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ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY REVIEW QUESTIONS

A) condensation B) conductionC) radiation D) convection

1. Which process is responsible for the greatest loss ofenergy from Earth's surface into space on a clearnight?

A) rough, dark-colored surfaceB) rough, light-colored surfaceC) smooth, dark-colored surfaceD) smooth, light-colored surface

2. Which type of land surface will most likely absorb thegreatest amount of incoming solar radiation?

Base your answers to questions 3 and 4 on the diagram below, which represents the greenhouse effectin which heat energy is trapped in Earth's atmosphere

A) black and rough B) black and smoothC) white and rough D) white and smooth

3. The Earth surface that best absorbs short-wave solar radiation has which characteristics?

A) ultraviolet B) visible light C) infrared D) radio waves

4. Which type of radiation from Earth is the long-wave radiation absorbed by greenhouse gases?

A) ultraviolet B) gamma raysC) visible light D) radio waves

5. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has thelongest wavelength?

A) green B) orangeC) yellow D) red

6. Which color of the visible light spectrum could have awavelength of 5.5 × 10-5 centimeter?


A) ultraviolet B) infraredC) radio waves D) microwaves

7. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has awavelength of 1.0 × 10–3 centimeter?

A) violet B) blueC) green D) yellow

8. Radiation with the wavelength 5.0 ×10–5 centimetersis usually visible as what color?

A) gamma rays B) ultravioletC) infrared D) radio waves

9. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has awavelength of 10–7 meter?

A) gamma B) short waveC) visible light D) infrared

10. Which form of electromagnetic radiation haswavelengths between 10–6 meter and 10–7 meter?

A) 10–10 m B) 10–8 mC) 10–4 m D) 10–2 m

11. What is the approximate wavelength of infraredradiation given off by Earth's surface?

A) ultravioletB) infraredC) FM and TVD) shortwave and AM radio

12. Which form of electromagnetic energy has awavelength of 0.0001 meter?

A) 10–6 m B) 10–4 mC) 106 m D) 108 m

13. The wavelength of visible light is closest to

A) gamma rays B) ultraviolet lightC) visible light D) infrared rays

14. Most of which type of electromagnetic radiation isgiven off by Earth's surface at night?

A) ultraviolet B) gamma raysC) radio waves D) visible light

15. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has theshortest wavelength?

A) infrared B) visibleC) ultraviolet D) x-rays

16. In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum ismost of Earth's outgoing terrestrial radiation?

A) violet B) greenC) yellow D) red

17. Which color of the visible light has the shortest wavelength?


A)

B)

C)

D)

18. The diagram below represents the spectral lines from the light of an element in a laboratory on Earth.

Which diagram below best represents the pattern of spectral lines from the same element when it wasobserved by Edwin Hubble in the light of one of the distant galaxies?

A) ultraviolet rays B) visible lightC) gamma rays D) radio waves

19. Which form of electromagnetic energy has thelongest wavelength?

A) x ray B) ultravioletC) infrared D) radio wave

20. Most of the solar radiation absorbed by Earth’ssurface is later radiated back into space as whichtype of electromagnetic radiation?

A) infrared radiationB) radio wave radiationC) ultraviolet radiationD) x-ray radiation

21. Which type of electromagnetic energy has thelongest wavelength?


22. Which graph best represents the relative wavelengths of the different forms of electromagneticenergy?

A)

B)

C)


D)

A) violet B) blueC) yellow D) red

23. Which color of the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength?

A) light colored and smoothB) light colored and roughC) dark colored and smoothD) dark colored and rough

24. Which type of land surface would probably reflectthe most incoming solar radiation?

A) x-ray radiationB) ultraviolet radiationC) infrared radiationD) microwave radiation

25. Scientists are concerned about the decrease in ozonein the upper atmosphere primarily because ozoneprotects life on Earth by absorbing certainwavelengths of

A) radio wave radiationB) infrared radiationC) visible light radiationD) x-ray radiation

26. Which part of the Sun's electromagnetic spectrumhas the longest wavelength?

A) All types of electromagnetic energy reachEarth's surface.

B) Gamma rays and x-rays make up the greatestamount of electromagnetic energy reachingEarth's surface.

C) Visible light makes up the greatest amount ofelectromagnetic energy reaching Earth'ssurface.

D) Ultraviolet and infrared radiation make up thegreatest amount of electromagnetic energyreaching Earth's surface.

27. The diagram below shows the types ofelectromagnetic energy given off by the Sun. Theshaded part of the diagram shows the approximateamount of each type actually reaching Earth'ssurface.

Which conclusion is best supported by the diagram?

A) gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visiblelight

B) radio waves, infrared rays, visible light,ultraviolet rays

C) x-rays, infrared rays, blue light, gamma raysD) infrared rays, radio waves, blue light, red light

28. In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energyarranged in order from longest to shortestwavelengths?


A) molecular collisionsB) density currentsC) electromagnetic wavesD) red shifts

29. Energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth mainlyby

A) half-life B) temperatureC) wavelength D) wave velocity

30. What is the basic difference between ultraviolet,visible, and infrared radiation?

A) shorter B) longerC) the same

31. Compared to the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation,the wavelength of infrared radiation is

A) reflection B) refractionC) scattering D) absorption

32. When electromagnetic energy travels from air intowater, the waves are bent due to the densitydifferences between the air and water. This bendingis called


33. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams and graphs below. The diagrams showthe general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle latitudes during bothclear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph shows the percentage of insolation reflected by theEarth's surface at different latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere in winter.

A) visible-light radiation B) infrared radiationC) ultraviolet radiation D) radio-wave radiation

The radiation that passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface has the greatestintensity in the form of


A) AM radio B) infrared raysC) red light D) gamma rays

34. The diagram below shows part of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

Which form of electromagnetic energy shown on thediagram has the lowest frequency and longestwavelength?

A) Violet light has a longer wavelength than redlight.

B) X-rays have a longer wavelength than infraredwaves.

C) Radar waves have a shorter wavelength thanultraviolet rays.

D) Gamma rays have a shorter wavelength thanvisible light.

