avicennas aromatic waters booklet

8/17/2019 Avicennas Aromatic Waters Booklet

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Avicenna’s

Aromatic Waters

A booklet explaining the uses ofaromatic waters

for health and beauty

Produced by Avicenna

Bidarren, Cilcennin, Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales SA48 8RLTel :01570 471000 e-mail: [email protected]

www.avicennaherbs.co.uk

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



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Contents

Page

Background 3 What are Aromatic Waters? 7

How are Avicenna’s Aromatic Waters Produced? 7

Advantages of Aromatic Waters 8 Applications and Dosage 9

Shelf Life and Storage 9

Materia Medica 10 Latin Name English NameAchillea millefolium Yarrow Herb 10

Anethum raveolens Dill Seed 12

Angelica archangelica Angelica Root 13Boswellia carterii Frankincence Resin 15

Calendula officinalis Marigold Petals 17

Chamaemelum nobile Roman Chamomile Flowers 19

Chamomilla recutita German Chamomile Flowers 20

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Cinnamon Quills 23

Citrus aurantium Bitter Orange Flowers 25

Commiphora mol-mol Myrrh Resin 27

Coriandrum sativum Coriander Seed 29

Elettaria cardamomum Cardamom Pods 31

Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Seed 33

Hamamelis virginicus Witch Hazel Bark 35Hyssopus officinalis Hyssop Herb 37

Juniperus communis Juniper Berries 39

Laurus nobilis Bay Leaf 41

Lavandula officinalis Lavender Flowers 43

Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm Herb 45

Mentha X piperita Peppermint Leaves 48

Pellargonium graveolens Rose Geranium Herb 50

Pimpinella anisum Aniseed 52

Rosa damascena Damask Rose Petals 54

Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary Herb 56

Salvia triloba Greek Sage Herb 59

Valerian officinalis Valerian Root 61

Vitex agnus-castus Chaste Tree Berries 63

Zingiber officinalis Ginger Root 64

References and Bibliography 66



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Joe Nasr D Phyt, DO, MNIMH

Background

I have used aromatic waters for many years in my practice as a herbalist.My first experience of them was in Lebanon, my mother country;

aromatic waters have been employed in the Mediterranean region for

hundreds of years for both medicinal and cosmetic purposes.

My friendship and fascination with plants began at quite an early age.

The old terraced village of Kafarshima, my childhood home, stands on a

slope facing the Mediterranean in the heart of Mount-Lebanon. This area

of the world is distinguished for its outstanding natural beauty and

abundant and diverse flora.

As children, our playing fields were the olive and orange groves, the hills

of pine, lavender and sage, and the valleys of wild orchids, cyclamens

and anemones. We snacked straight from the trees on green almonds,

figs, apricots, sweet carob pods, pine kernels and many more natural ‘fast

foods’. When we were thirsty, we simply drank from the streams ofmountain spring water.

Many householders in the village were the proud owners of a small

distilling apparatus. In autumn, fermented grapes would be distilledtogether with aniseed to produce a popular spirit locally known as Arak

(Raki in Turkey or Ouzo in Greece). With the arrival of spring however,

many villagers put their stills to the service of aromatic plants. Aromatic

waters would be carefully and lovingly distilled to produce an abundant

supply for the year. In Lebanon, three very precious aromatic plants were

harvested and distilled for this purpose: Bitter orange flower, Greek sage

herb and Damask rose.

March would bring the initial warmth of spring, rousing the sleeping budsof the bitter orange tree. Out came the Stills from their winter snooze to

be loaded with handpicked bitter orange blossom, mixed with a little

quantity of the tree’s fresh scented leaves. The cherished aroma of neroli

and petit grain would permeate the alleyways for the good part of threeweeks. Precious orange flower water would be stocked in glass bottles for

the year. Before storage, the experienced distiller would always expose

these bottles to the strong rays of the sun for a whole day. This

transformed the clear water to a faintly orange-yellow colour, and was

said to improve its quality and prolong its shelf life.



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This aromatic water found its way into people’s diet as a deliciousflavouring added to various deserts and to create a refreshing homemade

lemonade. In Lebanese and Mediterranean folk medicine, it is unrivalled

as a calming nervine. I have witnessed many occasions where its soothing

action is summoned in situations of acute anxiety and distress. Itsclassical application is as a facial splash for fainting due to emotionalshock or psychological strain. ‘Run!! Fetch the bottle of flower water!’ is

the first response in such situations. In milder cases, an egg cupful of the

water with added sugar is sipped slowly to calm an agitated person – it

always works.

In April, the glorious purple flowers of Greek sage expose themselves tothe strengthening sun of late spring. The locals climb the steep pine-

wooded hills to harvest this most vigorous of medicinal plants. The

harvest is usually dried in the shade before being distilled, to produce the

highly esteemed Greek sage water.

This remarkable healing water is a popular first aid remedy, sipped in

dosages of 20-30mls, for relief from griping pain and bloating. It is a first

class carminative, which instantly corrects digestive dysfunction and

dispels wind. Sage water’s great antiseptic and locally healing properties

make it a useful mouthwash and gargle in many afflictions of the mouth

and throat. And it has acquired a reputation for reducing high blood

pressure, fortifying the memory, and as a general tonic and bloodcleanser. This all reminds me of the old Greek saying: ‘How dieth a man

who has sage growing in his garden?’

Around the first week of May, the delicately scented Damask rose startsto unfold its queenly beauty. How fortunate that this divine scent may be

captured in a bottle as rose water to enjoy the whole year round! The

newly unfolding pretty pink flowers would be picked very early in the

morning before the heat of the day robbed them of their delightful scent.

Then, they were put straight into a copper still to hand over their essenceto water. As distillation got under way, the ‘spirit’ of the rose would

infuse the surrounding air with a heavenly aroma.

Delicate rose water was employed externally as a cooling astringent. I

remember occasions when my mother would make a paste from starch

and rose water, and spread it over our sunburnt skin. Although of olive

complexion, we were prone to sunburn at the beginning of the beachseason when formerly concealed flesh is suddenly exposed to the roasting

sun of June. The rose water paste was most welcome indeed; it soon



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cooled the skin and evaporated away with the pain, leaving the dried upstarch to simply flake away.

A few years after I left the Lebanon for England during the outbreak of

the civil war in 1974, I started a diploma in Herbal Medicine at theSchool of Phytotherapy in Kent. During this time, I learned about theWestern tradition of Herbal Medicine, although there was a large overlap

with my Lebanese Materia Medica, I did put some of my traditional

knowledge on the back burner for a time. For many years thereafter, as a

practitioner of herbal medicine in England, I prescribed plants mainly in

the form of tinctures as I had been instructed. However, my traditional

Lebanese roots constantly nagged me: ‘These cold-macerated tincturesfeel lifeless without heat’. And I began to recall all my exper ience with

aromatic waters. This rekindled interest grew and led me to develop a

new method of making tinctures from aromatic plants.

Most tinctures are prepared by the method of cold maceration, which

simply involves soaking the plant material in a solution of water and

alcohol for two weeks, and then pressing the tincture out. I felt this to be

an inadequate method of extracting the volatile principle or essence of an

aromatic plant. Heat, I felt was somehow missing from the standard

process of tincture making. If one looks back at the traditional history of

herbal prescribing, heat has been universally applied to all forms of

herbal extraction. Herbal tinctures came into being relatively recently, inthe wake of modern pharmaceutical preparations of orthodox medicine. It

was as though herbs, which were stepping out of fashion then, were

relegated to energetically deficient brown liquids stored on the back

shelves of the then modernizing pharmacies.

My idea was to reintroduce heat to tincture-making by including

distillation in the overall process. The way I have achieved this is by first

distilling the aromatic herb, which produces an aromatic water. More of

the plant is then soaked in this water to carry the process of coldmaceration. This produces a superior tincture, not only far richer in

volatile principles, but also containing essential components, which aremissing from the cold macerated tincture.

For example, through the process of distilling chamomile flowers, steam

converts the relatively inactive matricine found in the essential oil, to the

highly therapeutic chamazulenes. The same conversion, but to a lesserdegree, occurs when infusing chamomile flowers with boiling water in a

teapot. There is a strong tradition in the use of chamomile tea (hotinfusion) as a soothing remedy in inflammations and as a symptomatic



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relief in states of visceral spasm. Chamazulenes are both strongly anti-inflammatory and superb spasmolytics; they are certainly missing from

the cold macerated tincture. I am not ascribing the therapeutic value of

chamomile exclusively to these compounds, but I do feel that their virtual

absence from the cold extract renders its action somewhat incomplete,and certainly different to that experienced through traditional preparation.

This is how I started producing what I call ‘distilled’ tinctures. I found

them to be therapeutically more effective, as subsequently did many of

my colleagues. Soon after making these tinctures available, it dawned on

me that aromatic waters are complete medicines in their own right and

ought to be prescribed as such. There was certainly ample traditionalevidence for the medicinal benefit of these wonderful healing waters,

which I shall allude to later.

When I first started to distil Aromatic Waters, I felt entirely alone in my

enthusiasm for these waters. No other practitioners in this country seemed

to be aware of them, or use them. But I am glad to say, that in the last two

years, Aromatic Waters are beginning to receive their deserved

recognition, and nearly every week, I receive wonderful feedback from

practitioners and therapists about their success in using particular waters.

Books such as Suzanne Catty’s, Hydrosols – The New Aromatherapy, are

also beginning to raise people’s awareness and soon, ho pefully, we will

see an explosion of research about the chemical composition of hydrolatsand aromatic waters. This is most desperately needed, for although they

do have the benefit of centuries of traditional usage behind them, we are

now, of course, entering a new era in herbal medicine , where traditional

wisdom is no longer enough on its own.



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What are Aromatic Waters?Aromatic waters are highly therapeutic distillates, which harbour thelighter essence of an aromatic plant. They constitute a very safe and

effective way of prescribing the volatile principles and vital essence of a

plant internally, an essential element that is missing from the present practice of herbal medicine and aromatherapy in the UK.

An aromatic water is water enriched with both the essential oil and the

water-soluble volatile components of a plant. The essential oil is finely

dispersed through the water in a low concentration, giving each aromatic

water its individual smell. The water-soluble volatile components are

actually in solution, and give the aromatic water additional properties not

possessed by the essential oil alone. They include substances like

hydroxy acids, carboxylic acids and many others, which modify and balance the action of the pure oil. These water-soluble volatile

constituents provide the aromatic water with a more wholesome action,

which is more like that of the whole plant when compared to the action of

the pure oil.

Pure essential oils act in a mode that is more akin to that of isolated

principles. However, essential oils, when naturally dispersed within the

complex of an aromatic water, are moderated and balanced by the water

and its water soluble volatile components. Furthermore, the composition

of the essential oil which is dispersed into the aromatic water variesconsiderably from that of the pure essential oil which separates and floats

on the surface of a freshly distilled aromatic water. The dispersed oil

contains a higher ratio of the gentle-acting, water-loving components like

alcohols, and a lower ratio of the harsher, water-hating components like

ketones.Aromatic waters capture a broader range of both the water and fat-soluble

volatile constituents of a plant, and this contributes to their efficacy and

safety.

