automatic car parking sysytem

8/12/2019 Automatic Car Parking Sysytem

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ACHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

If we take a look at the present world scenario, there is a crucial necessity for saving the parkingspace in big companies, apartments etc.

Figure-1.1 Car Parking

More and more multi-storey buildings are springing up every day, thus giving rise to parking

problems. Thus there is a shortage of land which leads to cutting down of trees and deforestation.

This has a harsh and adverse effect on the environment.

This project aims at saving the ground space required for parking. Using this system any number

of cars can be parked according to the requirement, in floors one above the other.

Thus, in a space where only 10 cars could be parked, earlier, we can park 20/30/40cars,

depending on the number of floors used. This could really solve the space unavailability

problems that we all are facing by allowing floor by floor parking.

Facilities such as reserved parking can also be provided for those whose are regular visitors to

that place like the employers of that company office.


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A very distant and indirect effect of this project is that, its implementation could lead to a

decrease in the hunt for land through deforestation thereby contributing in maintaining

environmental balance.

Figure- 1.2 Overview of Car Parking System

The main objective of this system is to optimize the ground space available, for parking. Inplaces where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be very useful.

Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor, by displaying

the available slots thus reducing the ground space used. Here any number of cars can be parked

according to the requirement, making the system modernized and a space-saving one.


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CHAPTER 2

FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure- 2.1 Flow Diagram

Transmitter and

Receiver Sensor

Amplifier

Circuit

Microcontroller

Circuit

Display Unit

(LED and LCD)


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2.1- TRANSMITTERRECEIVER SENSOR

The obstacle (vehicle) is sensed by the TransmitterReceiver circuit. A signal is given

whenever an obstacle is introduced in between the IR pair. It sends a signal of micro volts to theamplifier circuit.

2.2- AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

The amplifier circuit amplifies the signal received by the IR pair. The microcontroller needs 4-5

volts to respond to a signal. This is achieved by the amplifier circuit. It is a simple connection of

transistor in Common emitter connection. The circuit amplifies the received signal which is oforder V to 4-5 volts.

2.3- MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT

The microcontroller is embedded with a C program. It is designed in such a way that whenever itreceives the signal from amplifier circuit it displays the filled and vacant slots in the LCD and

LED panels.

2.4- DISPLAY UNIT

The display unit used in the project is LED panel and 16 x 2 LCD. It displays the filled andvacant slots in the arena through the microcontroller. It is controlled by AT89C51

microcontroller.


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CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE

3.1- TRANSMITTERRECEIVER SENSOR

A photoelectric sensor, or photo eye, is a device used to detect the distance, absence, or

presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver.

Figure- 3.1 IR Sensors

3.1.1- Types

A self-contained photoelectric sensor contains the optics, along with the electronics. It requires

only a power source. The sensor performs its own modulation, demodulation, amplification, andoutput switching. Some self-contained sensors provide such options as built-in control timers or

counters. Because of technological progress, self-contained photoelectric sensors have become

increasingly smaller.

Remote photoelectric sensors used for remote sensing contain only the optical components of a

sensor. The circuitry for power input, amplification, and output switching are located elsewhere,

typically in a control panel. This allows the sensor, itself, to be very small. Also, the controls forthe sensor are more accessible, since they may be bigger.

When space is restricted or the environment too hostile even for remote sensors, fiber optics maybe used. Fiber optics is passive mechanical sensing components. They may be used with either

remote or self-contained sensors. They have no electrical circuitry and no moving parts, and can

safely pipe light into and out of hostile environments.

3.1.2- Sensing Modes


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An opposed (through beam) arrangement consists of a receiver located within the line-of-sight of

the transmitter. In this mode, an object is detected when the light beam is blocked from getting to

the receiver from the transmitter.

A retro reflective arrangement places the transmitter and receiver at the same location and uses a

reflector to bounce the light beam back from the transmitter to the receiver. An object is sensedwhen the beam is interrupted and fails to reach the receiver.

A proximity-sensing (diffused) arrangement is one in which the transmitted radiation must

reflect off the object in order to reach the receiver. In this mode, an object is detected when thereceiver sees the transmitted source rather than when it fails to see it.

Some photoeyes have two different operational types, light operate and dark operate. Light

operate photoeyes become operational when the receiver "receives" the transmitter signal. Darkoperate photoeyes become operational when the receiver "does not receive" the transmitter

signal.