35. Which statement about electromagnetic energy iscorrect?

A) radioactive decay within the Earth's interiorB) convection currents in the Earth's mantleC) radiation received from the SunD) earthquakes along fault zones

36. Which is the major source of energy for most Earthprocesses?

A) transverse wave propertiesB) the same temperatureC) the same wavelengthD) their own half-life

37. All forms of electromagnetic energy have

A) radiation from the SunB) radioactivity from the Earth's interiorC) heat stored in ocean waterD) heat stored in polar ice caps

38. Which source provides the most energy foratmospheric weather changes?

A) shorter B) longerC) the same

39. Compared to the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation,the wavelength of infrared radiation is

A) It is reflected and scattered as potential energy.B) It is reflected and diffused as ultraviolet

radiation.C) It is absorbed and reflected as light.D) It is absorbed and reradiated as heat.

40. What happens to most of the sunlight that strikes adark-colored area of the Earth's surface?

A) decrease B) increaseC) remain the same

41. As the temperature of an object approaches absolutezero (0º K), the amount of electromagnetic energyradiated by the object will

A) scattered B) absorbedC) reflected D) refracted

42. Changing the shingles on the roof of a house to alighter color will most likely reduce the amount ofsolar energy that is

A) narrow range of wavelengths, with ultravioletradiation having the greatest intensity

B) narrow range of wavelengths, with infraredradiation having the greatest intensity

C) wide range of wavelengths, with visibleradiation having the greatest intensity

D) wide range of wavelengths, with x-ray radiationhaving the greatest intensity

43. The energy radiated from the Sun consists of a

A) insulator from heatB) reflector of heatC) absorber of electromagnetic energyD) refractor of electromagnetic energy

44. An object that is a good radiator of electromagneticwaves is also a good


A) reflector of electromagnetic energyB) refractor of electromagnetic energyC) radiator of electromagnetic energyD) convector of electromagnetic energy

45. An object that is a good absorber of electromagneticenergy is also a good

A) wavelength B) speedC) source D) temperature

46. Infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light are all part ofthe solar spectrum. The basic difference betweenthem is their

A) The infrared radiation given off by the Sunoccurs at a wavelength of 2,000 angstroms.

B) The maximum intensity of radiation given offby the Sun occurs in the visible region.

C) The infrared radiation given off by the Sun hasa shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation.

D) The electromagnetic energy given off by theSun consists of a single wavelength.

47. The graph below represents the relationship betweenthe intensity and wavelength of the Sun'selectromagnetic radiation.

Which statement is best supported by the graph?

A) The dark-colored surface will reflect less heatenergy.

B) The dark-colored surface will reflect more heatenergy.

C) The dark-colored surface will reflect the sameamount of heat energy.

48. How does the amount of heat energy reflected by asmooth, dark-colored concrete surface compare withthe amount of heat energy reflected by a smooth,light-colored concrete surface?

A) nuclear B) solarC) coal D) natural gas

49. Which of the sources of energy listed below is mostnearly pollution free?

A) melting B) freezingC) vaporization D) condensation

50. Which process releases 334 Joules (J) of energy foreach gram of water?

A) freezing B) meltingC) condensation D) vaporization

51. During which phase change does water release themost heat energy?

A) 2260 joules/gram B) 334 joules/gramC) 4.18 joules/gram D) 2.11 joules/gram

52. When water vapor condenses, how much heatenergy will be released into the atmosphere?


A) B)

C) D)

53. The diagram below shows a student heating a pot of water over a fire. The arrows represent thetransfer of heat. Letter A represents heat transfer through the metal pot, B represents heat transfer bycurrents in the water, and C represents heat that is felt in the air surrounding the pot.

Which table correctly identifies the types of heat transfer at A, B, and C?

A) A to B B) A to CC) B to D D) D to C

54. The map below shows four locations in atemperature field. The temperature of each locationis given in degrees Celsius.

Heat energy will normally flow from

A) water vapor to liquid waterB) liquid water to water vaporC) liquid water to iceD) ice to liquid water

55. The greatest amount of energy would be gained by1,000 grams of water when it changes from

A) copper B) leadC) iron D) granite

56. Pieces of lead, copper, iron, and granite, each havinga mass of 1 kilogram and a temperature of 100ºC,were removed from a container of boiling water andallowed to cool under identical conditions. Whichpiece most likely cooled to room temperature first?


A) transformation of energyB) form of pollutionC) chemical changeD) phase change

57. Friction occurring at an interface always produces a

A) reflected by a heat sinkB) refracted by a heat sinkC) scattered by a heat sinkD) absorbed by a heat sink

58. When a heat source loses energy, that energy is

A) Some of the heat energy lost by object B wasgained by object A.

B) Most of the heat energy lost by object A wasgained by the environment.

C) Both objects lost heat energy.D) Both objects gained heat energy.

59. The data table below shows the temperatures of twosimilar objects for 10 minutes after the objects wereplaced near each other.

Which statement is best supported by the data?

A) water to the ice, and the temperature of themixture will drop below 20ºC

B) water to the ice, and the temperature of themixture will rise above 20ºC

C) ice to the water, and the temperature of themixture will drop below 20ºC

D) ice to the water, and the temperature of themixture will rise above 20ºC

60. An insulated cup contains 200 milliliters of water at20ºC. When 100 grams of ice is added to the water,heat energy will most likely flow from the

A) Energy flows out of the system.B) Energy flow is cyclical, so that equilibrium is

never reached.C) Energy flows from energy sinks to energy

sources.D) Energy flows from energy sources to energy

sinks.

61. Which statement best describes the pattern of energyflow in a closed system?

A) Heat flows from the water into the ice.B) Heat flows from the ice into the water.C) A state of equilibrium exists, with neither ice

nor water gaining or losing energy.D) Heat flows equally from the ice and the water

into the surrounding air.

62. Which statement best describes the major heat flowassociated with an iceberg as it drifts south from theArctic Ocean into warmer water?

A) specific heats B) temperaturesC) masses D) densities

63. Heat energy transfer will normally occur betweentwo objects that are close to each other if the objectshave different

A) The air gains more heat energy than the waterloses.

B) The air gains less heat energy than the waterloses.

C) The air gains the same amount of heat energythat the water loses.

D) No energy is exchanged between the water andthe air.

64. The diagram below shows a sealed container holding250 milliliters of water at 80°C. The air above thewater had an original temperature of 18°C.