How are Avicenna’s Aromatic Waters Produced? Many related products on the market are produced by adding an essential

oil to water ( floral waters) or are by-products of the steam distillation ofessential oils (hydrosols). This is not how I produce aromatic waters. I

employ a specific water distillation in a specially designed stainless steel

still. The plant material is totally immersed in spring water and then

brought gently to the boil. The steam that rises carries with it the essential

oil and water-soluble volatile components, which disperse and dissolve in

the water respectively. After many years of experimentation and trialswith various still designs I have carefully designed a unique still, which



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saturates the water in a gentle and complete manner, and prevents thedamaging effects of reflux. Hydrosols are by-products of large-scale

steam (not water) distillation of essential oils. The speed and harshness of

this process produce a different product when compared to aromatic

waters. Aromatic waters are primary products of a specific, prolongedand gentle distillation. This method of distillation is completelyunfeasible at a commercial level, as it requires more heat and time. This

is why there can be such variation in quality and price between Aromatic

Waters and Hydrosols.

Advantages of Aromatic Waters over Tinctures and Ess OilsAromatic waters have some advantages over pure essential oils andtinctures which can be summarised as follows:

1. A more gentle and balanced action – Both the volatile oils and the

water soluble volatiles contribute to the medicinal effect of an

aromatic water, which is therefore more akin in its action to that of the

whole plant.

2. Presenting the essential oil in an aqueous medium – The fact that

the essential oil is physically dispersed in the aromatic water improves

its uptake and utilisation by the aqueous medium the body fluids.

3. Traditional support for safety and efficacy – Aromatic waters have

been used internally to treat a wide range of ailments safely and

effectively for many centuries and by many civilisations. For example

the aromatic water of Salvia triloba is liberally taken internally inmany Mediterranean countries, to great benefit and with unknown side

effects. This in contrast to the internal usage of the essential oil of

Salvia spp. which is not backed by any tradition and may readily lead

to harmful effects.4.

The convenience of a tincture without the alcohol – Aromatic

waters can be used instead of a tincture where alcohol is not permitted

or is undesirable, and where the essential oil component of the plant is

of primary therapeutic importance, yet still retain the convenience of a

fluid preparation. For example, they are ideal for children, for thosewhose religious beliefs do not permit the use of alcohol, or for those

dealing with alcohol dependency.5.

A gentle but effective external application – Aromatic waters are

ideal for external application where the drying and stinging properties

of alcohol are undesirable, for example, as a lotion for cuts, grazes and

rashes especially for children and babies and in creams for dry,

sensitive and inflamed skins. Many herbalists tend to mix tincturesinto cream bases; the alcohol in tinctures is drying and irritating to

inflamed skin, and destabilises the cream with separation of the liquid



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phase. Aromatic waters are much more compatible with a cream baseand are highly effective soothing and healing topical agents.

6. A highly convenient preparation – Unlike infusions, lotions,

essential oils and tinctures, which all need a level of preparation

before the patient can use them, aromatic waters are mostly instantlyavailable for a range of internal and external uses. For example, asprayer bottle of chamomile water in the handbag or kept at home can

be sprayed over itchy rashes, urticaria, sunburn, used as a facial toner,

can be taken internally for it relaxing properties or for GIT upsets,

may be inhaled in hot water, or added to a babies bath….

Applications and DosageInternally

Aromatic Waters present a safe and effective way for prescribing thevolatile principles of an aromatic plant internally.

The average adult dose of most waters is 10ml three times daily which

may either be taken neat, or diluted with a little water.

To enhance the therapeutic influence of the waters through the sense of

smell, the daily dose (30ml), may be added to 500ml of water and sippedthroughout the day, or sprayed through an atomiser into the mouth –

Four sprays deliver about 1ml.

Externally

Aromatic waters like chamomile, lavender, rose, rose geranium,

rosemary, and witch hazel, make outstanding topical remedies forafflictions of the skin and mucous membranes. This is related to their

soothing, astringing, anti inflammatory, antiseptic, and cooling actions.

Various modes of external application include: lotions, sprays

compresses, inhalations, facial steaming, added to clay in facial packs,

added to creams or a base cream, mouthwashes, gargles, added totherapeutic baths.

Shelf Life and Storage No preservatives or any other substances are added to Avicenna’s

Aromatic Waters as they may interfere with their therapeutic properties.

Some waters like rose, rose geranium, bitter orange flower, rosemary and

bay keep for years, and indeed improve with time when stored properly.Other waters like chamomile, and lemon balm have a short life of around

6 – 8 months. Most waters have a shelf life of about 18 months.

They must be stored in glass containers in a dark cool place.



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Achillea millefoliumYarrow herb water

Latin NameAchillea millefolium

Common NameYarrow herb, woundwort, staunchwort, thousand leaf, carpenters weed,milfoil, yarroway.

FamilyCompositae

Parts UsedFlowering tops

History & FolkloreThe name Achillea commemorates the Greek hero Achilles who used yarrowto heal the wounds of his soldiers. It has been used throughout history upuntil the First World War for treating wounds on the battlefield. It has longbeen used as a herb of divination and ceremonial magic.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpeper it is ruled by Venus. Cold in the first degree, dry in thefirst degree, cools kidneys and bladder.

In TCM, it is also considered cool and dry, and is linked to the wood element.It stimulates the Liver, clears heat and can break through painful obstruction.

Constituents/PharmacologyAzulenes are produced during steam distillation.The most prevalent constituents of the oil are camphor, sabinene, 1,8-cineole,alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and camphene.The water is much less bitter than other preparations of the herb, so it isdebateable to what extent the water has a strong bitter action on the GIT.

ActionsAnti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, carminative, anti-allergic (will reducehistamine induced tissue reactions). Antiseptic, cholagogue, bitter,vasodilator, hypotensive, diaphoretic. Yarrow is also an astringent,haemostatic and styptic herb.

IndicationsInternally for hay fever, allergic rhinitis, urticaria. Poor circulation, high bloodpressure, varicose veins and venous insufficiency. Gentle diuretic and urinaryantiseptic. Relieves indigestion (bloating and wind when not associated with

acidity), IBS. Heavy periods.Wounds, skin infections, thread and varicose veins, piles.



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Preparations & DosagesThe water is produced by gentle water distillation. Like chamomile, it has afaint blue tinge due to the azulenes. The taste is much less bitter than otherpreparations of the herb, thus the bitter action is much less pronounced.Aromatic water for internal use – sip from 5 to 15 mls, diluted in 500 ml ofwater.Use up to 20% in creams with other astringent herbs for weeping conditions,wounds, varicose veins and with other anti-inflammatory waters such aschamomile for inflamed skin conditions. Can also be used as a compress.Combine with peppermint water as a styptic aftershave toner.Combine with rosemary, or witch hazel waters in creams for varicose veinsand thread veins.Combine with chamomile water as a lotion or compress for inflamed orirritated skin, or in a spritzer to spray on irritated facial skin during the hayfever season.Combine with juniper water internally as a detoxifying mix, or use thecombination externally in lotions/creams for areas prone to water retention.Add to a Sitz bath for haemorrhoids or postpartum healing.

Contra-indicationsPregnancy, epilepsy and kidney disease due to the presence of thujone. Takecare during breast feeding and children under 2 years. Do not sunbathe or goon a sun bed for 12 hours after external use and take precautions in the sun ifregular internal use.



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Anethum graveolensDill water

Latin Name

Anethum graveolens

Common NameDill

FamilyUmbelliferae

Parts UsedSeeds

History & FolkloreDill was used in a painkilling mix in Ancient Egypt, whilst the Greeks arebelieved to have covered their eyes with fronds of the herb to induce sleep. Itsname comes from the Norse ‘dylla’, meaning ‘to sooth’.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpepper, it is governed by Mercury.

Constituents & Pharmacology

The volatile oil contains carvone mostly. Other constituents are flavonoids,coumarins, xanthones and triterpenes.

ActionsAnti-spasmodic, mild diuretic, gentle expectorant, galactogogue.

IndicationsColic, IBS, griping, halitosis, coughs and colds, dysmenorrhoea, poor breastmilk production.

Preparations & DosagesDill water is the main constituent of gripe water used to settle colic in babies.The best way to dose babies is for the mother to take the water regularly if sheis breast-feeding. Combine with fennel, aniseed, chamomile, cinnamon,peppermint or ginger as required for IBS and bowel spasm.Combine with cardamom water to freshen breath.Sip with angelica, hyssop or aniseed water for coughs and colds.Combine with valerian, cinnamon or ginger water for spasmodic periodpains.

Contra-indications



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Angelica archangelicaAngelica root water

Latin Name

Angelica archangelica

Common NameAngelica, Angel’s herb, Root of the Holy Spirit.

FamilyUmbelliferae

Parts UsedRoot

History & FolkloreAs the name suggests, angelica has long been associated with angels and inparticular the Archangel Michael. It comes into bloom near his feast day andhas been connected to the Christian observance of the Annunciation. This socalled root of the Holy Ghost or Spirit has also been considered to protectagainst evil spells.

EnergeticsRuled by the Sun under the domain of Leo.

Hot in the third degree, dry in the third dgree, heats the heart, stomach andwomb.

Constituents & PharmacologyVery little data on the constituents of the water, especially the water-solubleaspects. The EO contains the following oils: Alpha and Beta-pinene, alpha andbeta-phellandrine, p-cymene, limonene, myrcene, camphene, beta-pinene,sabinene, d-3-carene, bornyl acetate, cryptone, terpinolene, copaene,terpinene-4-ol, ocimene, cryptone, beta bisabolene, rho-cymen-8-ol, humulenemonoxide, tridecanolide, pentadecanolide.

ActionsRelaxing and restorative nervine. Circulatory stimulant and heart tonic.Immune-system stimulant. Expectorant, diaphoretic, and febrifuge.Antispasmodic, warming carminative, aromatic and digestive.Depurative, emmenogogue and diuretic.

IndicationsThis is a relatively new water and its usage seems to relate more to thenervous system, where it has a calming and grounding action, useful for

anxiety states, stress, nervous exhaustion and debility.



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However, it may still be considered for its other more traditional usesincluding, coughs, colds, any cold conditions, bronchial asthma, pleurisy, andrespiratory catarrh. Poor circulation with cold peripheries. Intermittentclaudication.Poor digestive function, flatulence, gastro-intestinal tract spasms, and lack ofappetite. However, the water does not contain the same bitterness as otherpreparations.

Preparations and dosages – (Internal use only) Best to keep dosages low. Its use is mainly internal; 5 - 10mls may be sippedin cold water two to three times daily.Sip in a little cold water after meals to aid digestion and relieve bloating andwind. Mixes well with fennel, dill and cardamom for this.Mix with ginger and cinnamon for a warming digestive and circulatory tonic.Sip alone or in combination with other waters at times of stress when agrounding effect is required.Sip in combination with bitter orange flower or cardamom to promoteappetite.Combines well with hyssop for coughs and catarrh.