The detecting range of a photoelectric sensor is its "field of view", or the maximum distance the

sensor can retrieve information from, minus the minimum distance. A minimum detectable

object is the smallest object the sensor can detect. More accurate sensors can often have

minimum detectable objects of minuscule size.

3.2- AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT

Figure- 3.2 Amplifying Circuit

The amplifier consists of a NPN transistor connected in Common emitter mode. It is used as aninterface between the sensors set and the microcontroller circuit. It amplifies the signal received

from the sensor set and gives the amplified output to the microcontroller.


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3.3- MICROCONTROLLER - AT89C51

Figure- 3.3 Microcontroller- AT89C51

The 8051 microcontroller generic part number actually includes a whole family of

microcontrollers that have numbers ranging from 8031 to 8751.

The block diagram of the 8051 shows all of the features unique to microcontrollers:

1. Internal ROM and RAM2. I/O ports with programmable pins3. Timers and counters

4. Serial data communication

The block diagram also shows the usual CPU components program counter, ALU, working

registers, and the clock circuits.

The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:

1. 8 bit CPU with registers A and B

2. 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR)

3. 8 bit program status word (PSW)

4. 8 bit stack pointer (SP)


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5. Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0(8031) to 4k (8051)

6. Internal RAM of 128 bytes.

7. 4 register banks, each containing 8 registers8. 80 bits of general purpose data memory

9. 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports: P0-P3

10. Two 16 bit timer/counters: T0-T111. Two external and three internal interrupt sources12. Oscillator and clock circuits

A pin out of the 8051 packaged in a 40 pin DIP is shown below.

Figure-3.4 Internal Block Diagram of 8051

3.3.1- Pin Diagram of 8051


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Figure- 3.5 Pin diagram of 8051

3.4- 16 x 2 LCD

An HD44780 Character LCD is a de facto industry standard liquid crystal display (LCD) display

device designed for interfacing with embedded systems. These screens come in a variety of

configurations including 8x1, which is one row of eight characters, 16x2, and 20x4. The most

commonly manufactured configuration is 40x4 characters, which requires two individuallyaddressable HD44780 controllers with expansion chips as the HD44780 can only address up to

80 characters.

Figure- 3.6 LCD Display

These LCD screens are limited to text only and are often used in copiers, fax machines, laserprinters, industrial test equipment, networking equipment such as routers and storage devices.


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Character LCDs can come with or without backlights, which may be LED, fluorescent, or

electroluminescent.

Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin interface and those with backlights have 16 pins. The pin

outs are as follows:

1. Ground2. VCC (+3.3 to +5V)

3. Contrast adjustment (VO)

4. Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data5. Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read

6. Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered

7. Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

8. Bit 1 (Not used in 4-bit operation)9. Bit 2 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

10. Bit 3 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

11. Bit 412. Bit 5

13. Bit 6

14. Bit 7

15. Backlight Anode (+)16. Backlight Cathode (-)

There may also be a single backlight pin, with the other connection via Ground or VCC pin. Thetwo backlight pins may precede the pin 1.

The nominal backlight voltage is around 4.2V at 25C using a VDD 5V capable model.

Character LCDs can operate in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. In 4 bit mode, pins 7 through 10 are unused

and the entire byte is sent to the screen using pins 11 through 14 by sending 4-bits (nibble) at a

time.


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CHAPTER 4

INTRODUCTION TO RFID

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing

and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The technologyrequires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag.

An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or personfor the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from

several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.

An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or personfor the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from

several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.

4.1- What is RFID?

A basic RFID system consists of three components:

a) An antenna or coil

b) A transceiver (with decoder)c) A transponder (RF tag)

It is electronically programmed with unique information. There are many different types of RFID

systems out in the market. They are categorized according to their frequency ranges. Some of themost commonly used RFID kits are as follows:

1) Low-frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz)2) Mid-Frequency (900 KHz to 1500MHz)

3) High Frequency (2.4GHz to 2.5GHz)

These frequency ranges mostly tell the RF ranges of the tags from low frequency tag rangingfrom 3m to 5m, mid-frequency ranging from 5m to 17m and high frequency ranging from 5ft to

90ft. The cost of the system is based according to their ranges with low-frequency system

ranging from a few hundred dollars to a high-frequency system ranging somewhere near 5000

dollars.