Assuming that the container does not transfer heat,which statement most accurately describes theenergy exchanges inside the container?


A) Energy given up by the lake is lost directly toouter space.

B) More energy is gained by the lake than isgained by the air.

C) The temperature of the air remains constant.D) Energy is gained by the air from the lake.

65. As a lake's water temperature decreases on a cloudynight, what occurs at the interface between the lake'ssurface and the air above the lake?

A) The ice cube gains heat and the water losesheat.

B) The ice cube loses heat and the water gainsheat.

C) Both the ice cube and the water gain heat.D) Both the ice cube and the water lose heat.

66. An ice cube is placed in a glass of water at roomtemperature. Which heat exchange occurs betweenthe ice and the water within the first minute?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

67. The diagram below shows temperature values atvarious points in a solid piece of aluminum. Towardwhich point will heat flow from point P?

A) B)

C) D)

68. Which diagram best represents heat transfer mainly by the process of conduction?


A) smooth, shiny, and light coloredB) smooth, shiny, and dark coloredC) rough, dull, and light coloredD) rough, dull, and dark colored

69. Which type of surface absorbs the greatest amountof electromagnetic energy from the Sun?

A) remain unchangedB) decrease by only 5°CC) decrease by approximately 10°CD) increase by approximately 10°C

70. The cross section below shows two compartments ofwater of equal volume insulated by Styrofoam andseparated by a metal dividing wall, forming a closedenergy system.

When the temperature of the water in compartment A decreases by 10°C, the temperature of the water incompartment B will

A) advection B) convectionC) absorption D) conduction

71. What is the primary method of heat transfer throughsolid rock during contact metamorphism?

A) convection B) conductionC) absorption D) advection

72. The diagram below shows a solid iron bar that isbeing heated in a flame.

The primary method of heat transfer in the solid ironbar is

A) conduction B) convectionC) radiation D) sublimation

73. By which process is heat energy transferred whenmolecules within a substance collide?

A) density differencesB) molecular contactC) electromagnetic wavesD) movement through a vacuum

74. Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by

A) Heat energy is transferred from the bottom tothe top of a lake.

B) Heat energy is transferred from the surface soilto the rocks below.

C) Heat energy is transferred from the Earth'ssurface to the upper atmosphere.

D) Heat energy is transferred from the Sun to theEarth.

75. Which statement is the best example of heat energytransfer by conduction?

A) conduction B) radiationC) convection D) reflection

76. Heat energy from the lower latitudes is transferred tocolder Earth regions by planetary wind circulationmainly through the process of


A) B)

C) D)

77. The diagram below shows a laboratory box used to demonstrate the process of convection in theatmosphere.

Which diagram has arrows that show the direction of airflow that occurs when the candle is burning?

A) B)

C) D)

78. The air above a burning candle is heated and rises. Which table correctly identifies the type of heattransfer within the rising air and the change in air density above the burning candle?

A) decrease and become closer to the dewpointB) decrease and become farther from the dewpointC) increase and become closer to the dewpointD) increase and become farther from the dewpoint

79. The upward movement of air in the atmospheregenerally causes the temperature of that air to


80. The cross section of a house is shown below. Open stairways allow air to move from one floor toanother. The ridge vent is an opening in the roof that allows air to move in or out of the attic.

During a windless summer day, the air inside this house is warmed by the Sun. In which cross sectiondo the arrows show the most likely air movement when the windows are opened?


A) B)

C) D)


A)

B)

C)

D)

81. On a day with no wind, the air temperature outside ahouse is 10°C. The air temperature inside the housein 18°C. Which diagram best represents the aircirculation pattern that is most likely to occur whena window of the house is first opened?


82. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the generalmovement of air within a portion of Earth's atmosphere located between 30° N and 30° S latitude.Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere.

A) condensation B) conduction C) evaporation D) convection

The air movement shown in the cross section is due to the process of

A)

B)

C)

D)

83. The cross sections below show different patterns ofair movement in Earth's atmosphere. Airtemperatures at Earth's surface are indicated in eachcross section. Which cross section shows the mostlikely pattern of air movement in Earth's atmospherethat would result from the surface air temperaturesshown?

A) warm air over the land and cool air over theocean

B) humid air over the land and dry air over theocean

C) low-density air over the land and high-densityair over the ocean

D) high air pressure over the land and low airpressure over the ocean

84. Which atmospheric conditions would cause smokefrom a campfire on a beach to blow toward theocean?

A) conduction B) convectionC) radiation D) reflection

85. During which process does heat transfer occurbecause of density differences?


A) B)

C) D)

86. Which diagram shows the normal pattern of watermovement that occurs when density differencestransfer energy within the beakers?

87. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below. Diagram I shows a house located inMichigan. Diagram II shows a solar collector that thehomeowner is using to help heat the house.

A) cooler and less denseB) cooler and more denseC) warmer and less denseD) warmer and more dense

Air leaves the outlet of the solar collector becausethe air within the solar collector becomes

A) B)

C) D)

88. Which diagram best represents the direction ofconvection currents around the burning wood of acampfire?

A) The meltwater is a heat source and thesurrounding air is a heat sink.

B) The meltwater and ice cube are both heatsources

C) The ice cube and surrounding air are both heatsources.

D) The ice cube is a heat sink and the surroundingair is a heat source.

89. The diagram below shows a melting ice cube.

Which statement best describes the energy transfer?


A) differences in density in the waterB) air movement across the surface of the waterC) capillary action within the waterD) the shape of the beaker

90. The diagram below represents a large beaker ofwater being heated to demonstrate convection.

The movement of water upward from A toward B results primarily from

A) B)

C) D)

91. Which diagram correctly indicates why convectioncurrents form in water when water is heated?

A) convection B) conductionC) refraction D) radiation

92. A piece of a plant in a classroom fishtank movedupward and across the tank, away from the waterheater. When the plant reached the other side of thetank, it sank before moving back toward the heater.What type of energy transfer does this movementrepresent?

A) B)

C) D)

93. Water is being heated in a beaker as shown below.

Which drawing shows the most probable movementof water in the beaker due to the heating?