Contra-indicationsContraindicated in Pregnancy. Do not apply the water externally.



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Boswellia carteriiFrankincense water

Latin Name

Boswellia carterii

Common NameFrankincense, olibanum

FamilyBurseraceae

Parts UsedResin

History & FolkloreFrankincense has been used since ancient times in religious ceremonies and isstill used in many churches today. It has probably been the most importantincense ingredient since history began. It is mentioned 22 times in the Bible,and was, of course, held in high enough esteem to be one of the gifts offeredto the baby Jesus. Frankincense gum was charred to produce kohl powder,used by Egyptian women to paint around their eyes. Dioscorides mentionsthe use of the plant to treat skin problems, haemorrhages and pneumonia. A16th Century surgeon treated soldier’s wounds and noted that it stopped

bleeding and facilitated healing.

EnergeticsIn traditional Chinese medicine, it is considered to be cool and dry in nature,associated with the Earth element.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains octyl-acetate, octanyl, alpha-pinene, incensyl acetate,linalool.

ActionsRelaxing nervine, anti-depressant, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, possibleimmune-system enhancing qualities, analgesic, anti-catarrhal, astringent,carminative, cicasitrant, expectorant, tonic, diuretic, vulnerary,emmenogogue.

IndicationsAnxiety, chest infections, respiratory catarrh, bronchitis, asthma,menorrhagia, skin infections, oily skin, mature skin.



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Preparations & DosagesA new water, which requires further experimentation. It combines well withmyrrh water as a superb antiseptic. It may also be mixed with hyssop, thymeor aniseed waters for chest infections, asthma and catarrhal conditions. Use asa calming and centering nervine. Frankincense has strong associations withspiritual practice and meditation, and the water may find many uses in thiscontext.

Contra-indications



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Calendula officinalisMarigold petals water

Latin NameCalendula officinalis

Common NamePot marigold

FamilyCompositae

Parts Used

Flower petals

History & FolkloreThe English name marigold refers to its old use in Church Festivals in theMiddle Ages, being one of the flowers dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Becausemarigold flowers open at sunrise and close at sunset, it has always beenassociated with the sun. It has a strong tradition of treating conditions of theeyes and enhancing magical vision.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpepper, ruled by the Sun under the domain of Leo

Constituents & PharmacologyTriterpenoid saponins, resin (calendulin), carotenoids, bitter glycosides,essential oil, sterols, flavonoids, mucilage.The resins and some of the water-soluble constituents make this remedylocally astringent. It is a powerful healing agent, with a reputation forincreasing speed of regranulation of wounds. The hormonal actions ofmarigold most probably stem from the sterol fraction.

ActionsAstringent, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial (active against fungal, amoebic,bacterial and viral infections including ‘flu and herpes viruses),antispasmodic, lymphatic stimulant. Regulates menstruation and has anestrogenic effect in relative oestrogen deficiency states.

IndicationsGastritis and peptic ulcers and any inflammatory bowel complaint.Marigold’s reputation as a great detoxifying herb is probably due to its actionon the liver and lymphatic system. It can be used internally to treat gutdysbiosis and candidiasis.



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Nothing surpasses marigold as a healing agent externally. It will reducebleeding and weeping and its healing and antiseptic action make it ideal forulcers and sores.It is also indicated for irregular periods, mastitis and breast cysts. It has areputation for treating lumps and cysts of the female reproductive system.

Preparations and dosagesThe distilled water of marigold is a recent development. Take internally up to15mls daily. Apply as a lotion to cuts, grazes, fungal infections, insect bites.As a gargle for mouth ulcers and oral thrush. Include in eczema creams.

Contra-indicationsPregnancy as it promotes uterine contractions.



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Chamaemelum nobileRoman chamomile water

Latin NameChameamelum nobile

Common NameRoman chamomile, garden chamomile

FamilyCompositae

Parts UsedFlowers

History & FolkloreSimilar to German chamomile

EnergeticsSame as German chamomile.

Constituents/PharmacologyThe volatile oil components include the ester isobutyl angelate; the ketonepinocarvone. Also cineole, alpha and beta-pinene, carophyllene.

ActionsAntispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, (though less so than German chamomile).Roman chamomile is probably more of a relaxant than German. Analgesic,antiseptic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, emmenogogue.

IndicationsChildren’s ailments, anxiety, insomnia, PMS, period problems.

Preparations and dosagesSip 5-10 ml, three times daily for anxiety, anxiety related digestive upsets andinsomnia.Take internally for PMS.Dilute and rub onto babies’ gums during teething. Dilute and add to babies/children’s bottles when they are overtired, irritableor fractious.

Contra-indicationsThe essential oil is contra-indicated in pregnancy, so care should be takenwith the water during pregnancy until more data is available. Rare reports ofsensitisation to the oil has been reported in sensitive individuals.



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Chamomilla recutitaGerman chamomile water

Latin NameChamomilla recutita

Common NameGerman chamomile

FamilyCompositae

Parts UsedFlowers

History & FolkloreIn Ancient Egypt, chamomile was dedicated to the sun God Ra. Chamomilewas one of the 9 sacred herbs of the Saxons. In addition to helping people, theplant has also been used to cure sick plants and was known as the plant’sphysician.

Energetics

According to Culpepper, ruled by the Sun, hot in the first degree, dry in thefirst degree, heats the head, liver and joints, purges cholerMainly ruled by the Wood element in TCM, cool and of neutral moisture.Regulates flow of Qi energy and clears heat.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil components include: proazulenes, bisabolol, farnesene: andterpenes such as pinene, anthemal, spiroether, angelic and tiglic acids. Thesesquiterpenes lactones are bitter and are responsible for the cholagogue andcholeretic activity of chamomile. There is also evidence for liver regenerating

properties. Other constituents are flavonoids; bitter glycoside; coumarin;malic acid; tannins.The azulenes and bisabolol are anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic. Theywill reduce histamine-induced reactions such as anaphylaxis, hay fever,allergic asthma and eczema. Spiroether is also strongly anti-spasmodic

ActionsAnti-inflammatory, visceral and general relaxant; carminative; uterinerelaxant; peripheral vasodilator; anti-allergenic; vulnerary; antiseptic.



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IndicationsChamomile is well known for its use in anxiety states, spasmodic or colickypain, vertigo, and especially children’s ailments of a nervous origin. It is alsoideal in a cream or as a lotion for nappy rash or added to the bath to sootheirritable, overtired and fractious children and promote a restful sleep.It is unsurpassed as a digestive remedy in nervous dyspepsia, peptic ulcers,gastritis (bisabolol has been shown to speed up the healing of ulcers bothexternally and internally), IBS, gastro-enteritis, diarrhoea; in fact there ishardly any digestive problem where chamomile would not be helpful.Although a carminative, chamomile has an appreciable bitter action, ensuringadequate bile flow. This produces an overall very balanced action ensuringthat digestive ‘depression’ does not occur. Chamomile water is hardly surpassed as an external agent. It is indicated forany inflamed, irritated skin condition such as eczema, urticaria, acne rosacea,acne vulgaris, and varicose ulcers. It may also be used as an inhalation forcatarrh, sinusitis and hay fever where its actions are much more anti-inflammatory and less irritant on the mucous membranes than eucalyptus forexample.The anti-allergy properties of chamomile water make it a key treatmentinternally for allergic conditions such as, asthma, eczema or hay fever. It isalso a diaphoretic making it useful in colds and upper respiratory tractinfections (probably best taken as a hot tea in this case, although this could befortified with 10ml of the water). As with other volatile oil containing plants,constituents in chamomile are excreted via the kidneys, making it useful as agentle urinary remedy.The generic name of chamomile is Matricaria deriving from matrix, meaningmother or womb, underlining the early prominence given to the plant forfemale reproductive problems. It is useful in morning sickness and vomitingin pregnancy, some menopausal symptoms, premenstrual headaches andmigraines, amenorrhoea of nervous origin, painful periods, mastitis, andPMS.

Preparations and dosagesChamomile water is made by gentle water distillation of the flower heads.The water has a faint blue tinge due to the presence of chamazulenes. Thearomatic water can be taken internally up to 40mls daily.Apply as a lotion or spray liberally on any inflamed or irritated skincondition.Use as an inhalation (about 30mls added to a bowl of hot water at the lastmoment to retain the steam).Add about 50mls to a warm bath just before entering.Chamomile combines well with chickweed in creams for itchy, inflamed skinconditions, and marigold for healing ulcers and wounds. Add up to 20% in acream base.Carry in a spray for instant relief if prone to urticaria, sunburn etc.



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Use as a facial toner in acne rosacea, or as an aftershave toner for men withsensitive skin/folliculitis etc.Combines well with lavender and rose waters for any inflammatory skincondition.Use as a part of a baby’s nappy changing routine, especially where nappyrash is present.Use as a facial spritzer during the hay fever season.Ideal as a cosmetic toner/make-up remover for sensitive skin.

Contra-indicationsThe essential oil is contra-indicated in pregnancy, so care should be takenwith the water during pregnancy until more data is available.



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Cinnamomum zeylanicumCinnamon bark water

Latin NameCinnamomum zeylanicum

Common NameCinnamon

FamilyLauraceae

Parts Used

Bark

History & FolkloreCinnamon is one of the oldest spices and was one of the most valuable itemsin the spice trade. For centuries the source of cinnamon was kept a close secretby the Arabs, but it is said that when Alexander the Great was at sea, he knewhe was near the coast of Arabia from the spicy scent of cinnamon waftingfrom the distant shore. It was brought to Western Europe by the Crusaders toenhance the flavour of bread, fish, salt and meat, and was also valued formedicines, perfumes and love potions.

EnergeticsHot and dry

Constituents& PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains cinnamaldehyde (40-50% in the EO), eugenol,linalool, 1,8-cineole, carophyllene, benzyl benzoate. Cinnamaldehyde isresponsible for the sedative, hypotensive and analgesic properties ofcinnamon.

ActionsCarminative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, anti-microbial (active againstbacteria and fungal infections), aperient.

Indications – (Internal use only) Dysmenorrhoea, poor circulation, colds, ‘flu, nausea, indigestion, IBS, griping,myalgia, rheumatism, bacterial and parasitic infections. Stimulating andrestorative nervine.

Preparations & Dosages

Sip 5 ml in warm water to instantly relieve bloating, colic and IBS typesymptoms.



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Ideal first aid remedy for gut infections.Combines well with ginger water for a warming digestive and circulatory mix– could also be used for period pains.Cinnamon water makes a delicious addition to coffee.Sip 5 mls or so in a little cold water when concentration and mentalstimulation are required.Combine with yarrow water as an over all digestive tonic.At the first sign of a cold or chill, add 5mls of cinnamon and 5 mls of gingerwaters to hot water, add a little honey (a dash of brandy is optional!) anddrink as hot as possible to promote a sweat.Use in cooking, especially good added to mince meat in mince pies andChristmas cake. May be added to brandy etc for making sauces and othercooking purposes.