4.2- Components of RFID:

A basic RFID system consists of three components:

An antenna or coil A transceiver (with decoder)

A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information


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These are described below:

4.2.1- Antennas-

The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it. Antennas are theconduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data acquisition and

communication. Antennas are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built into a

door frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door, or mounted on aninterstate tollbooth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The electromagnetic field

produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags are expected continually. If

constant interrogation is not required, a sensor device can activate the field.

Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader (a.k.a.

interrogator), which can be configured either as a handheld or a fixed-mount device. The reader

emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon itspower output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the

electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data

encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computerfor processing.

Fig- 4.1 Internal Structure of RFID Antenna

4.2.2- TAGS (Transponders)

An RFID tag is comprised of a microchip containing identifying information and an antenna that

transmits this data wirelessly to a reader. At its most basic, the chip will contain a serialized

identifier, or license plate number, that uniquely identifies that item, similar to the way many barcodes are used today. A key difference, however is that RFID tags have a higher data capacity


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than their bar code counterparts. This increases the options for the type of information that can

be encoded on the tag, including the manufacturer, batch or lot number, weight, ownership,

destination and history (such as the temperature range to which an item has been exposed). Infact, an unlimited list of other types of information can be stored on RFID tags, depending on

application needs. An RFID tag can be placed on individual items, cases or pallets for

identification purposes, as well as on fixed assets such as trailers, containers, totes, etc.

Tags come in a variety of types, with a variety of capabilities. Key variables include:

"Read-only" versus "read-write"

There are three options in terms of how data can be encoded on tags: (1) Read-only tags contain

data such as a serialized tracking number, which is pre-written onto them by the tagmanufacturer or distributor. These are generally the least expensive tags because they cannot

have any additional information included as they move throughout the supply chain. Any updates

to that information would have to be maintained in the application software that tracks SKU

movement and activity. (2) "Write once" tags enable a user to write data to the tag one time inproduction or distribution processes. Again, this may include a serial number, but perhaps other

data such as a lot or batch number. (3) Full "read-write" tags allow new data to be written to the

tag as neededand even written over the original data. Examples for the latter capability mightinclude the time and date of ownership transfer or updating the repair history of a fixed asset.

While these are the most costly of the three tag types and are not practical for tracking

inexpensive items, future standards for electronic product codes (EPC) appear to be headed inthis direction.

Figure- 4.2 RFID Tag

4.3- Data Capacity-

The amount of data storage on a tag can vary, ranging from 16 bits on the low end to as much as

several thousand bits on the high end. Of course, the greater the storage capacity, the higher theprice per tag.


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4.4- Form Factor-

The tag and antenna structure can come in a variety of physical form factors and can either beself-contained or embedded as part of a traditional label structure (i.e., the tag is inside what

looks like a regular bar code labelthis is termed a 'Smart Label') companies must choose the

appropriate form factors for the tag very carefully and should expect to use multiple form factorsto suit the tagging needs of different physical products and units of measure. For example, a

pallet may have an RFID tag fitted only to an area of protected placement on the pallet itself. On

the other hand, cartons on the pallet have RFID tags inside bar code labels that also provideoperators human-readable information and a back-up should the tag fail or pass through non

RFID-capable supply chain links.

4.5- Frequencies-

Like all wireless communications, there are a variety of frequencies or spectra through whichRFID tags can communicate with readers. Again, there are trade-offs among cost, performance

and application requirements. For instance, low-frequency tags are cheaper than ultra high-frequency (UHF) tags, use less power and are better able to penetrate nonmetallic substances.

They are ideal for scanning objects with high water content, such as fruit, at close range. UHFfrequencies typically offer better range and can transfer data faster. But they use more power and

are less likely to pass through some materials. UHF tags are typically best suited for use with or

near wood, paper, cardboard or clothing products. Compared to low-frequency tags, UHF tagsmight be better for scanning boxes of goods as they pass through a bay door into a warehouse.

While the tag requirements for compliance mandates may be narrowly defined, it is likely that a

variety of tag types will be required to solve specific operational issues. You will want to work

with a company that is very knowledgeable in tag and reader technology to appropriately identifythe right mix of RFID technology for your environment and applications.

4.6- RF Trans-Receivers-

The RF transceiver is the source of the RF energy used to activate and power the passive RFIDtags. The RF transceiver may be enclosed in the same cabinet as the reader or it may be a

separate piece of equipment. When provided as a separate piece of equipment, the transceiver is

commonly referred to as an RF module. The RF transceiver controls and modulates the radiofrequencies that the antenna transmits and receives. The transceiver filters and amplifies the

backscatter signal from a passive RFID tag.

