Index

1. Introduction Autoimmune Disease

2. Criteria

3. Effects of Autoimmune disease

4. Classification

5. Development of therapies

6. Further reading

7. References

Introduction Autoimmune Disease

Criteria

For a disease to be regarded as an autoimmune disease it needs to

answer to Witebsky's postulates (first formulated by Ernst Witebsky and

colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994) Direct evidence from transfer

of pathogenic antibody or pathogenic T cells Indirect evidence based

on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals

Circumstantial evidence from clinical clues

Effects of Autoimmune disease

It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten

leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.

A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases,

which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are

more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity.

Classification

It is possible to classify autoimmune diseases by corresponding type of

hypersensitivity: type II, type III, or type IV. (No type of autoimmune

disease mimics type I hypersensitivity.) There is continuing debate

about when a disease should be considered autoimmune, leading to

different criteria such as Witebsky's postulates.

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular

standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably

sourced entries.

Name:

Accepted/

suspected

Hypersensitivity

I, II, III, IV

Autoantibody Notes

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

(ADEM)Accept

Addison's disease

interferon omega; transglutaminase;

aromatic acid carboxylase; GAD;

HAI[disambiguation needed]; 17 hydroxylase; 21

hydroxylase

Agammaglobulinemia

IGHM; IGLL1: CD79A; CD79B; BLNK; LRRC8A

Alopecia areata Accepted T-cellsAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Also Lou Gehrig's disease;

Motor Neuron Disease)

VCP, ATXN2, OPTN, FIG4,

TARDBP, ANG, VAPB, FUS, SETX,

ALS2, SOD1Ankylosing Spondylitis

Suspecte CD8; HLA-B27

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Accepte

anti-cardiolipin;anti pyruvate dehydrogenase;

β2 glycoprotein I; phosphatidylserine; anti

apoH; Annexin A5

HLA-DR7, HLA-B8, HLA-DR2, HLA-

DR3

Antisynthetase syndrome

Atopic allergy IAtopic dermatitis I

Autoimmune aplastic anemia

Autoimmune cardiomyopathy

Accepted

Autoimmune enteropathyAutoimmune

hemolytic anemiaAccepted II

complement activation

Autoimmune hepatitis

Acceptedcell-

mediated

anti-mitochondrial antibodies; ANA; anti-

smooth muscle antibodies, LKM-1; soluble liver

antigenAutoimmune inner

ear diseaseAccepted [11]

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative

syndromeAccepted

TNFRSF6; defective Fas-CD95 apoptosis

Autoimmune peripheral neuropathy

Accepted

Autoimmune pancreatitis

Accepted

ANA; anti-lactoferrin antibodies anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies;

rheumatoid factor

Autoimmune polyendocrine

syndromeAccepted

Unknown or multiple

APS-1 see Addison's disease

Development of therapies

In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases the condition arises through

aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In

autoimmunity, the patient’s immune system is activated against the body's

own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune

system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, IFN, etc.), which

causes problems.

Mitigation of inflammation by activation of anti-inflammatory genes and the

suppression of inflammatory genes in immune cells is a promising way of

novel therapies.

Further reading

Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Jon Aster, Robbins and

Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Elsevier, 8th edition, 2010, 1464 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-4160-3121-5

Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, edited by Ronald Asherson,

Elsevier, in 10 Volume

Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Paolo Pauletto, The Heart in Systemic

Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 1, 2004, ISBN 978-0-444-51398-4, ISBN 0-

444-51398-1

Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Paolo Pauletto, Pulmonary Involvement in

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 2, 2005, ISBN 978-0-444-51652-7,

ISBN 0-444-51652-2

Ronald Asherson, Doruk Erkan, Steven Levine, The Neurologic Involvement

in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 3, 2005, ISBN 978-0-444-51651-

0, ISBN 0-444-51651-4

Michael Lockshin, Ware Branch (eds), Reproductive and Hormonal Aspects

of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 4, 2006, ISBN 978-0-444-51801-

9, ISBN 0-444-51801-0

Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Annegret Kuhn,

Giampietro Girolomoni (eds), The Skin in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases,

Volume Volume 5, 2006, ISBN 978-0-444-52158-3, ISBN 0-444-52158-5

Rolando Cimaz, Ronald Asherson, Thomas Lehman (eds), Pediatrics in

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 6, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-52971-8,

ISBN 0-444-52971-3

Justin Mason, Ronald Asherson, Charles Pusey (eds), The Kidney in

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 7, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-52972-5,

ISBN 0-444-52972-1

Ronald Asherson, Manel Ramos-Casals, Joan Rodes, Josep Font, Digestive

Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 8, 2008, ISBN 978-

0-444-53168-1, ISBN 0-444-53168-8

References

Witebsky E, Rose NR, Terplan K, Paine JR, Egan RW (1957).

"Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization". J. Am. Med. Assoc. 164

(13): 1439–47. doi:10.1001/jama.1957.02980130015004.

PMID 13448890.

Rose NR, Bona C (September 1993). "Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited)". Immunol. Today 14 (9): 426–30. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90244-F. PMID 8216719.

Noel R. Rose and Ian R. MacKay, "The Autoimmune Diseases" fourth edition

Parham, Peter (2005). The immune system. NY: Garland Science. p. 344. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1.

American Academy of Dermatology, http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/common_alopecia.html

HtmlThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center,

Jump up ^ J Sieper, J Braun, M Rudwaleit, A Boonen, and A Zink (2002). "Ankylosing spondylitis: an overview". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 61 (3): iii8. doi:10.1136/ard.61.suppl_3.iii8. PMC 1766729. PMID 12381506.

Jump up ^ Khan MA, Khan MK (1982). "Diagnostic Value of HLA-B27 Testing in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Reiter's Syndrome". Annals of Internal Medicine 96 (1): 70–76; au

Certificate

The project report titled “Autoimmune Disease ” in

Sagar city prepared by Reetika Dangi B.sc. (Biotech) Vth

Sem. under the guidance and supervision of Mr. Rakesh

Kumar Saket , for partial fulfillment of the Degree B Sc.

Signature of H.O.D.

Dr. Neera Sahay

Acknowledgement

Preparing a project of this nature is an arduous task and I was

fortunate enough to get support from large number of person . I wish to

express my deep sense of gratitude to all those who generously helped in

successful completion of this report by sharing their invaluable time and

knowledge

It is my proud and privileged to express my deep regard to Respected Dr.

J.P.N . Pandey Principal of Govt. Girls P.G College of Excellence Sagar

Dr. Neera Sahay H.O.D. Zoology Department for allowing me to

undertake the project

I feel extremely exhilarated to have completed this project under the able

and inspiring guidance of Mr. Rakesh Kumar Saket he rendered me all

possible help and guidance while reviewing the manuscript in finalizing

this report .

I also extend my deep regards to my teachers , family members, friends and

all those whose encouragement has infused courage in me to complete the

work successfully

Reetika Dangi

B/11/97