Contra-indicationsContraindicated for external use onto the skin or mucus membranes. Do notspray directly onto the face. Avoid in pregnancy. Until more data is availableon the level of cinnamaldehydes in cinnamon water, do not use high dosesinternally over long periods of time.



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Citrus aurantiumBitter orange flower water

Latin NameCitrus aurantium

Common NameBitter orange flower, orange blossom, Seville orange.

FamilyRutaceae

Parts UsedFlowers

History & FolkloreThe bitter orange was first cultivated in the Mediterranean by Arabconquerors in the 10th and 11th Centuries, but it was not till 1563 that thedistilled oil of the blossom (Neroli oil) is recorded by the Italian naturalistdella Porta. The blossoms were often used in weddings, as they are associatedwith virginity, romance and fertility. Many believe that the golden apples ofthe Hesperides (Priestesses of the Greek Gods) were in fact bitter orange

fruits.

EnergeticsCool and of neutral moistureThe main element is Fire in TCM; clears heat and stabilises the Shen (Heartand Mind)

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains alpha and beta-pinene, camphene, alpha-terpinene,nerol, neryl acetate, farnesol, geraniol, linalool (35%), nerolidol, linalyl acetate

(mainly found in the leaves), methyl anthranilate and indole.

ActionsSedative, tranquilliser and anti-depressant. Hypotensive. Antispasmodic,bitter, carminative, cholagogue, astringent, antiseptic.

IndicationsInternally, taken for anxiety states and as a natural tranquilliser for shock.Useful in insomnia, GIT upsets, and diarrhoea of nervous origin, anxietyrelated palpitations and high blood pressure.

GIT spasms, anorexia, and diarrhoea of nervous origin.



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Externally, it is suitable for skin prone to broken capillaries, inflamed andsensitive skin. It improves the skin’s micro-circulation and promotes cellularregeneration. Due to its strongly astringent properties, bitter orange flowerwater is ideal for greasy skin, or for a tightening effect on lax skin.

Preparations & DosagesAvicenna bitter orange flower water has a faint orange colour as it is made inthe traditional way by exposing it to sunlight for a week or so. This is said toenhance its quality and prolong shelf-life.It is used with children suffering ADHD.Sip 5 to 10 mls mixed with cold water at times of stress, including emotionalshock where it can also be sprayed or splashed over the face too.Sip if suffering anxiety related anorexia, or any other stress-related GITproblem.Sip throughout the day if prone to cardiovascular related stress symptomssuch as high blood pressure and palpitations.Add to mineral water (5 to 10mls or so to 500mls of water) and drink up to 2litres of this mixture daily.Keep a dropper bottle and take as required if attempting to quit an addictionsuch as cigarettes or alcohol.Use as a facial toner for oily/sensitive skin. Mixes well with rose geranium forthis.Mix up to 20% in a cream base for oily skin.

Contra-indicationsIn many Mediterranean countries, it was traditionally understood that anyonewith a heart condition involving a level of cardiac insufficiency (such as heartfailure), should avoid bitter orange flowers because of their strongly sedativeeffect on the heart. Do not give this water when there is hypotension from anycause. Can be too drying for those with dry skin.



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Commiphora mol-molMyrrh resin water

Latin NameCommiphora mol-mol

Common NameMyrrh

FamilyBurseraceae

Parts UsedDried gum resin

History & FolkloreMyrrh is one of the oldest known medicines, extensively used by the AncientEgyptians as a medicine and for embalming. In the Greek myths, Myrrha,daughter of the King of Syria Theias, is turned into a Myrrh tree by the Godsto protect her from the wrath of her father. Ten months later, the bark peelsoff and an infant emerges who is given the name Adonis. Myrrh is alsoassociated with the Phoenix, being cast into the fire out of which thislegendary bird is reborn. It has many associations with death and providingaccess to the mysteries of death and rebirth. Myrrh is, of course, famous asone of the three gifts offered to the infant Jesus by the Three Wise Men, and isstill a major ingredient in incense.

Energetics

Constituents & PharmacologyAlpha-pinene, cadinene, limonene, cuminaldehyde, eugenol, m-cresol, aceticacid, formic acid and various sesquiterpenes and acids.

ActionsStimulating expectorant, strongly anti-microbial and disinfectant, anti-catarrhal, astringent, carminative, vulnerary, uterine stimulant.

IndicationsRespiratory, gastro-intestinal and skin infections, as an astringing gargle ormouthwash for mouth ulcers, stomatitis and pyorrhoea. Externally on ulcers,chronic wounds, weeping eczema, fungal infections and in creams for deeplycracked skin/fissures.



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Preparations & DosagesApart from the tincture and essential oil, myrrh aromatic water is the onlyother way in which this resin can be prepared, and offers a much gentler, butno less effective, alternative. Myrrh water is ideal for mouth, throat and guminfections and problems. Use as a gargle, mixed with cold water, alone orwith other suitable waters such as Greek sage. Alcohol free preparations aremuch more suitable for mouth rinses.It is ideal mixed in cream bases for weeping skin conditions, cracked skin andthrush.Use as a lotion or compress with marigold for pressure sores.Use as a facial toner for skin prone to acne.Sip 5mls in a glass of cold water, three times daily, as a first aid remedy forgut infections - combines well with cinnamon for this purpose.

Contra-indicationsContraindicated in pregnancy



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Coriandrum sativum

Coriander water

Latin Name

Coriandrum sativum

Common NameCoriander

FamilyUmbelliferae

Parts UsedSeeds

History & FolkloreThe name ‘coriandrum’ is derived from the Latin ‘koros’, meaning ‘bed-bug’,due to the odour of the fresh leaves resembling the smell of this particularinsect. It may have been one of the first herbs used in cookery; more than5,000 years ago the Chinese ate boiled roots and used the seeds for flavouring.It is mentioned frequently in the Bible, by early Sanskrit writers, the Greeksand in medieval medical texts. The Ancient Egyptians steeped it with freshgarlic in wine and drank it as an aphrodisiac. Coriander was compared by theAncient Hebrews to the manna provided by God to the children of Israel, and

was one of the bitter herbs eaten at Passover. In Ancient China it was thoughtto promote longevity and ease pain. In the Middle Ages, coriander seeds wereput into the popular drink, hippocras, so-called from the strainer throughwhich the cordial was filtered. It was drunk at weddings and Royal occasions.Arabic women take it to ease labour pains.

EnergeticsAccording to the Western tradition, it is under the domain of SaturnAccording to TCM, it is warm and dry, associated with the Earth element. Itcirculates Qi-energy in the Stomach and intestines, strengthens the Spleen-

pancreas and will disperse cold in cases of painful obstruction.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains the alcohol linalol and thymol; the ester Linalylacetate; the terpene carophyllene.ActionsAnalgesic, antiseptic, antidepressant, antispasmodic, carminative, digestivetonic and stimulant, aperient.



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IndicationsNervous debility, mental fatigue, depression and worry. IBS, colic, anorexia,mild constipation, indigestion, flatulence and bloating. OA, neuralgia,rheumatic pain,

Preparations & DosagesMix with other carminative waters for indigestion and bowel spasm.Apply as a lotion or in creams for muscle aches and pains.Sip 5 mls in a little water, three times daily, at times of mental fatigue andover worry. Mix with rosemary, sage or frankincense.

Contra-indications



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Elettaria cardamomumCardamom seed water

Latin NameElettaria cardamomum

Common NameCardamom

FamilyZingiberaceae

Parts UsedSeeds/Seed pods

History & FolkloreAnother ancient spice, cardamom was extensively used in Ancient Egypt tomake perfumes. Cardamom has been associated with love spells and used asan aphrodisiac throughout the ages and by many cultures. It was combinedwith cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, pyrether, gillyflowers and other ingredientsin an elaborate aphrodisiac by the famous Arab physician Al Razi.

EnergeticsRuled by the Earth Element in TCM, stimulates the movement of digestive Qi.

Constituents/PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains borneol, limonene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, alpha andbeta-pinene, humulene, caryphyllene, carvone, eucalyptene, terpinene,sabinene

ActionsCarminative, antispasmodic, warming digestive stimulant, relaxant, anti-septic, nervous tonic, expectorant, orexigenic, antiseptic.

IndicationsIBS, indigestion, nausea, griping, bad breath, anorexia, nervous exhaustion, areputed aphrodisiac!

Preparations & dosagesSip 5mls in a little cold water, three times daily after meals, for bloating andwind. Combines well with fennel, dill, and aniseed waters for this purpose.Mix with angelica and ginger water for a warming digestive tonic.Use as a mouth freshener, either mix with cold water and gargle or simplyspray into the mouth as required.Mixes well with Greek sage as an antibacterial mouthwash.



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Add to black coffee for instant Turkish coffee.Add to hot punches and spiced wines.Mix it with a little honey and hot water for a bedtime tea.Cardamom will stimulate the appetite if taken before meals. Sip 5-10 ml in alittle water, half an hour before a meal.

Contra-indications



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Foeniculum vulgareFennel seed water

Latin NameFoeniculum vulgare

Common NameFennel

Family

Umbelliferae

Parts UsedSeeds

History & FolkloreThe Greeks were the first to recognise fennel’s value as a gently diureticslimming aid, naming the herb ‘Marathron’ from ‘maraino’ to grow thin. Theseeds were eaten by athletes whilst training for the Olympic games. TheRomans ate them as part of an after-meal seed cake to aid digestion. Similarly,it was the favourite ‘weight watcher’s’ herb of the 16th Century, ‘much used indrink or broth…to make those lean who are fat’. Fennel was traditionallyused to make a soothing eye wash, and was considered for centuries toimprove eyesight and hearing. Fennel is a constituent of the famous gripe

water for babies,

EnergeticsRuled by Mercury, under the domain of VirgoWarm and dryRuled by the Earth element in TCM, stimulates Qi-energy in the Stomach andintestines, and disperses cold phlegm.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains: trans-anethol (oestrogenic), fenchone (toxic at high

doses), methychavicol, alpha-pinene.

ActionsCarminative, anti-spasmodic, expectorant, warming digestive, urinaryantiseptic, galactogogue, anticatarrhal, diuretic, aperient, hepatic.

IndicationsColic, bloating, nausea, flatulence, constipation, coughs, bronchitis, andmenopausal symptoms. In creams for dry, aging skin and for vaginal dryness.Has a long tradition for weight loss. A gentle remedy for cystitis.



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Preparations & Dosages – (Internal use only)Mix with dill and aniseed water in equal proportions to make gripe water andadd 1 to 5 drops in a feeding bottle (depending on the age of the child).Add 5 to 15mls to 500mls of water and sip throughout the day for cystitis.Combines well with juniper for this.Breast-feeding women can add 5 to 15mls or so to 500mls of mineral water topromote milk flow and ensure adequate water intake. Will also help thebabies’ digestion.Sip alone, or mixed with other suitable waters, for colic, bloating and wind.Combine with angelica and/or aniseed water for coughs and catarrh.Combines well with juniper as a general diuretic for oedema andpremenstrual water retention (add rose geranium for PMS symptoms).Add up to 10% to base cream for a hydrating and softening cream.Use as a hydrating facial toner.