4.7- Applications of RFID-

Automatic Vehicle identification Inventory Management

Work-in-Process

Container/ Yard Management Document/ Jewellery tracking

Patient Monitoring


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4.8- Advantages of RFID over Bar-coding-

No "line of sight" requirements: Bar code reads can sometimes be limited or problematic due to

the need to have a direct "line of sight" between a scanner and a bar code. RFID tags can be read

through materials without line of sight.

More automated reading: RFID tags can be read automatically when a tagged product comes past

or near a reader, reducing the labor required to scan product and allowing more proactive, real-

time tracking.

Improved read rates: RFID tags ultimately offer the promise of higher read rates than bar codes,

especially in high-speed operations such as carton sortation. Greater data capacity: RFID tags

can be easily encoded with item details such as lot and batch, weight, etc.

"Write" capabilities: Because RFID tags can be rewritten with new data as supply chain activities

are completed, tagged products carry updated information as they move throughout the supply

chain.

4.9- Problems related to RFID-

Some common problems with RFID are reader collision and tag collision. Reader collisionoccurs when the signals from two or more readers overlap. The tag is unable to respond to

simultaneous queries. Systems must be carefully set up to avoid this problem. Tag collision

occurs when many tags are present in a small area; but since the read time is very fast, it is easier

for vendors to develop systems that ensure that tags respond one at a time. See Problems withRFID for more details.


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Chapter-5

Components Description

Table- 5.1 Components Description

5.1- Voltage Regulator (78XX)-

3- Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator

Car Parking System

Name Capacity Quantity Code

Regulator 7805 1 U1

Regulator 7812 1 U3

Capacitor 100uf 1 C1

Capacitor 10uf 1 C2

Ceramic Capacitor 22pf 2 C3, C4

Diode 4 D1, D2, D3, D4

Push Button 1

RFID Reader 1

RFID Card 5

LCD 16*2 1

40 Pin Base 1 U3

16 Pin Base 1 U4

DC Motor 100 rpm 1

8051 1

L293D 1

Oscillator 11.0592Mhz 1 X1LED 2 D5, D6

Resistance 220 ohm 3 R1, R4, R6

Resistance 1 k 1 R3

Resistance 10 K 2 R2, R5

Buzzer 1 Buz 1

BC547 1 Q1


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5.1.1- Features-

Output Current up to 1 A

Output Voltages: 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24 V

Thermal Overload Protection

Short-Circuit Protection

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

5.1.2- Description-

The LM78XX series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in the TO-220 package and

with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each

type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down, and safe operating area protection. If

adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designedprimarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components for

adjustable voltages and currents.

Figure- 5.1 Voltage Regulator

5.1.3- Block Diagram-


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Figure 5.2 Block Diagram of 78XX

5.2- Capacitor-

A capacitor works on the principal of having two conductive plates which are very close and areparallel to each other. When a charge is applied to one plate of the capacitor, the electrons will

generate an approximately equal, but opposite charge on the other plate of the capacitor.

Capacitors will pass AC current, but will block DC current. A capacitor can also be used to

smooth out voltage ripple, as in DC power supplies. Capacitance is measured in Farads (F).

Figure 5.3 Capacitors

5.2.1- Capacitor Parameters-

Capacitors have five parameters.

Capacitance (Farads)

Tolerance (%)


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Maximum Working Voltage (Volts)

Surge Voltage (Volts) and leakage.

Because a Farad is a very large unit, most capacitors are normally measured in the ranges of

Pico, nano and micro farads.

Code Tolerance

C 0.25 pf

E 1 pf

J 5%

L 15%

N 30%

D 0.5 pf

G 2%

K 10%

M 20%

Table- 5.2 Tolerance of Capacitors

5.3- Diodes-

General Purpose Plastic Rectifier

5.3.1- Features-

Low forward voltage drop

Low leakage current

High forward surge capability

Solder dip 275 C max. 10 s, per JESD 22-B106

Compliant to RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC and in accordance to WEEE 2002/96/EC

5.3.2- Typical Applications-

For use in general purpose rectification of

Power supplies

Inverters

Converters and


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Freewheeling diodes application.

Figure 5.4 Diodes

5.4- Push Buttons-

Figure 5.5 Push Buttons

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simpleswitch mechanism for

controlling some aspect of amachine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hardmaterial, usuallyplastic ormetal.The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate thehuman finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased

switches,though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require aspring to

return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the

button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

5.4.1- Uses-

The "push-button" has been utilized incalculators,push-button telephones,kitchen appliances,

and various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercial.

In industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be connected together by a

mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released.

In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used

in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have noelectrical circuits for

control.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Biased_switcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Biased_switcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-button_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_applianceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_applianceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-button_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Biased_switcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Biased_switcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch


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Pushbuttons are oftencolor-coded to associate them with their function so that the operator will

not push the wrong button inerror.Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine or

process and green for starting the machine or process.

Red pushbuttons can also have large heads (called mushroom heads) for easy operation and to

facilitate the stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are calledemergency stopbuttons and

are mandated by the electrical code in many jurisdictions for increased safety. This large

mushroom shape can also be found in buttons for use with operators who need to weargloves for

their work and could not actuate a regularflush-mountedpush button. As an aid for operators

andusers in industrial or commercial applications, apilot light is commonly added to draw the

attention of the user and to providefeedback if the button is pushed. Typically this light is

included into the center of the pushbutton and alens replaces the pushbutton hard center disk.

The source of the energy to illuminate the light is not directly tied to the contacts on the back of

the pushbutton but to the action the pushbutton controls. In this way a start button when pushed

will cause the process or machine operation to be started and a secondary contact designed intothe operation or process will close to turn on the pilot light and signify the action of pushing the

button caused the resultant process or action to start.

Inpopular culture, the phrasethe button (sometimes capitalized) refers to a (usually fictional)

button that a military or government leader could press to launchnuclear weapons.

5.5 Motor Driver IC (L293D)-

Push-Pull Four Channel Driver with Diodes

5.5.1- Features-

600ma output current capability per channel

1.2a peak output current (non repetitive) per channel enable facility

over temperature protection

logical "0" input voltage up to 1.5 v (high noise immunity)

internal clamp diodes

Figure- 5.6 L293D

5.5.2- Description-
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The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to

accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoids, DCand stepping motors) and switching power transistors.

To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separatesupply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clampdiodes are included.

This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D isassembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected together and used for

heat sinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins

connected together and used for heat sinking.

5.5.3- Block Diagram-

Figure- 5.7 Block Diagram of L293D

5.5.4- Pin Diagram-


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Figure- 5.8 Pin Diagram of L293D

5.6- Oscillator (11.052 MHz)-

5.6.1- Features-

Supports any frequency from 100 kHz to 250 MHz

Low jitter operation

2 to 4 week lead times

Total stability includes 10-year aging

Comprehensive production test coverage includes crystal ESR and DLD

On-chip LDO regulator for power supply noise filtering

3.3, 2.5, or 1.8 V operation

Differential (LVPECL, LVDS, HCSL) or CMOS output options

Optional integrated 1:2 CMOS fan-out buffer

Runt suppression on OE and power on Industry standard 5 x 7 and 3.2 x 5 mm packages

Pb-free, RoHS compliant

40 to 85 oC operation


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5.6.2- Applications-

SONET/SDH/OTN

Gigabit Ethernet

Fiber Channel/SAS/SATA

PCI Express 3G-SDI/HD-SDI/SDI

Telecom Switches/routersFPGA/ASIC

clock generation

5.6.3- Description-

The Si510/511 XO utilizes Silicon Laboratories' advanced DSPLL technology to provide any

frequency from 100 kHz to 250 MHz Unlike a traditional XO where a different crystal is

required for each output frequency; the Si510/511 uses one fixed crystal and Silicon Labsproprietary DSPLL synthesizer to generate any frequency across this range. This IC-based

approach allows the crystal resonator to provide enhanced reliability, improved mechanicalrobustness, and excellent stability. In addition, this solution provides superior supply noiserejection, simplifying low jitter clock generation in noisy environments. Crystal ESR and DLD

are individually production-tested to guarantee performance and enhance reliability. The

Si510/511 is factory configurable for a wide variety of user specifications, including frequency,supply voltage, output format, output enable polarity, and stability. Specific configurations are

factory-programmed at time of shipment, eliminating long lead times and non-recurring

engineering charges associated with custom frequency oscillators.

Figure- 5.9 Crystal Oscillator

5.6.4- Functional Block Diagram-


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Figure- 5.10 Block Diagram of Oscillator

5.7- LED-

Figure- 5.11 LED

5.7.1- Features-

Popular T-13/4 colorless 5mm package.

High luminous power.