A) convection B) radiationC) absorption D) conduction

94. Which process is primarily responsible for thetransfer of energy by air currents within the Earth'satmosphere?


A) conduction between Earth's surface and the atmosphere above itB) condensation of water vapor during the day, and evaporation of water during the nightC) convection resulting from temperature and pressure differences above land and waterD) greater radiation from the warmer ocean during the day and from the warmer land at night

95. The diagram below represents the circulation of air above Earth's surface at a coastal location duringthe day and at night.

This local air movement is best described as an example of

A)

B)

C)

D)

96. The diagrams below represent a laboratory modelused to demonstrate convection currents. Eachmodel shows a burning candle in a closed box withtwo open tubes at the top of the box. Which diagramcorrectly shows the air flow caused by the burningcandle?

A) ultraviolet rays B) infrared raysC) gamma rays D) x rays

97. Most of the electromagnetic energy radiated fromEarth’s surface is in the form of

A) convection B) nuclear fusionC) insolation D) radioactive decay

98. Which process produces the energy that allows thestars of the universe to radiate visible light?

A) radiation B) evaporationC) conduction D) convection

99. Which process transfers energy primarily byelectromagnetic waves?

A) ultraviolet rays B) gamma raysC) visible light rays D) infrared rays

100. During nighttime cooling, most of the energyradiated by Earth’s oceans into space is


A) conduction B) convectionC) solidification D) radiation

101. Which method of energy transfer is primarilyresponsible for energy being lost from Earth intospace?

A) conduction B) convectionC) radiation D) compression

102. By which process do light rays pass throughwindow glass?

Base your answers to questions 103 through 105 onthe diagram below. The diagram shows the pattern ofair movement within a closed room.

A) F B) B C) C D) E

103. At which location in the room will the density ofthe air be greatest?

A) insolation B) conductionC) convection D) radiation

104. Which type of energy transfer is indicated by thearrows in the diagram?

A) red B) blackC) green D) silver

105. What color should the heat source in the room bepainted in order to radiate the most heat?

A) Heat energy is transferred from theatmosphere to the water vapor.

B) Heat energy is released from the water vaporinto the atmosphere.

C) Heat energy is transferred equally to and fromthe water vapor.

D) No heat energy is exchanged between theatmosphere and the water vapor.

106. Water vapor crystallizes in the atmosphere to formsnowflakes. Which statement best describes theexchange of heat energy during this process?

A) opening draperies and blindsB) adding insulation in the walls and ceilingC) turning on lights and heat-producing

appliancesD) replacing light-colored roofing materials with

dark-colored ones

107. Which action would help an air-conditioner use lessenergy on a hot, sunny summer day?

A) absorption B) conductionC) convection D) radiation

108. By which process does starlight travel throughspace?

A) iron, granite, basaltB) copper, lead, ironC) dry air, water vapor, iceD) liquid water, ice, water vapor

109. Which group of substances is arranged in order of decreasing specific heat values?

A) Water has a higher specific heat than land.B) Energy is needed for water to evaporate.C) Cool winds from the surrounding land cool the

ice on the lake.D) Air temperature does not affect water

temperature.

110. What best explains why, in early spring, iceremains longer on Lake Erie than on thesurrounding land areas when the air temperature isabove freezing?

A) melting B) freezingC) evaporation D) condensation

111. During which phase change will the greatestamount of energy be absorbed by 1 gram of water?


A) condensation B) freezingC) evaporation D) melting

112. During which process does water gain the mostheat energy?

A) 4 B) 335 C) 2260 D) 2594

113. How many joules are required to evaporate 1 gramof boiling water?

A) water B) copper pennies C) basaltic sand D) iron fragments

114. Equal volumes of the four samples shown below were placed outside and heated by energy from theSuns rays for 30 minutes.

The surface temperature of which sample increased at the slowest rate?

A) vaporization B) condensationC) melting D) freezing

115. Which process requires water to gain 2260 Joulesof energy per gram?

A) 4.18 B) 2.11 C) 334 D) 2260

116. When 1 gram of liquid water at 0° Celsius freezesto form ice, how many total Joules of heat are lostby the water?

A) solid ice meltingB) liquid water freezingC) liquid water vaporizingD) water vapor condensing

117. Which phase change requires water to gain 2260Joules per gram?

A) more energy from the Sun falls on land thanon water

B) land has a lower specific heat than waterC) sunlight penetrates to greater depths in land

than in waterD) less of Earth’s surface is covered by land than

by water

118. Land surfaces of Earth heat more rapidly thanwater surfaces because

A) water freezingB) ice meltingC) water evaporatingD) water vapor condensing

119. During which phase change of water is the mostenergy released into the environment?

A) receives less insolationB) reflects less insolationC) has a higher densityD) has a higher specific heat

120. On a clear summer day, the surface of land isusually warmer than the surface of a nearby bodyof water because the water

A) covers 71% of Earth’s surfaceB) has its greatest density at 4°CC) has the higher specific heatD) can be changed into a solid or a gas

121. Liquid water can store more heat energy than anequal amount of any other naturally occurringsubstance because liquid water


A) lead B) ironC) basalt D) water

122. The same amount of heat energy is added to equalmasses of lead, iron, basalt, and water at roomtemperature. Assuming no phase change takesplace, which substance will have the smallestchange in temperature?

A)

B)

C)

D)

123. Which diagram correctly shows the processes thatchange the states of matter?

A) evaporation B) freezingC) condensation D) precipitation

124. A large amount of latent heat is absorbed by waterduring

A) evaporation of water from the oceansB) formation of fog in a valleyC) freezing of water droplets on a highwayD) precipitation of rain from a thunderstorm

125. Insolation is often converted into potential energyby

Base your answers to questions 126 and 127 on thediagram below. Soil and water were heated for 10minutes from a starting temperature of 20°C.

A) The soil will cool faster because it is a goodreflector.

B) The soil will cool faster because it has a lowerspecific heat.

C) The water will cool faster because it is a goodabsorber.

D) The water will cool faster because it has ahigher specific heat.

126. After the heat lamp is turned off and removed fromthe area, how will the cooling rates of the soil andwater compare?

A) soil: 1.8º C/min; water: 0.4º C/minB) soil: 9º C/min; water: 2º C/minC) soil: 20º C/min; water: 20º C/minD) soil: 38º C/min; water: 24º C/min

127. What were the rates of heating for the soil andwater?


Base your answers to questions 128 through 132 on the diagrams below which show the steps used todetermine the amount of heat held by equal masses of iron, copper, lead, and granite.