Contra-indicationsDo not exceed recommended dose. Contraindicated in pregnancy, epilepsy,oestrogen dependent cancers, and endometriosis. May be sensitisingexternally in some individuals. Do not use on very sensitive or damaged skin.



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Hamamelis virginicus Witch hazel water

Latin Name

Hamamelis virginicus

Common nameWitch hazel, snapping hazel

FamilyHamemilaceae

Parts UsedLeaves, twigs and bark

History & FolkloreWitch hazel’s medicinal qualities were well known to native North Americanpeople, who used poultices of the decocted herb externally to treat tumoursand inflammations, and took the plant internally for haemorrhages. Witchhazel’s fame as a medicinal herb was spread to Europe by the Europeansettlers during the 18th Century. Because hazel was used in divining rods inBritain, it became known as ‘witch’ hazel in the New World

Energetics

Constituents & PharmacologyTannins, flavonoids, volatile oil in leaves, bitter principle. Tannins are notcarried into the water during the distillation process, thus the astringingactions of witch hazel must be attributable to some other volatile constituents,as yet to be identified.

ActionsAstringent, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cicatrisant, antiseptic.

IndicationsBurns, swellings, weeping eczema, varicose veins, thread veins, phlebitis,varicose ulcers, bed sores, bruises, sprains, muscle strains, and insect bites. Inskin lotions as a toner for oily/lax skin, to refresh eyes and reduce puffiness(dabbing around the eye). As a mouthwash for bleeding gums and mouthulcers, and in ointments for piles. Internally for diarrhoea and catarrhalconditions.



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Preparations & Dosages – (mainly for external use)The most notable aspect of high quality witch hazel is that it has a lovelydelicate woody smell, unlike commercially distilled witch hazel products,which don’t smell of anything! Take on holidays in a sprayer bottle, and blitz insect bites for instant relief – can be combined with chamomile for this.Combine with lavender and use as an after sun spray.Add up to 20% to creams for soothing eczema, psoriasis, cracked or blisteredskin. Combines well with chamomile and yarrow for this.Use in compress form for sprains and muscle pains. Could be combined withbay for this purpose.Combine with rose water in a cream base for an excellent cream for aging,damaged and mature skins and skin prone to thread veins, and to use aroundthe delicate eye area.Keep the water in the fridge, soak two cotton wool pads and place over theeyes to refresh tired eyes – rose water could also be added.Use as a wash on wounds.Add 20ml to a small glass of water and gargle for sore throats – may becombined with 5ml of Greek sage for this. Use as a mouthwash for spongygums, mouth ulcers and gingivitis.Can be used in a cream or as a compress for varicose veins and piles.Spray over the face and décolleté daily for its astringing effects, or use as atoner for aging, mature or damaged skins.Mix with rose geranium or bitter orange flower water for an astringing facialtoner for oily/blemished skin, or mix in a cream base for an oily/blemishedskin cream.

Contra-indicationsMore suited as an external remedy.



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Hyssopus officinalisHyssop herb water

Latin NameHyssopus officinalis

Common nameHyssop

FamilyLabiateae

Parts Used

Flowering tops

History & FolkloreHyssop has a long tradition of use as a purification herb in ceremonies andrituals; the word ‘hyssop’ derives from the ancient Hebrew name ‘ezob’,meaning ‘holy herb’ (it is possible, however, that hyssop has become confusedwith Greek sage). The Greeks used it in purification incense ‘Purge me withhyssop, and I shall be clean; wash me and I shall be whiter than snow’, sayDavid in the Bible. It was used in the Water of Purification that Godcommanded Moses to prepare. Indeed, hyssop was used for the consecration

of Westminster Abbey. Hyssop was a key ingredient in eau de cologne,Chartreuse and was used as a strewing herb during the middle ages.

EnergeticsHot and dryIn TCM, main element is metal, strengthens the lungs and defensive-Qi and isa yang tonic.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil mostly contains: pinocamphone, isopinocamphene, and

camphor. Pinocamphone is toxic in large amounts and may cause epilepticseizures, although hyssop was actually used to treat epilepsy in the past.

ActionsStimulating decongestant, expectorant, anti-viral, diaphoretic, stimulatingnervine. The EO has a reputation as a hypertensive. Carminative, aperient.Restorative nervine. Antiseptic and vulnerary.

IndicationsColds, ‘flu, bronchitis, catarrh, recurrent infections and immune deficiency.Will liquefy viscid mucus. Gargle for sore throats. Cold and ‘flu prophylaxis.



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Preparations & DosagesEarlier herbalists undoubtedly saw hyssop as a most important cure-all,bearing in mind, however, that they may in reality have been referring toGreek sage. The potential toxicity of pinocamphone in the essential oil hasplaced a question mark over its previously unquestioned safety. Probably awater best used in smaller doses, over the short-term, until we have moreinformation regarding the levels of the various constituents of the volatile oilpresent in the water.Add 20 mls to hot water for a gentle inhalation for catarrh, bronchitis, ‘flu,colds, asthma and hay fever.Sip 10mls in water, three times daily, during times when mental clarity andsteady nerves are required. Combines well with rosemary water for thispurpose.Combines well with angelica water for bronchitis. Sip 5 mls 2 to 3 times dailyin cold or warm water with honey if desired.Apply as a lotion or compress to cuts, sprains, bruises or swellings. Wouldcombine well with witch hazel for this purpose.

Contra-indicationsContraindicated in epilepsy, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Take care withhypertensive individuals. Best avoided with small infants.



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Juniperus communis Juniper berry water

Latin Name

Juniperus communis

Common Name Juniper

FamilyCupressaceae

Parts UsedRipe berries

History & Folklore Juniper is one of the first plants to be used by Homo erectus – remains of theberries have been found in pre-historic dwelling sites in the Swiss Lakes. TheAncient Greeks, Tibetans and Native Americans frequently burned it as afumigant and ritual incense. Its anti-septic qualities were employed right intothe 19th Century when French hospitals burned the berries to prevent thespread of smallpox.

Energetics

Ruled by the Sun according to CulpepperHot in the third degree and Dry in the first degree, heats the heart, stomach,kidneys and bladder.Water element in Chinese medicineTonifies and stimulates kidney-yang

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains alpha and beta-pinene, sabinene, terpineol, myrceneand cineole.

ActionsPowerful diuretic, antiseptic (especially of the urinary tract), detoxifier, anti-inflammatory, carminative, emmenogogue.

IndicationsUrinary infections, urine retention in prostate enlargement. Gout, arthritis,water retention. Externally for oily and toxic skin conditions (e.g. acne)

Preparations & DosagesAdd lemon juice to juniper aromatic water to improve taste and the cleansing

properties of the water.



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Sip 5 mls diluted in cold water, three times daily, for cystitis. Combines wellwith yarrow fro this purpose.For a cleansing, detoxification mixture for internal use, combine with fennel,peppermint and Greek sage waters.Use undiluted as a toner or mix with face-mask clay for oily and acne proneskin.Apply with oat bran and salt for a stimulating thigh/cellulite rub – rinse offwith cold water and follow with massage of appropriate oils.Can be used in cooking – add to sauces, marinades and gravies.

Contra-indicationsPregnancy, kidney disease and infection, ‘irritable’ bladder. Best avoidedinternally by women prone to heavy menstrual bleeding.



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Laurus nobilisBay leaf water

Latin Name

Laurus nobilis

Common NameBay leaf, sweet laurel, laurel

FamilyLauraceae

Parts UsedLeaves

EnergeticsRuled by the Sun, under the sign of LeoHot and dryIn TCM, its key actions are to circulate and regulate Qi-energy and to clearcold phlegm.

History & FolkloreThe Ancient Greeks dedicated Laurel bay to Apollo. At Delphi, the site ofApollo’s oracle, laurel was one of the visionary herbs burnt by the temple

priestess as part of her prophetic ritual. It was also seen as a herb ofprotection, and it became traditional (and still is to this day) to plant a laurelbay by the front door of the house. The plant’s botanical name indicates thehigh esteem in which it was held – ‘laurus’ from the Latin meaning praise,and ‘nobilis’ meaning renowned or famous. It was the classical garland treeand great men were crowned with its leaves and to be awarded a wreath wasa sign of academic distinction – hence the terms ‘baccalaureate’ and ‘poetlaureate’. Roman soldiers would carry a sprig to denote victory if a battle waswon. In 1629 Parkinson wrote the Paradisus Terrestris in which he said ofbay: ‘Bay leaves are necessary for both civil use and for physic, yea, both for

the living and to stick and deck forth the bodies of the dead, so that from thecradle to the grave we have use of it’. Bay was one of the 400 simples used byHippocrates and was very favoured by Culpeper.It has been used in perfumery and the making of bay rum, which combines anextract of the leaves blended with cloves, cinnamon and pimento to make upa well-known hair tonic and a refreshing aftershave lotion.Unfortunately, the use of sweet bay has fallen somewhat out of fashion inmodern herbal medicine.

Constituents & Pharmacology

The volatile oil contains: eugenol, myrcene, chavicol, cineol, linalool, alpha-pinene, and alpha-terpineol.



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ActionsCarminative, digestive stimulant, rubefacient, analgesic, astringent, antiseptic,circulatory and lymphatic stimulant, diuretic, hepatic, anti-catarrhal.

IndicationsLymphatic congestion, viral infections, digestive after rich/fatty foods.Gingivitis, throat infections etc as mouthwash/gargle. deodorant spray,dandruff and greasy hair rinse, bath for muscle aches and strains and chills,lotion for oily skin and acne.

Preparations & DosagesBay is a superb remedy for all manner of cold conditions, characterised bylymphatic congestion, catarrh, sluggish digestion and inability to deal withfatty foods.Combines well with coriander for sluggish digestion and abdominal bloating.

Sip 5 – 10 mls in cold water, three times daily.Sip in cold water where there is nervous debility and poor concentration.Combines well with rosemary for this purpose.Add 30 ml to hot water to make an inhalation for catarrhal respiratoryproblems such as bronchitis. Could be taken internally with hyssop, aniseedor angelica waters for this purpose.Use as a lotion, compress or in the bath for aching muscles and rheumaticconditions. Combines well with rosemary and ginger for this purpose.Add up to 20% in a cream for a warming muscle/joint rub.Combine with peppermint water for an invigorating after exercise musclerub.Use as a sweet-smelling underarm deodorant spray.Can be used in cooking – sprinkle over cooked pasta, add to sauces, soupswith fish or meat.

Contra-indicationsDo not exceed recommended dosage.



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Lavandula angustifoliaLavender water

Latin Name

Lavandula angustifolia

Common NameLavender

FamilyLabiateae

Parts UsedFlowering tops. If the flowers alone are distilled, the water has an unattractive

aroma.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpeper, it is ruled by Mercury, and is hot in the third degree,dry in the third degree, and heats the headIn TCM it is cool and dry, ruled by the Fire and Wood elements. It supportsQi energy, especially to the Heart and cools the Liver.