Typical chromaticity coordinates x=0.29, y=0.28 according to CIE1931.


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Bulk, available taped on reel.

ESD-withstand voltage: up to 4KV

The product itself will remain within RoHS compliant version.

5.7.2- Description-

The series is designed for application required high luminous intensity.

The phosphor filled in the reflector converts the blue emission of InGaN chip to idealwhite.


Outdoor Displays

Optical Indicators

Backlighting

Marker Lights

5.8- Resistors-

Many resistors are so small that it would be difficult to print their value and % tolerance on their

body in digits. To overcome this, a coding system based on bands of distinctive colors wasdeveloped to assist in identification. Learning this color code is not as necessary as it used to be

(thanks to accurate, low cost digital millimeters!), but its not hard to learn and its quite useful

knowledge anyway.

The first thing to know is that in each decade of resistance. i.e., from 10 - 100W, 100 - 1kW, 1k -

10kW, etc. There are only a finite number of different nominal values allowed. Most common

resistors have values in the E12. Series, which only has 12 allowed values per decade.Normalized these are 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8 and 8.2. Multiples of these

values are simply repeated in each decade. e.g., 10, 12, 15, 18 and so on. Note that the .steps.

Between these values are always very close to 20%, because the E12 series dates from the daysof resistors with 10% tolerance.

Figure- 5.12 Resistors


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5.8.1- Color Coding-

Figure- 5.13 Color Coding in Resistors

5.9 Buzzer-

Figure- 5.14 Buzzer


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5.9.1- Features-

The PS series are high-performance buzzers that employ unimorph piezoelectric elementsand are designed for easy incorporation into various circuits.

They feature extremely low power consumption in comparison to electromagnetic units.

Because these buzzers are designed for external excitation, the same part can serve asboth a musical tone oscillator and a Buzzer.

They can be used with automated inserters. Moisture-resistant models are also available.

The lead wire type (PS1550L40N) with both-sided adhesive tape installed easily isprepared.


Electric ranges

Washing machines

Computer terminals

Various devices that require speech synthesis output.

5.10- BC547-

45V, 100 mA NPN General Purpose Transistors

5.10.1- Description-

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is

commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current atcollector & emitter terminals.

BC547is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain

of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its

characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistoris biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and

taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage

divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so

that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it getscompletely off.


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Figure-5.15 Transistor (BC547)

5.10.2- Features-

Low current

Low voltage

Three different gain selections


General-purpose switching and amplification


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30

CHAPTER- 6

PCB Designing

6.1 Introduction of PCB board

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect

electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper

sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board or

etched wiring board. Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially

produced electronic devices.

A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed

circuit board assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA). In informal use the term "PCB" is used bothfor bare and assembled boards, the context clarifying the meaning.

Figure- 6.1 PCB Board

Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs must initially be

designed and laid out, but become cheaper, faster to make, and potentially more reliable for high-

volume production since production and soldering of PCBs can be automated. Much of the

electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards

published by the IPC organization.


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Printed Circuit Boards are primarily an insulating material used as base, into which conductive

strips are printed. The base material is generally fiberglass, and the conductive connections are e

generally copper and are made through an etching process. The main PCB board is called the

motherboard; the smaller attachment PCB boards are called daughter boards or daughter cards.

6.2 Flow chart for steps of PCB design

PCB Designing includes the following steps:-

Figure- 6.2 PCB Designing Steps

2.2.1 Processing

The layout of a PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one can go on to

the artwork preparation. This means that a concept that clearly defines all the details of the

circuit and partly also of the final equipment, is a prerequisite before the actual layout can start.

The detail circuit diagram is very important for the layout designer and he must also be familiar

with the design concept and with the philosophy behind the equipment. The GeneralConsiderations are-

Layout scale: -Depending on the accuracy required, artwork should be produced at a 1:1 or

2:1 or even 4:1 scale. The layout is best prepared on the same scale as the artwork. This

prevents all the problems which might be caused by redrawing of layout to the artwork scale.


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Grid system or Graph Paper: - It is commonly accepted practice to use these for designing.

Board types:-There are two side of a PCB board Component side & Solder side. Depending

on these board are classified as-

Single-sided Boards: - These are used where costs have to be kept at a minimum & a

particular Circuit can be accommodated on such board. To jump over conductor tracks,

components have to be utilized. If this is not feasible, jumper wires are used. (Jumper

wires should be less otherwise double-sided PCB should be considered.