A) The granite sample had less volume than the other samples.B) The granite sample lost some heat to the air as it was being transferred.C) Water gained heat from the insulated container.D) Water has a lower specific heat than the granite sample.

128. The granite sample is transferred from the boiling water to the room-temperature water. Why is thetotal heat lost by the granite greater than the total heat gained by the room-temperature water?

A) refracted by a heat sink B) reflected by a heat sinkC) absorbed by a heat sink D) scattered by a heat sink

129. This method of determining the amount of heat absorbed by substances assumes that the energy lostby a heat source is

A) radiation waves B) transverse wavesC) conduction collisions D) convection currents

130. The movements of water molecules that transfer heat from one place to another within the water arecalled

A) All samples must be heated to the same high temperature.B) Boiling changes the melting point of the materials being tested.C) The samples must be heated above 100ºC.D) Less energy is lost during a phase change.

131. Why must the water be kept boiling in step B?

A) copper B) granite C) iron D) lead

132. Which substance has the highest specific heat?


A) freezing B) meltingC) condensation D) evaporation

133. During which phase change does water absorb themost heat?

Base your answers to questions 134 through 137 on the graph below which shows the temperaturesrecorded when a sample of water was heated from –100°C to 200°C. The water received the sameamount of heat every minute.

A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and E

134. The greatest amount of energy was absorbed by the water between points

A) 10°C/min B) 25°C/min C) 50°C/min D) 150°C/min

135. What is the rate of temperature change between points C and D?

A) 300 joules B) 3,000 joules C) 22,600 joules D) 678,000 joules

136. How many joules were required to change 10 grams of liquid water at point D to water vapor atpoint E?

A) 1 minute B) 14 minutes C) 16 minutes D) 4 minutes

137. At which point in time would most of the water be in the liquid phase?

A) gas to liquid B) solid to liquidC) solid to gas D) liquid to gas

138. Water loses energy when it changes phase from

A) The moist soil was darker and absorbed lessenergy.

B) The water in the moist soil absorbed energy,evaporated, and cooled the soil.

C) The dry soil was rougher and reflected moresunlight.

D) The dry soil was lighter in color and receivedless energy.

139. A student placed two containers of soil in directsunlight for 10 minutes and observed that moistsoil warmed more slowly than dry soil. Whichstatement best explains this difference?


A) iron B) iceC) water D) lead

140. Which material requires the least amount of energyto change its temperature 1ºC per gram?

A) 0-5 minutes B) 5-15 minutesC) 15-25 minutes D) 25-30 minutes

141. The graph below shows temperature changes in aliter of snow as heat energy is added at a constantrate.

During which time interval was latent heat offusion added to the snow?

A) solid ice B) dry airC) water vapor D) liquid water

142. Which substance requires the greatest amount ofheat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of thesubstance 1ºC?

A) melt B) condenseC) freeze D) evaporate

143. An increase in latent heat can cause liquid water to

A) basalt B) copperC) granite D) iron

144. Equal masses of basalt, copper, granite, and ironthat are at room temperature are placed in boilingwater. Which sample would reach the sametemperature as the boiling water first?

A) 0 K B) 32 KC) 212 K D) 273 K

145. At which temperature will ice melt under normalconditions?

Base your answers to questions 146 through 148 onthe graph below, which shows the temperatureincrease of samples of water, granite, iron, and lead.Each sample has a mass of 100 grams. Each samplewas placed an equal distance from a light bulb andheated for a 10-minute period. This investigation wasperformed at room temperature under ordinaryclassroom conditions.

A) The water received the most energy.B) The lead received the most energy.C) The granite received the most energy.D) All samples received the same amount of

energy.

146. Which statement best describes the amount ofenergy received by the samples?

A) iron B) leadC) granite D) water

147. Which sample would decrease in temperature at thegreatest rate after the heat source is removed?

A) 14 B) 2.3 C) 3.9 D) 4.8

148. During the first 7 minutes of heating,approximately how many degrees did thetemperature rise in the lead sample?


A) The water loses energy.B) The air around the water loses energy.C) The ice gains energy.D) The air and the water both gain energy.

149. What energy exchange occurs when liquid water at0°C turns to ice at 0°C?

A) freezing of waterB) cooling of waterC) vaporization of waterD) condensation of water

150. Which process requires the addition of energy towater?

A) B)

C) D)

151. Which graph best illustrates the temperaturechanges on adjacent land and water surfaces asthey are heated by the Sun from sunrise to noon onthe same day?

A) solid ice B) liquid waterC) water vapor

152. If equal masses of water in various phases (states)are compared, which phase will contain the greatestamount of stored energy (latent heat)?

A) iron B) waterC) lead D) granite

153. Which substance has the highest specific heat?


154. As heat energy is added to an open container ofboiling water, the temperature of the boiling waterwill

A) 1 J B) 334 JC) 3340 J D) 2260 J

155. What is the total number of energy required to melt1 gram of ice at 0°C to liquid water at 0°C?

A) 7.9 J B) 10 J C) 79 J D) 100 J

156. How much heat energy is required to raise thetemperature of 10. grams of granite from 20.ºC to30.ºC?

A) 334 J B) 668 JC) 2260 J D) 4520 J

157. What is the heat energy required to change 2 gramsof liquid water at 100ºC to water vapor at 100ºC?


Base your answers to questions 158 through 161 onthe graph below which shows the results of alaboratory activity in which a sample of ice at –50°Cwas heated at a uniform rate for 80 minutes. The icehas a mass of 200 grams.