History & FolkloreThe name ‘lavender’ is derived from the Latin ‘lavare’ meaning to wash, and

was the herb of choice by the Ancient Romans to scent their bath water. It wasrecommended by Dioscorides for ‘ye griefs in ye thorax’ and was highlyregarded by St Hildegarde of Bingen who recommended it for maintaining apure character. In fact she dedicated a whole chapter to lavender in one of herbooks. Gerard in 1597 wrote that a conserve of the flowers with sugar wasgood for migraine, faintness and ‘doth help the passion and panting of theheart’. This was echoed in 1660, when Richard Surflet wrote that the distilledwater of the flowers ‘restoreth the lost speech and healeth the swooning anddisease of the heart’. Another reference to distilled lavender water was madeby William Langham in the ‘Garden of Health’ in 1579, ‘Shred the herbe with

the flowers and distil it and drink two ounces of the water to help giddinesseof the head and rub the head all over with it and let it dry by itself’. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, lavender was the favouritestrewing herb to keep off the plague. It was used to repel moths and insects.Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains esters such as linalyl acetate, lavanduyl acetate,alcohols include linalol and terpineol; cineol, linalool, borneol, nerol,camphor, limonene, cadinene, cardophyllene. Other constituents includeflavonoids, tannins and coumarins.



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ActionsAntidepressant, relaxant, balancing nervine, analgesic, antispasmodic,vulnerary, carminative, cholagogue, antiseptic, cicasitrant, insecticidal.

IndicationsAnxiety, depression and stressful situations, insomnia, high blood pressure,palpitations, PMS and general irritability. Headaches and migraines(internally and as a compress), as a compress for rheumatic pain andneuralgia, hot flushes as a spray. Stress related asthma. Externally onsun/burns, wounds, razor burn, useful on almost any skin problem.

Preparations & DosagesLavender water is unsurpassed as a skin remedy for any skin type and anyskin condition, and this earns it a well-deserved place in the first aid kit. Theadded bonus is that it is so pleasant to use. It is worthwhile keeping a sprayerof lavender water on hand in almost any situation, especially when travellingin hot countries.Use as an after sun sprayer. Mixes well with witch hazel for this purpose.Helpful sprayed on insect bites – combine with chamomile or witch hazelagain if desired.Use as a general purpose toner and make-up remover for any skin type.Use as a spritzer during hot flushes. Combines well with rose water for thispurpose. To keep the mind focused, combine with sage water.Use as an aftershave spray, to cool razor burn.Spray over itchy skin conditions such as eczema for an instant cooling effect,or add up to 20% to a cream.Use in children’s baths to calm them before bedtime. Combine withchamomile and use during nappy changes as a cleanser, to help prevent andtreat nappy rash.Use as a lotion to clean children’s cuts. Mix with rose geranium and use as a PMS mood enhancer.Use a cold compress of lavender water over the eyes and forehead duringheadaches and migraine.Spray clothes in the wardrobe and in draws regularly with the water to repelmoths and delicately fragrance clothes.For the ultimate luxury, use as a spray during ironing.Internally, lavender has a rather soapy taste, and although it is perfectly safeto use internally, the taste can put some people off unless it is blended. It maybe used to ease colic and spasm, and sipped by those suffering asthma ortension headaches. Average adult dose is 10 – 15 ml three times daily.

Contra-indications



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Melissa officinalisLemon balm water

Latin Name

Melissa officinalis

Common NameLemon balm, Melissa, balm

FamilyLabiatae

Parts UsedFlowering tops and leaves

History & FolkloreThe name Melissa is derived from the Greek ‘melittena’ or ‘honey bee’,because, as Dioscorides noted, ‘bees do delight in the herb’. Beekeepers stillrub their hives with the plant, knowing that their bees will never leave andhoping that other bees will come. The plant is native to the easternMediterranean, and the Arabs were the first to extol its virtues. The Romansintroduced the plant to Britain. Both Dioscorides and Pliny noted the plant’sanalgesic, antispasmodic and vulnerary properties. Avicenna in his 11 th Century materia medica ‘The Canon of Medicine’ wrote that ‘balm maketh

the heart merry and joyful, and strengthens the vital spirits’. This reflects theherb’s ancient reputation for easing cardiac and nervous disorders, and aboveall, for counteracting melancholy. It was widely considered to promotelongevity. John Evelyn (1620-1706) said; ‘Balm is sovereign for the brain,strengthening memory and powerfully chasing away melancholy’, andParaclesus called it ’The Elixir of Life’. Thomas Coghan, a 16th Century OxfordDon, said ‘It is an hearbe greatly to be esteemed of students, for by a specialproperty it driveth away heaviness of mind, sharpeneth the understandingand encreaseth memory’. In the 17th century the Carmelite monks in Parismade a distillation of balm leaves called ‘Carmelite water’ which was used as

a perfume. It also includes lemon peel, nutmeg and angelica root.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpepper, Melissa is ruled by Jupiter under the domain ofCancer. It is hot in the second degree, dry in the second degree, heats anddries the lungs, heart and stomach. Purges melancholy.In Oriental Medicine, it is associated mainly with the Fire element and is cooland dry in temperament. It is indicated for stagnation of Qi-energy, for heat inthe liver and Heart and disturbance of the Mind (Shen).



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Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains geranial, citronellal and neral aldehydes; terpenesinclude carophyllene and germacrene; citral, limonene, linalol. Otherconstituents include flavonoids, triterpenes, polyphenols and tannins. Thevolatile oil, in particular the constituents citral and citronellal, is responsiblefor the plant’s calming effect on the limbic system within the brain, and for itsanti-spasmodic action. The water-soluble polyphenols are anti-viral and theseconstituents are present in the AW, but not the EO.

ActionsRelaxant, antidepressant, antispasmodic, carminative, hypotensive,vasodilator, cardiac relaxant, spasmolytic, nervine, anti-viral, gentlecholagogue, diaphoretic (when taken as a hot infusion).

IndicationsAnxiety and depression, hypertension, insomnia, palpitations of nervousorigin, cardiovascular over activity associated with an over active thyroid,and other symptoms of cardiac irritability. Herpes simplex and zoster(internally & externally). Gastro intestinal tract spasms, nausea, flatulence.Asthma with a strong nervous component. Headaches, Premenstrualsyndrome and menstrual pain.

Preparations & DosagesTrue Melissa oil is very expensive and hard to come by; the water offers agood alternative with many of the added advantages of the tincture/infusion.Probably one of the nicest waters to take internally. It is very light andrefreshing and can be added to iced summer drinks or simply diluted withwater or drunk on its own.Ideal as a regular addition to drinking water. Add 10mls to a large glass ofwater or 20mls to 500mls of mineral water.Sip 5-10 mls in a little cold water 2 to 3 times daily for a relaxing/upliftingeffect, and to help with anxiety related high blood pressure, headaches andGIT upsets and spasms.Make your own version of Carmelite water by mixing melissa and angelicawaters, with a little lemon peel and nutmeg, as a remedy for palpitations ofnervous origin. Melissa, angelica and rosemary waters make a strengtheningand uplifting cardiac tonic for elderly people.Add 30mls to 1 litre of water for children with attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD) and drink throughout the day. Double the dose for adults.Ideal for use during pregnancy for morning sickness, GIT upsets and as ageneral nervine. Add a small amount of cinnamon and peppermint waters formorning sickness. Use during the last few weeks of pregnancy to helpprepare for labour and act as a reassuring nervine.Sip in a little water regularly for menopausal depression. Combines well withrose water for this. Mix with rose geranium for premenstrual tension and sipduring period pain.



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Take 10mls of the water 2 to 3 times a day at the onset of herpes simples andapply the water liberally. Take regularly as a herpes prophylactic.Dab onto cuts and insect stings. Helpful for allergic skin reactions too – combine with chamomile or yarrow water.Add to the steaming water when steaming vegetables or fish.Add the water to jellies, jams fruit salads and stewed fruit. Flavour delicateteas with a splash of the water rather than lemon. For a refreshing summerdrink, add lemon peel and sugar to diluted Melissa water. Chill and servewith ice.

Contra-indicationsAn immensely safe water.



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Mentha x piperitaPeppermint water

Latin Name

Mentha x piperita

Common NamePeppermint (probably a hybrid between spearmint and water mint)

FamilyLabiatae

Parts UsedLeaves

History & FolkloreAccording to hieroglyphics found in the temple of Edfu, mint was used by theAncient Egyptians as a ritual perfume and was the ingredient of the sacredincense ‘kyphi’. In Ancient Greece, athletes rubbed it into their bodies beforecompetitions and the Arabs have drunk it for centuries to stimulate theirvirility. Both the Romans and Greeks used it to perfume their bodies andbathwater, and felt that it stimulated clear thoughts, concentration andinspiration. Pliny declared that ‘the very smell of it alone recovers andrefreshes the spirits just as the taste excites the appetite’. The essential oil was

used as early as the 14th century to whiten teeth and later to mask the smell oftobacco. Peppermint only really became popular in Western Europe in the18th Century, despite its ancient origins.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpeper, mint is under the domain of Venus. It is hot in thethird degree and dry in the third degree. Heats the stomach and womb.According to TCM, it is cool and dry and associated primarily with the Earthand Wood elements. It circulates Qi-energy, especially in the Stomach andintestines, and clears hot phlegm.

Peppermint has a paradoxical warming and cooling effect on the body,depending on how much is used. Small amounts are considered cooling,whilst, larger amounts are felt to be more heating.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains the alcohol menthol; the ketones menthone andpiperitone; the oxide cineole; menthyl, 1,8-cineole, methyl acetate,methofuran, isomethone, limonene, beta and alpha-pinene. Other constituentsinclude flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenes.



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ActionsCooling externally (in small amounts), anaesthetic, diaphoretic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-catarrhal, anti-parasitic,carminative, cholagogue, cephalic, fast acting stimulating nervine.

IndicationsFlatulent dyspepsia, IBS, nausea, dyskinaesic gallbladder, flatulence, Crohn’sdisease. Colds and ‘flu. Mental fatigue. Hot itchy rashes or insect bites,mouthwash, as a compress for muscle and nerve pain, bruises and contusions.

Preparations & DosagesSip 5 to 10mls of the diluted water 2 to 3 times daily or as required for IBS,flatulence, sluggish liver or digestion. Can be combined with fennel, yarrow,or chamomile waters as required.Mix with sweet basil water to normalise bowel motions in IBS.Combine with Roman chamomile for a good GIT antispasmodic.Add 20-30mls to 500mls of mineral water and drink throughout the day – ideal as a hot weather drink. Dilute with water, add ice, sugar and fresh mintleaves and serve as a cooling summer drink.Combine with rosemary water for an alternative to morning coffee, for peoplewho are sluggish in the morning.Sip peppermint water for an instant ‘pick–me-up’. Add the water to hot water to make an inhalation for colds, catarrh andsinusitis.Use as an after exercise rub for sore, tired muscles. Could also be added to acream for this purpose and mixed with bay, ginger and rosemary.Makes a great after-shave spray.Ideal as a mouthwash – combine with cardamom or Greek sage as required.Spray over the feet or face for a delightfully cooling effect in hot weather.