Double-sided Boards: - These are made with or without plated through holes. Plated

through holes are fairly expensive.

6.2.2 Cleaning

The cleaning of the copper surface prior to resist application is an essential step for any type of

PCB process using etches or plating resist. After scrubbing with the abrasive, a water rinse willremove most of the remaining slurry.

Figure- 6.3 Cleaning Process

Scrubbing

Water Rinse

Wet Brushing

Acid dip

Final Rinse

Drying

Pumice/ Acid Slurry

Tap Water

Tap Water

Hydrochloric Acid-HCl

De-ionized Water

Oven or Blowing of air.


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6.2.3 Etching

It is of utmost importance to choose a suitable Etchant Systems. There are many factors to be

considered:-

Etching speed

Copper solving capacity

Etchant price

Pollution character

Figure- 6.4 Etching Process

6.2.4 Drilling

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-

section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit

is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions

per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips from what will

become the hole being drilled.

Figure-6.5 Drilling Process


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Exceptionally, specially-shaped bits can cut holes of non-circular cross-section; a square cross-

section is possible.

The importance of whole drilling into PCBs has further gone with electronic component

miniaturization and its need for smaller holes diameters (diameters less than half the board

thickness) and higher package density.

The following whole diameter tolerances have been generally accepted wherever no other

specifications are mentioned.

Hole Diameter (D) 3 mm + /0.1 mm

Drill bits are made up of high-speed steel (HSS), Glass epoxy material, Tungsten Carbide.

Component placement

Component placement is an extremely important function of the designer

Components should be placed according to their connections to other components, thermal

considerations, mechanical requirements, as well as signal integrity and rout- ability

Components which have connections to each other should be placed in the same vicinity

For example, a processor should be placed very close to the RAM and Flash ICs on which it

relies

Components should also be placed on a grid, usually a 100 mil grid, in order to provide for a

symmetric flow of routing where tracks and components are lined up.

6.2.5 Soldering

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and then

flow a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the

work-piece. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the work

pieces. In brazing, the filler metal melts at a higher temperature, but the work piece metal does

not melt. Formerly nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental concerns have

increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes. Flux should

be removed after Soldering. It is done through washing by 0.51 % HCl followed by

Neutralization in dilute alkali to remove corrosive flux. On-corrosive is removed by Is Proposal.

Electronic soldering connects electrical wiring.


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Figure- 6.6 Soldering Process

And electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Soldering filler materials are

available in many different alloys for differing applications. In electronics assembly,

the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead (or 60/40, which is almost identical in melting point)

has been the alloy of choice.

6.2.6 Masking

It is done for the protection of conductor track from Oxidation. Solder mask or solder resist is

a lacquer-like layer of polymer that provides a permanent protective coating for the copper traces

of a printed circuit board (PCB) and prevents solder from bridging between conductors, thereby

Figure- 6.7 Masking Process


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Preventing short circuits- Solder mask was created primarily to facilitate wave soldering used

in mass assembly. Solder mask is traditionally green but is now available in many colors. Solder

mask comes in different media depending upon the demands of the application. The lowest-cost

solder mask is epoxy liquid that is silkscreened through the pattern onto the PCB. Other types are

the liquid photo-image able solder mask (LPSM) inks and dry film photo-image able solder mask

(DFSM). LPSM can be silkscreened or sprayed on the PCB, exposed to the pattern and

developed to provide openings in the pattern for parts to be soldered to the copper pads. DFSM is

vacuum- laminated on the PCB then exposed and developed. All three processes go through a

thermal cure of some type after the pattern is defined.

6.2.7 Designing of the PCB layout

A PCB layout is required to place components on the PCB so that the component area can be

minimized and the components can be placed in an efficient manner. The components can be

placed in two ways, either manually or by software. The manual procedure is quiet cumbersomeand is very inefficient. The other method is by the use of computer software. This method is

advantageous as it saves time and valuable copper area. There are various softwares available

for this purpose like-

Express PCB

Pad 2 pad

Portal PCB

PCB design etc.