A) A to B B) E to FC) C to D D) D to E

158. During which interval of the graph is a phasechange occurring?

A) using colder iceB) stirring the sample more slowlyC) reducing the initial sample to 100 grams of iceD) reducing the number of temperature readings

taken

159. Which change could shorten the time needed tomelt the ice completely?

A) 70°C B) 100°CC) 110°C D) 150°C

160. What was the temperature of the water 20 minutesafter heating began?

A) 334 joules B) 9,124 joulesC) 26,720 joules D) 66,800 joules

161. What was the total amount of energy absorbed bythe sample during the time between points B and C on the graph?

A) 12.5 B) 125 C) 251 D) 1000

162. What is the total number of Joules of heat energygained by 3 grams of water when it is heated from40ºC to 60ºC?

A) 9 J B) 18 J C) 90 J D) 167 J

163. How much energy is required to raise thetemperature of 5 grams of iron from -10ºC to+30ºC?

A) 10.5 J B) 334 JC) 1670 J D) 11500 J

164. How many Joules of heat energy would be requiredto melt a 5-gram piece of ice at 0ºC?

A) 10 J B) 8.36 JC) 41.2 J D) 80 J

165. How much heat energy will be lost by a 2.0-grammass of water as it cools from 40ºC to 35ºC?

A) 4.18 J B) 2.11 JC) 334 J D) 2260 J

166. How many Joules of energy does 1.0 gram of waterlose when it freezes?


Base your answers to questions 167 through 171 onthe graph below which shows the temperaturesrecorded when a sample of water was heated at aconstant rate from –50°C to 100°C during a20-minute period.

A) A to point B B) B to point CC) C to point D D) D to point E

167. The greatest amount of energy is required to heatthe sample from point

A) A and B B) B and CC) C and D D) D and E

168. Between which points was the temperaturechanging at the greatest rate?

A) freezing B) meltingC) vaporizing D) condensing

169. Between points D and E the water most likely was

A) 5 min B) 7 minC) 3 min D) 9 min

170. The water temperature reached 65°C after thesample had been heated for approximately howmany minutes?

A) 200 calories B) 540 caloriesC) 800 calories D) 2,000 calories

171. How many calories of heat would be used tochange the temperature of 20 grams of the waterfrom the temperature at point C to the temperatureat point D?

A) 114 B) 228 C) 342 D) 570

172. How many Joules of heat energy are required toraise the temperature of 6 grams of copper from100C to 150C?

A) distance between Earth and the SunB) amount of energy given off by the SunC) latitude that receives the Sun's vertical raysD) rate of Earth's rotation on its axis

173. The seasonal shifts of Earth's planetary wind andmoisture belts are due to changes in the

A) A and B B) B and CC) C and D D) D and B

174. The diagram below represents Earth and the Sun'sincoming rays. Letters A, B, C, and D representlocations on Earth's surface.

Which two locations are receiving the sameintensity of insolation?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

175. The diagram below indicates regions of daylightand darkness on Earth on the first day of summer inthe Northern Hemisphere. Four latitudes arelabeled A, B, C, and D.

At which latitude is the Sun above the horizon forthe least number of hours on the day shown?

A) partially melted snowfieldB) blacktop parking lotC) white sand beachD) lake surface

176. Equal areas of which surface will absorb the mostinsolation?


Base your answers to questions 177 through 179 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents four apparentpaths of the Sun, labeled A, B, C, and D, observed in Jamestown, New York. The June 21 andDecember 21 sunrise and sunset positions are indicated. Letter S identifies the Sun's position on path C at a specific time of day. Compass directions are indicated along the horizon.

A) 42° N B) 23.5° N C) 0° D) 23.5° S

177. When the Sun appears to travel along path D at Jamestown, which latitude on Earth receives themostdirect rays from the Sun?

A) 6 a.m. B) 9 a.m. C) 3 p.m. D) 6 p.m.

178. At what time of day is the Sun at position S?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

179. The greatest duration of insolation in Jamestown occurs when the Sun appears to travel along path

A) the east coast of North America and the westcoast of Australia

B) the east coast of Asia and the east coast ofNorth America

C) the west coast of Africa and the east coast ofSouth America

D) the west coast of North America and the westcoast of South America

180. Which two 23.5°–latitude locations are influencedby cool surface ocean currents?

A) longitudeB) latitudeC) diameter of EarthD) distance from the Sun

181. Which factor has the greatest influence on thenumber of daylight hours that a particular Earthsurface location receives?


A) B)

C) D)

182. Which graph best shows the length of a shadow cast from sunrise to sunset by a flagpole in NewYork State?

A) the air temperature is hotB) the angle of insolation is highC) Earth's surface reflects most of the sunlightD) the Sun is closest to Earth

183. In New York State, the risk of sunburn is greatestbetween 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. on summer daysbecause

184. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents Earth in its orbit around the Sun. The position of Earth on thefirst day of each season is labeled A, B, C, and D.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

At which location are the Sun's noontime rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the Tropic ofCancer? (23.5° N)?


A) B)

C) D)

185. Which graph best represents the general relationship between latitude and average surfacetemperature?

A) fewer hours of daylight and receiveslow-angle insolation

B) fewer hours of daylight and receiveshigh-angle insolation

C) more hours of daylight and receives low-angleinsolation

D) more hours of daylight and receiveshigh-angle insolation

186. In New York State, summer is warmer than winterbecause in summer New York State has

A) are usually farthest from the SunB) absorb the greatest amount of insolationC) receive the most hours of daylightD) receive low-angle insolation

187. Very cold climates occur at Earth’s North andSouth Poles because the polar regions


A) B)

C) D)

188. Which graph best shows the general relationship between the altitude of the noontime Sun and theintensity of insolation received at a location?

A) receives less intense insolationB) receives more infrared radiationC) has less land areaD) has more cloud cover

189. The average temperature at Earth’s equator ishigher than the average temperature at Earth’sSouth Pole because the South Pole


A)

B)

C)

D)

190. In which diagram is the observer experiencing thegreatest intensity of insolation?

A) Spring and fall would be cooler.B) Spring and fall would be warmer.C) Winter would be cooler.D) Summer would be cooler.

191. If Earth’s axis were tilted less than 23.5°, whichseasonal average temperature change would occurin New York State?

A) receive mostly low-angle insolationB) receive less total yearly hours of daylightC) absorb the greatest amount of insolationD) are usually farthest from the Sun

192. The coldest climates on Earth are located at or nearthe poles primarily because Earth’s polar regions

A) March 21 B) June 21C) September 23 D) December 21

193. On which day of the year would the intensity ofinsolation at Kingston, New York, most likely begreatest?

A) decrease in both summer and winterB) decrease in summer and increase in winterC) increase in summer and decrease in winterD) increase in both summer and winter

194. If Earth’s axis were tilted 35° instead of 23.5°, theaverage temperatures in Vermont would mostlikely

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

195. How many times will the Sun’s perpendicular rayscross Earth’s Equator between March 1 of one yearand March 1 of the next year?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

196. The diagram below shows the noontime shadowcast by a vertical post located in New York State.

Which letter indicates a location west of the post?