Contra-indicationsDo not give to children under 3 to 5 years. Take care on sensitive skins. Avoidin large amounts during pregnancy or whilst breast-feeding.



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Pelargonium graveolensRose geranium water

Latin Name

Pelargonium graveolens

Common NameRose geranium

FamilyGeraniaceae

Parts UsedLeaves and flowering tops.

History & FolkloreNative to South Africa, rose geranium was introduced into Europe in the late17th Century and it became a popular garden plant. There is little reference tothe herb in old manuscripts. The French chemist Recluz was the first to distilthe leaves in 1819, and since then it has become an important ingredient inperfumes and is often use as a substitute for rose oil.

EnergeticsIn TCM, it is considered to be cool and moist, mainly associated with the

water element. It encourages the circulation of Qi and Blood, reinforces Qi-energy of the Spleen and Pancreas and promotes yin energy of the body as awhole.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains the alcohols citronellol, geraniol and linalool; theester citronellyl formats; aldehydes include geranial.

ActionsAnti-depressant, astringent, styptic, haemostatic, cicatrisant, vulnerary,

balancing nervine, tonic, antiseptic, insect-repellent, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, strengthens blood vessels, analgesic, pancreatic stimulant,lymphatic stimulant, adrenal tonic, detoxifier, aphrodisiac.

IndicationsPMS, menorrhagia, premenstrual water retention, anxiety and depression,menopausal mood swings. Hypoglycaemia, especially premenstrual bloodsugar swings. Neuralgia and joint pain. Blemished and toxic skin conditions,suitable for all skin types including sensitive skins, balances sebumproduction, useful in acne and oily skin, scars, acne rosacea. Astringent action

ideal as sore throat gargle and in weeping eczema. Haemorrhoids, varicoseveins.



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Preparations and DosagesThe beauty of rose geranium water is that it is a total pleasure to use, bothinternally and externally. It is the skin care water and can be blended with thelikes of rose, lavender and witch hazel, or used alone, to produce beautifulfacial creams and toners. It is superbly balancing to the skin with bothastringing and moisturising properties, and to top it all, it is strongly antimicrobial and has good scar healing properties – this really is the water forthose suffering blemished and combination skin.Add 20-30mls to 500mls of mineral water and drink throughout the day as arefreshing, calming and uplifting drink. Mixes well with rose water as adrink.Sip 5 to 10mls 2 to 3 times daily for PMS, menopausal problems and anyhormone related mood swings. Can be combined with Vitex water for this.Superb in a base cream and as a toner for problem skin and for treating acnerosacea (could be combined with chamomile in the latter case).Excellent in eczema, haemorrhoid and varicose vein creams and for treatingbroken veins. Could be combined with witch hazel, yarrow, or rosemarywaters as required.Use as a lotion for washing out cuts and wounds.As a mouthwash for bleeding gums. Combine with witch hazel or myrrhwaters.Apply as a compress or cream for nerve pain and hot, inflamed joints andmuscles.Spray over heavy, tired legs.Use as a spritzer for hot flushes. Combines well with rose for this.Use liberally in clay or oatmeal facemasksUse neat as a makeup remover.Add to deserts, fruit salads, jellies and martini.

Contra-indicationsVery safe water



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Pimpinella anisumAniseed water

Latin Name

Pimpinella anisum

Common NameAniseed, anise

FamilyUmbelliferae

Parts UsedSeeds

History & FolkloreNative to the eastern Mediterranean, western Asia and North Africa, anisewas cultivated by the Ancient Egyptians and Romans; at Roman weddings acake flavoured with aniseed was part of the marriage feast. Powdered andmixed with honey, anise was considered to have aphrodisiac properties.Dioscorides in the 1st Century AD wrote that anise ‘warms, dries and dissolves; facilitates breathing, relieves pain, provokes urine and eased thirst’.

Energetics

No data available in Western terms; would most probably be categorised aswarm and dry.In TCM, it increases Qi, restores cardiac and respiratory functions and expelsphlegm.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil includes anethole, methyl chavicol and other terpenes. Otherconstituents include furanocoumarins, flavonoids, fatty acids,phenylpropanoids, sterols and proteins. Anethole has an oestrogenic effect

ActionsRelaxing expectorant, carminative, digestive, circulatory stimulant, urinaryantiseptic, antispasmodic, insecticidal, galactogogue. Weiss states that theexpectorant action of aniseed is greater than fennel or caraway, but that thecarminative action is less than these two herbs.

IndicationsBloating, wind, colic, cramps, dysmenorrhoea. Coughs, asthma, whoopingcough and bronchitis. Poor breast milk production. Low libido, nervousexhaustion, nervous headaches, anxiety, insomnia. Externally for lice and

scabies.



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Preparations & Dosages – Aniseed is one of the constituents of gripe water (the others being dill andfennel), and may be sipped for a wide range of digestive upsets. Combineswell with ginger, bay, fennel and peppermint.Breast-feeding women may sip 5mls, 1 to 2 times daily to enhance breast milkflow and to pass on the anti-spasmodic action of the water to the baby.Sip 5 mls for coughs as required, and up to three times daily. Add to hotwater, honey and other waters such as angelica.Add 10mls to hot water along with other suitable waters and oils for asoothing inhalation for respiratory tract infections.Sip diluted in water with ice for a non-alcoholic Pernod drink.

Contra-indicationsContraindicated in Pregnancy. Do not exceed recommended dosage.Anethole can cause dermatitis in some individuals – therefore external usebest avoided in allergic and inflammatory skin conditions.Avoid in therapeutic doses if suffering from endometriosis or oestrogen-dependent cancers.



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Rosa damascenaDamask rose petals water

Latin NameRosa damascena

Common NameDamask rose, gallica rose, Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose.

FamilyRosacea

Parts Used

Petals

History & FolkloreThe rose has always been associated with love, compassion, perfection andbeauty, and is sacred to Aphrodite, goddess of love and beauty. In AncientPersia it was considered a panacea. The damask rose was the first to be usedfor making rose water by Avicenna in the 10 th Century. Pliny listed 32medicines that could be prepared from roses. The rose has also beenassociated with secrecy – it was suspended from the ceiling at meetings whichwere held in the strictest of confidence, placed by the confessional in Roman

Catholic churches and used as symbol (placed at the centre of a cross) by thesecret Rosicrucian society, founded by philosophers and alchemists in the 15 th Century. Culpeper used rose as an anti-inflammatory remedy.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpeper, ruled by Jupiter and Venus. Cold and dry in the firstdegree, cools the head, heart, lungs and stomach.Ruled by the fire element in TCM, cool and moist, restores yin energy(especially heart yin), clears heat in liver and stimulates stagnant Qi-energy.

Constituents & PharmacologyGeraniol, nerol, citronellol, stearpoten, phenyl ethanol, farnesol, eugenol,geranic acid, myrcene.

ActionsCalming and uplifting, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cardio-active,hypotensive, cooling astringent, aphrodisiac. Tonic with particular affinity tothe heart, female reproductive organs and liver.

IndicationsAnxiety and depression, bereavement, heartbreak, menopausal mood swings,functional infertility, irregular periods, and pelvic congestion. For anxiety



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related palpitations. Conditions of heat relating to the liver and circulation.Gastro-intestinal ulceration. Suitable for all skin types especially dry, mature,sensitive skins. Will restore the skin’s pH. Use in eczema creams. Superb incooking. Combines well with Melissa for herpes simplex and zoster (internaland external use).

Preparations & DosagesThe roses grown for Avicenna rose aromatic water are grown at high altitudein Mount Lebanon. They are distilled in the field, to produce a divine water.Rose can be used liberally, both internally and externally.Use up to 20% in cream bases.Add 20-30ml to 500mls of mineral water to give a subtle flavour and calmingeffect. Drink up to 1 litres daily. Ideal for people who find it difficult to drinkplain water, or work in stressful office situations. Take regularly fordepression and anxiety.Menopausal women can keep a spritzer on them for use during hot flushes.Ideal as a toner for dry, mature skin. Can also be used in face masks, steamsand compresses.Ideal as a face spritzer during travel, especially on dehydrating plane

journeys.Pregnant women can sip the water and use it as a lovely spritzer duringlabour.

Contra-indicationsRose essential oil is contra-indicated during pregnancy, so care should betaken by pregnant women with the water until more data is available.



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Rosmarinus officinalisRosemary water

Latin Name

Rosmarinus officinalis

Common NameRosemary

FamilyLabiatae

Parts UsedFlowering tops

History & FolkloreThe name rosemary is derived from the Latin ‘ros marinus’ meaning ‘rose ofthe sea’ or ‘dew of the sea’. It was dedicated by the Ancient Greeks to thesolar deity of Apollo, and it has associations with Venus, Aphrodite and theVirgin Mary. In ancient Egypt, the sprigs were burned as ritual incense, andplaced in the tombs of the pharaohs to help them recall their former life. Tothe Ancient Greeks and Romans, the plant was sacred, symbolic of loyalty,death, remembrance, and scholarly learning. At weddings and importantoccasions, garlands of rosemary were worn as an emblem of trust and

constancy. Rosemary’s association with remembrance has persisted forcenturies. Culpeper certainly recognised it as a cephalic when he said: Thedecoction of rosemary in wine, helps….’diseases of the head and brain, as thegiddiness and swimmings therin, drowsiness or dullness, the dumb palsy, theloss of speech, the lethargy, the falling sickness, to be both drunk and thetemples bathed therewith…It helps a weak memory and quickens the senses’.Dioscorides recommended it as a powerful remedy for stomach and liverproblems. Similarly, Hippocrates said it should be cooked with vegetables toovercome liver and spleen disorders. Galen prescribed it for jaundice. Thewhole character of the plant was expressed by William Langham in ‘The

Garden of Health’ in 1579 when he wrote; ‘Seethe much Rosemary, and bathetherein to make thee lusty, lively, joyfull, likeing and youngly’. It was firstdistilled in the 13th Century. One of the earliest known perfumed waters isHungary water, made from a recipe given to the 72 year old Queen Elizabethof Hungary by a hermit in 1370. It is said to have been made by distilling thetips and flowers of rosemary with ‘aqua vitae’ – the first mention of theemployment of alcohol for extracting the essential oil of a plant. After oneyear of using the preparation internally and externally, she is said to haverecovered her health, strength and beauty to the extent that the King ofPoland wanted to marry her! Rosemary is also one of the ingredients of eau

de cologne.



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EnergeticsAccording to Culpeper, rosemary is ruled by the Sun, under the domain ofAries. Hot and dry in the second degree. It heats the head, heart and joints.In TCM, it is warm and dry, ruled by the fire element. It is a yang tonic,promoting circulation of Qi-energy, especially of the Heart, and blood.

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil includes the oxides cineole; the terpenes pinene andcamphene; the ketones camphor; the alcohol borneol; also limonene, linalool.