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CHAPTER 7

Schematic Coding

#include

#include

#include

unsigned int i;

void delay(unsigned int d)

{

for(i=0;i


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if(tag[0]=='4' && tag[1]=='A' && tag[2]=='0' && tag[3]=='0' && tag[4]=='C' && tag[5]=='3'

&& tag[6]=='3' && tag[7]=='C' && tag[8]=='E' && tag[9]=='1' && tag[10]=='5' &&

tag[11]=='4')

{

count=count+1;

ClearLCDScreen();

WriteStringToLCD("Hello");

WriteCommandToLCD(0xc0);

WriteStringToLCD("Mrs. Harjeet mam");

delay(30000);

P3_2=1;

P3_3=0;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;P3_3=1;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=0;

}

if(tag[0]=='4' && tag[1]=='A' && tag[2]=='0' && tag[3]=='0' && tag[4]=='C' && tag[5]=='3'

&& tag[6]=='3' && tag[7]=='C' && tag[8]=='E' && tag[9]=='0' && tag[10]=='5' &&

tag[11]=='5')

{count=count+1;

ClearLCDScreen();



WriteStringToLCD("Mr. Sandeep Sir");

delay(30000);

P3_2=1;

P3_3=0;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=1;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=0;

}


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if(tag[0]=='5' && tag[1]=='5' && tag[2]=='0' && tag[3]=='0' && tag[4]=='3' && tag[5]=='6'

&& tag[6]=='5' && tag[7]=='A' && tag[8]=='7' && tag[9]=='0' && tag[10]=='4' &&

tag[11]=='9')

{

count=count+1;

ClearLCDScreen();



WriteStringToLCD("Ms. Yogita mam");

delay(30000);

P3_2=1;

P3_3=0;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=1;delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=0;

}

if(tag[0]=='4' && tag[1]=='1' && tag[2]=='0' && tag[3]=='0' && tag[4]=='9' && tag[5]=='C'

&& tag[6]=='E' && tag[7]=='5' && tag[8]=='3' && tag[9]=='1' && tag[10]=='0' &&

tag[11]=='9')

{

count=count+1;ClearLCDScreen();



WriteStringToLCD("Mr. Amit sir");

delay(30000);

P3_2=1;

P3_3=0;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=1;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=0;

}


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if(tag[0]=='5' && tag[1]=='5' && tag[2]=='0' && tag[3]=='0' && tag[4]=='3' && tag[5]=='6'

&& tag[6]=='5' && tag[7]=='0' && tag[8]=='3' && tag[9]=='D' && tag[10]=='0' &&

tag[11]=='E')

{

count=count+1;

ClearLCDScreen();



WriteStringToLCD("Mrs. Asha mam");

delay(30000);

P3_2=1;

P3_3=0;

delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=1;delay(60000);

P3_2=0;

P3_3=0;

}

if (count==5)

{

ClearLCDScreen();

WriteStringToLCD("PARKING FULL");

delay(40000);}

}


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CHAPTER 8

Schematic Connections

8.1- Schematic Layout of the circuit connected in Proteus

Figure- 8.1 Schematic Layout in Proteus

The connections are made in Proteus software. The C file id first compiled in Keil Software and

a hex file is created from Keil. The Hex file is embedded in the microcontroller in the simulationwork and also virtually.

In Proteus circuits sensors are replaced by switches. The display is shown in LCD and an array

of LEDs.


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8.2- Schematic Layout of the circuit using Diptrace

Once the circuit is tested through simulation, a PCB layout is done using Diptrace Software.

DipTrace is EDA software for creatingschematic diagrams andprinted circuit boards.The first

version of DipTrace was released in August, 2004. The latest version as of March 2013 is

DipTrace version 2.3.1. The interface and tutorials are multi-lingual (currently English, Czech,

Russian and Turkish). In January of 2011,Parallax switched from Eagle to DipTrace for

developing its printed circuit boards.

Figure- 8.2 Board layout using Diptrace
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax,_Inc._(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax,_Inc._(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic


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CHAPTER 9

Conclusion and Future Scopes

By the end of this project

Connections and testing in Proteus is studied.

Coding and compiling of a C program in Keil u Vision software is studied.

Hardware implementation by connecting Schematic and making Board layout Diptrace is

done successfully.

The hardware kit is tested successfully by embedding the C program Hex file in the

AT89C51 Microcontroller.

The operation of microcontroller is analyzed in simulation and practically.

Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor, by displaying

the available slots thus reducing the ground space used. Here any number of cars can be parked

according to the requirement, making the system modernized and a space-saving one.


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REFERENCES

Microcontrollers by Masjidi

www.wikipedia.com/8051

www.wikipedia.com/photo_electric_sensors

www.google.com/eagle_software

www.isis.com/proteus

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers by A K Ray

automatic car parking sysytem

Documents