A) B)

C) D)

197. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the angle of insolation and the intensity ofinsolation?

A) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were lessconcentrated

B) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were moreslanted

C) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were moreperpendicular to the surface

D) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays with less totalenergy

198. The diagram below shows a classroomdemonstration. Two identical flashlights wereplaced in the positions shown and they illuminatedareas of varying size, A and B, on a classroomglobe. Thermometers were then placed at the centerof each illuminated area to measure the rate oftemperature increase. Readings were taken over aperiod of 30 minutes.

Students most likely observed that the temperatureof area A increased at a

A) 0 B) 23 °NC) 55 °N D) 90°N

199. The diagram below represents Earth at a specificposition in its orbit as viewed from space. Theshaded area represents nighttime.

Which Earth latitude receives the greatest intensityof insolation when Earth is at the position shown inthe diagram?

A) the Equator (0°) B) 23 ° NC) 66 ° N D) 90° N

200. The diagram below shows the apparent path of theSun as viewed by an observer at a certain Earthlocation on March 21.

At which latitude is the observer located?


A) receives less ultraviolet radiationB) receives more intense insolationC) has more cloud coverD) has a thicker atmosphere

201. The average temperature at Earth’s North Pole iscolder than the average temperature at the Equatorbecause the Equator

A) has a lower angle of insolationB) has a higher angle of insolationC) is closer to the Prime MeridianD) is farther from the Prime Meridian

202. The graph below shows air temperatures on a clearsummer day from 7 a.m. to 12 noon at twolocations, one in Florida and one in New YorkState.

Air temperature rose slightly faster in Florida thanin New York State because Florida

A) receive more total hours of daylightB) receive less intense insolationC) absorb a greater amount of insolationD) are farther from the Sun

203. Earth's coldest climates are near the North Pole andthe South Pole mainly because, compared to therest of Earth's surface, these regions

A) northern horizon B) southern horizonC) eastern horizon D) western horizon

204. To an observer in Pennsylvania, the Sun appears torise each day somewhere along the


Base your answers to questions 205 and 206 on the map below, which shows the location of the HeatEquator for July and January. A Heat Equator is a line connecting the locations of the highest averagemonthly temperatures.

A) Land temperatures are cooler than ocean temperatures.B) The prevailing winds change direction as they pass over land.C) Hurricanes form over oceans and cool the water surfaces.D) Oceans have a higher specific heat than land.

205. Why does the location of the Heat Equator change more over the land than over the oceans?

A) The Heat Equator would move farther north in July and farther south in January.B) The Heat Equator would move farther south in July and farther north in January.C) Both Heat Equators would be identical to the geographic Equator at 0º latitude.D) The positions of both Heat Equators would remain in the locations shown.

206. What would be the effect on the positions of the Heat Equators in July and January if the tilt ofEarth's axis increased to 33.5º?


A) at A B) between B and CC) between D and A D) at D

207. The diagram below shows Earth revolving aroundthe Sun.

At which location in Earth's orbit will themaximum surface temperatures occur in Earth'sNorthern Hemisphere?

A) decrease, onlyB) increase, onlyC) decrease, then increaseD) increase, then decrease

208. A student in North Carolina observes the altitude ofthe Sun at solar noon each day from January 1through June 1. The altitude of the Sun will

A)

B)

C)

D)

209. Which diagram shows the position of the Earthrelative to the Suns rays during a winter day in theNorthern Hemisphere?

A) speed at which the Earth travels in its orbitaround the Sun

B) angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth'ssurface

C) distance between the Earth and the SunD) energy given off by the Sun

210. The factor that contributes most to the seasonaltemperature changes during 1 year in NorthCarolina is the changing

A) 70° B) 60° C) 40° D) 25°

211. Which angle of the Sun above the horizon producesthe greatest intensity of sunlight?

A) is usually closest to the SunB) reflects the greatest amount of insolationC) receives the most hours of daylightD) receives the most nearly perpendicular

insolation

212. The hottest climates on Earth are located near theEquator because this region


A) 0° B) 23 ° SouthC) 23 ° North D) 90° North

213. At which latitude does the Earth receive thegreatest intensity of insolation on June 21?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

214. The diagram below shows the apparent path of theSun for an observer in New York State.

For this observer, the intensity of insolation is least when the Sun is at point

215. Base your answer to the following question on thelatitude and longitude system shown below. Themap represents a part of the Earth's surface and itslatitude-longitude coordinates. Points A through F represent locations in this area.

A) A B) E C) C D) F

Which location would have the greatest angle ofinsolation on June 21?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

216. The diagram below shows the noontime shadowcast by a vertical post located in New Jersey.Which letter indicates a location south of the post?

217. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which shows a post located in theNorthern Hemisphere. Five different shadows, A', B', C', D', and E', are cast on a certain day by thepost when the Sun is in positions A, B, C, D, and E, respectively.

A) There would be no shadows at sunrise orsunset.

B) There would be no shadow at solar noon.C) Shadow C' would point north at solar noon.D) Shadow C' would point south at solar noon.

Which statement would be true if this post werelocated at the Equator on March 21?


A) longitude and elevationB) latitude and elevationC) longitude and time of dayD) latitude and time of day

218. On a given day, which factors have the most effecton the amount of insolation received at a locationon the Earth's surface?

A) angle of the Sun's raysB) temperature of the Earth's surfaceC) amount of nitrogen in the atmosphereD) distance from the Earth to the Sun

219. The amount of insolation reflected from the Earth'ssurface at a particular time is most dependent onthe

A)

B)

C)

D)

220. Which graph best represents the intensity ofinsolation and the surface temperature for alocation at the Equator?


Base your answers to questions 221 through 223 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The diagrams, labeled A, B, and C, represent equal-sized portions of the Sun's raysstriking Earth's surface at 23.5° N latitude at noon at three different times of the year. The angle atwhich the Sun's rays hit Earth's surface and the relative areas of Earth's surface receiving the rays atthe three different angles of insolation are shown.