ActionsCirculatory stimulant, cardiotonic, antidepressant, adrenal support, cephalic,nervine, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant. Rubefacient, analgesic, antiseptic, anti-fungal. Anti-inflammatory, carminative, mild choleretic, astringent, anodyne,digestive. Mild diuretic. Expectorant. Emmenogogue. Rosemary water doesnot contain the same bitterness as other preparations of the herb.

IndicationsDepression, poor memory and concentration, poor circulation and lethargy,low blood pressure, arteriosclerosis. Nervous debility, ME and PVF.Headaches and migraine. Dyspepsia, flatulence, abdominal distension, liverand gallbladder problems. Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, irregular periods.Compress for nerve and muscle aches, and rheumatic pains. Externally foroily hair, dandruff, and as a toner for normal to oily skin.

Preparations & DosagesSip 10-15ml in water three times daily, at times when mental alertness isrequired e.g. at exam time.Excellent as a gentle heart and circulatory tonic for older people, especiallywhere there are signs of cardiac insufficiency. The strong aroma helps torevive fading senses too.Sip or rub onto the temples for headaches, migraines, fainting fits, vertigoattacks. Would combine well with lavender, sage or lemon balm waters inthese conditions.Take over the long-term for nervous exhaustion, physical exhaustion and’failure to thrive’. Ideal as a tonic for those who are convalescing.Use as a coffee substitute if withdrawing from caffeine, and sip 10mls in alittle cold water for an instant lift.Combine with peppermint as a stimulating after exercise rub, or apply as alotion or cream over painful joints and muscles. Particularly good combinedwith ginger for joint/muscle conditions which respond well to heat.Rub into the scalp to stimulate hair growth and spray onto hair and leave todry to promote a glossy shine. Ideal as a rinse for greasy hair. Add toshampoos and conditioners.Add to creams and lotions for varicose veins.Use as a toner for normal to oily skin.



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Can be added to savoury and sweet dishes. The flavour of the water is quitesoft and floral.

Contra-indicationsAvoid in epilepsy (although rosemary has been used to treat epilepsy) andpregnancy. Take care with hypertensive individuals.



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Salvia trilobaGreek sage water

Latin Name

Salvia triloba

Common NameGreek sage

FamilyLabiatae

Parts UsedLeaves

History & FolkloreThis plant has tradition reputation as a cure-all, which will promotelongevity. Greek sage is most probably the sage referred to by Dioscoridesand other Ancients. It is unclear which types of sage are being specificallyreferred to in historical texts and folklore. However, in general the name sageis derived from the Latin meaning ‘salvere’, meaning ‘to be saved’. It ispossible that Hyssop has become confused with Greek sage and that it isactually Greek sage that was referred to in the Bible and by the ancients as apurification and longevity herb.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpepper, common sage is ruled by Jupiter, hot and dry in thesecond degree. It heats the stomach, liver, spleen, womb and joints.

Constituents & PharmacologySimilar in composition to Salvia lavendulaefolia (Spanish sage). The volatileoil contains cineole, linalool, alpha pinene, camphene, camphor, borneol,thujone (0.72-1.86%). The most notable aspect of Greek sage is its much lowerlevels of thujone.

ActionsOutstanding antimicrobial properties against klebsiella, Streptococcal,Staphylococcus and Candida albicans infections. Nervine, adrenal tonic, anti-depressant, circulatory stimulant, hypotensive. Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, digestive tonic, hepatic, carminative, astringent. Emmenogogue.Expectorant, febrifuge.

IndicationsNervous exhaustion, stress related conditions. Fungal infections, thrush, boils,

ulcer/wounds, gingivitis, gargle for sore throats. Dandruff, acne. Bloating,



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wind, colic, indigestion, sluggish liver and jaundice. Asthma, colds, coughs,fever and laryngitis. Amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea. Excessive sweating.

Preparations & DosagesSip 5-10mls in a little cold water 2 or 3 times daily to combat nervousexhaustion. Combines well with rosemary for this.An ideal tonic remedy for older people, again, excellent in combination withrosemary and Melissa waters.Combines well with yarrow, fennel and juniper for general detoxifying andcleansing purposes. A course of the water can be taken to support and cleansethe liver.Apply as a lotion or in creams to infected skin, boils, acne and fungalinfections. Mix with myrrh water for thrush.Sip before the period to promote menstruation, for scanty periods and torelieve period pain.Sip in cold water to alleviate menopausal symptoms hot sweats, and anxietyrelated sweating.Dilute in water and take for IBS symptoms. Could be combined with Germanchamomile.Apply in lotions or creams on muscle aches and pains.Mix with cardamom and myrrh as a mouthwash for gingivitis.Use alone or with rosemary as a hair tonic and shiner. Rub into the scalp andspray over wet hair after the final rinse. Massage into the scalp to treatdandruff.Use in sauces, pastas, marinades and meat dishes.

Contra-indicationsPregnancy. Epileptics may be advised to avoid in therapeutic doses. Greeksage is much less stimulating and toxic than common sage. Althoughtraditionally viewed as a hypotensive, monitor hypertensive individuals.



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Valeriana officinalisValerian root water

Latin Name

Valeriana officinalis

Common NameValerian root

FamilyValerianaceae

Parts UsedRoot and rhizome

History & FolkloreValerian is derived from the Latin meaning ‘powerful’. It has been used as arelaxing remedy since Roman times, and was given the name ‘phu’ to reflectits smell. However, in the East, it was used as a perfume. It was known as ‘all-heal’ in the middle ages.

EnergeticsAccording to Culpeper, it is under the domain of Mercury, hot in the firstdegree, dry in the second degree. It heats the heart, bowels and kidneys.

Constituents & PharmacologyVolatile oil constitutes up to 1.4% of the plant and includes bornyl acetate,beta-carophyllene, borneol, pinene, camphene, and methyl-2-pyrrole ketone.Valerianic acid, isovalerianic acid, sesquiterpenes, valepotriates, volatilealkaloids.

ActionsTranquilliser, antispasmodic, hypotensive, carminative, hypotensive. The oilis credited with killing the typhoid bacillus within 45 minutes of contact.

IndicationsInsomnia, anxiety and irritability, premenstrual tension, period pain, visceral tension

such as IBS, hypertension, palpitations, migraine.

Preparations & DosagesA very new aromatic water, which requires greater feedback on its specificapplications. It provides a good alternative to the tincture for those who wishto avoid alcohol, whilst still having the fast effect of the tincture. Sip 5-10mlsin water as required, and up to three times daily, to alleviate, anxiety andnervous tension. Take 5-10ml in a little water for insomnia.Combine with Melissa to treat hypertension.



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Combine with any carminative water to treat stress related bowel problems.Should be considered for any condition with a large stress-related component.

Contra-indicationsA small number of people may be stimulated by valerian. Avoid if takingsleeping medication.



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Vitex agnus-castusChaste-tree water

Latin Name

Vitex agnus-castus

Common NameVitex, agnus-castus, chaste tree berry

FamilyVerbenaceae

Parts UsedBerries

History & FolkloreVitex was thought to reduce unwanted sexual desire and was chewed bymonks to reduce sexual desire. It is native to the Mediterranean area andwestern Asia.

Energetics

Constituents & PharmacologyThe volatile oil contains: cineol; also alkaloids, flavonoids and the iridoids

aucubin, agnoside and eurostoside.

ActionsHormonal regulator – possibly progesteronal, galactogogue.

IndicationsPMS, irregular or short menstrual cycle, infertility, premenstrual migraine,premenstrual acne and acne in men.

Preparations & Dosages

Another new aromatic water, which still needs more information regardingits specific actions as compared with the tincture or other preparations.Sip 5mls every morning in a little water to regulate periods etc. Combineswell with rose geranium for this purpose.

Contra-indicationsAvoid in relative progesterone deficiency states. May not be suitable inpolycystic ovarian disease. Women taking progestogen therapy should seekadvice.



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Zingiber officinalisGinger root water

Latin Name

Zingiber officinalis

Common NameGinger root

FamilyZingiberaceae

Parts UsedFresh root

History & FolkloreGinger is mentioned in the writings of Confucius as early as 500BC, and inChinese medicine texts of 200 years ago. The Ancient Greeks used it after itwas brought to Greece by Alexander the Great. Both Hippocrates andDioscorides recommended it in cooking and to treat stomach problems. At themedieval university of Salerno in Italy, the famous medical school therepromoted ginger as a herb to ensure a happy life in later years.

Energetics

In Ayurvedic medicine, ginger enhances fire in the body

Constituents & PharmacologyVolatile oil contains geranial, neral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, zingiberene, 1,8-cineole.

ActionsAnalgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, carminative, antemetic,antiviral and antibacterial, vasodilator, diffusive circulatory stimulant,aphrodisiac, tonic, anti-coagulant in high doses.

IndicationsAny cold condition will benefit from ginger, both physically and emotionally.Ideal for dysmenorrhoea associated with scanty periods. It has an applicationfor almost any digestive upset – take care in conditions associated with heatand inflammation. Travel sickness and morning sickness or nausea of anycause. It will alleviate coughs and colds, especially those associated with chillsand shivering, and is useful in any catarrhal condition. Can help in high bloodpressure and poor circulation. Clotty, scanty periods, dysmenorrhoea. Includein treatment regimes to improve fertility in women.



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Preparations & DosagesSip 5mls of the water diluted in a little cold or hot water as required toalleviate indigestion, nausea, travel sickness and almost any digestive upset.Could be combined with fennel, cinnamon, angelica, cardamom, aniseed,chamomile, dill, melissa or valerian.Mix with honey, lemon, Greek sage, hyssop, bay or yarrow water and hotwater for a comforting drink at the onset of coughs, colds or other viralinfection.People with ‘cold constitutions’ should take ginger regularly. Combine withrosemary, yarrow or cinnamon for improving poor circulation.Combine with valerian and cinnamon waters for period pain.Combine with valerian and melissa waters to treat high blood pressure.Add to creams and lotions for applying to arthritic joints and aching muscles.Can be combined with rosemary or bay waters.

Contra-indicationsAvoid taking in therapeutic doses if taking anti-coagulant therapy. Mayrarely cause skin sensitisation.



References and Bibliography

Title Author Publisher ISBN

Hydrosols – the Next

Aromatherapy

Suzanne Catty Healing Arts

Press

0-89281-946-4

The Complete Floral

Healer

Anne McIntyre Gaia Books Ltd 1-85675-0671-1

Aromatherapy for Healing

the Spirit

Gabriel Mojay Gaia Books Ltd 1-85675-099-X

The Complete Guide to

Aromatherapy

Salvatore Battaglia The Perfect

Potion

0-646-20670-2

A Country Herbal Lesley Gordon Webb & Bower 0-907408-81-8

Culpeper’s Medicine Graeme Tobyn Element BooksLtd

1-85230-943-1

Culpeper’s Complete

Herbal

Nicholas

Culpeper

Magna Books 1-85422-332-1

The Encyclopedia of

Medicinal Plants

Andrew

Chevallier

Dorling

Kindersley

0-7513-0314-3

Case Notes Joe Nasr

avicennas aromatic waters booklet

Documents