashishtha Choudhury AM (C & M)21 Mr. Kodukula Prakasa Rao  Executive22 Mr. Gopal Krishna Parashar Officer23 Mr. Nuram Verma Engineer (O&M)24 Mr. Jageshwar Prasad Patkar Engineer(O&M)25 Mr. Binu Tirkey Engineer (CHP) (O )Mech.26 Mr. Rajesh Kumar Chouhan Engineer