A) B)

C) D)

221. Which graph best shows the duration of insolation at this location as the angle of insolationchanges?

A) decrease B) increaseC) decrease, then increase D) increase, then decrease

222. As the angle of the Sun's rays striking Earth's surface at noon changes from 90° to 43°, the length ofa shadow cast by an object will

A) December March June; and decreasing intensityB) December March June; and increasing intensityC) June September December; and decreasing intensityD) June September December; and increasing intensity

223. As viewed in sequence from A to B to C, these diagrams represent which months and which changein the intensity of insolation?


A) B)

C) D)

224. The diagram below shows the position of the Earthin relation to rays of light from the Sun. A, B, and C are three positions on the Earth's surface.

Which graph best shows the relationship betweenintensity of insolation and position on the Earth'ssurface?

A) It decreases steadily.B) It increases steadily.C) It remains the same.D) It first increases and then decreases.

225. What happens to the angle of insolation on June 21between solar noon and 6 p.m. in New York State?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

226. The map below shows isolines of average dailyinsolation received in calories per squarecentimeter per minute at the Earth's surface. Ifidentical solar collectors are placed at the letteredlocations, which collector would receive the least insolation?

A) shadow A B) shadow BC) shadow C D) shadow D

227. In the diagram below, a vertical post casts shadows A, B, C, and D at four different times during theday. Which shadow was cast when this locationwas receiving the greatest intensity of insolation?

A) The Sun's rays are more nearly perpendicularat the Equator than at the poles.

B) The equatorial areas contain more water thanthe polar areas do.

C) More hours of daylight occur at the Equatorthan at the poles.

D) The equatorial areas are nearer to the Sun thanthe polar areas are.

228. Compared to polar areas, why are equatorial areasof equal size heated much more intensely by theSun?


A) B)

C) D)

229. Each of the sunbeams in the diagrams belowcontains the same amount of electromagneticenergy and each sunbeam is striking the same typeof surface. Which surface is receiving the greatestamount of energy per unit area where the sunbeamstrikes the surface?


230. The graph below shows the general relationshipbetween latitude and the duration of insolation on aparticular day of the year.

Which date is represented by the graph?


Base your answers to questions 231 through 233 on the graph below, which shows the amount of insolation during one year at four different latitudes onEarth's surface.

A) The daylight period is longest at the equator in June.B) Winds blow insolation away from the equator in June.C) The Sun’s vertical rays are north of the equator in June.D) Thick clouds block the Sun’s vertical rays at the equator in June.

231. Why is less insolation received at the equator in June than in March or September?

A) latitude and time of day B) latitude and time of yearC) longitude and time of day D) longitude and time of year

232. This graph shows that insolation varies with

A) Snowfields reflect sunlight during that time.B) Dust in the atmosphere blocks sunlight during that time.C) The Sun is continually below the horizon during that time.D) Intense cold prevents insolation from being absorbed during that time.

233. Why is insolation 0 cal/cm2/min from October through February at 90º N?


A) W B) X C) Y D) Z

234. The table below shows the duration of insolation(hours of daylight) measured by four observers, W,X, Y, and Z, at four different Earth latitudes on bothMarch 21 and June 21. There were clear skies at allfour latitudes on both days.

Which observer was located at the Equator?

A) March 21, September 22, December 21B) June 21, September 22, December 21C) September 22, December 21, March 21D) December 21, March 21, June 21

235. The table below shows the duration of insolation atdifferent latitudes for three different days duringthe year.

Which dates are represented most correctly by Day1, Day 2, and Day 3, respectively?

A) 0° and 23 ° N B) 23 ° N and 47° NC) 47° N and 66 ° N D) 66 °N and 90°N

236. On June 21, some Earth locations have 24 hours ofdaylight. These locations are all between thelatitudes of


Base your answers to questions 237 through 239 on the diagram below, which shows the tilt of Earthon its axis in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A through E are locations on Earth’ssurface. Point D is located in Virginia. The dashed line represents Earth’s axis.

A) 0° B) 23 ° N C) 63 ° S D) 90° N

237. What is the latitude of location A?

A) B)

C) D)

238. Which diagram best represents the angle of the Sun’s rays received at location C at noon on thisday?

A) E B) B C) C D) D

239. On this day, which location has the greatest number of hours of daylight?

A) February B) JuneC) September D) November

240. A student in Georgia observed that the noon Sunincreased in altitude each day during the first partof a certain month and then decreased in altitudeeach day later in the month. During which monthwere these observations made?


Base your answers to questions 241 through 244 on the graph below which represents the duration ofinsolation at four different latitudes on Earth on four different dates.

A) 0° B) 23 ° N C) 23 ° S D) 90° N

241. On September 23, the duration of insolation at all four locations is 12 hours. The Sun is directlyoverhead at which latitude?

A) March 21 B) June 22 C) September 23 D) December 22

242. Buenos Aires, located at 41° S, receives the shortest duration of insolation on

A) northward B) southward C) eastward D) westward

243. At solar noon on June 22, the shadow of a vertical pole in Buenos Aires would point

A) greatest at 41° N B) greatest at 41° SC) different at each of the four locations D) the same at each of the four locations

244. The total number of daylight hours during an entire year is

A) B)

C) D)

245. Which graph best represents the duration ofinsolation during the year at the Equator?

A) September 23 and December 21B) December 21 and March 21C) March 21 and June 21D) March 21 and September 23

246. On which two dates could all locations on Earthhave equal hours of day and night?

A) March 21 B) June 21C) June 21 D) December 21

247. In Maine, which day has the shortest duration ofinsolation?


A) 90° N B) 30° NC) 30° S D) 90° S

248. The diagram below shows Earth as viewed fromspace on December 21.

The longest duration of insolation on December 21will occur at

A) least intense and of shortest durationB) least intense and of longest durationC) most intense and of shortest durationD) most intense and of longest duration

249. Locations in California are warmest in summerbecause sunlight in summer is


250. In Maine, which day has the shortest period ofdaylight?

A) B)

C) D)

251. The diagrams below represent Earth's tilt on its axison four different dates. The shaded portionrepresents the nighttime side of Earth. Whichdiagram best represents the day on which thelongest duration of insolation occurs in New YorkState?

A) earlier in the yearB) later in the yearC) the same day of the year

252. The graph below shows the average dailytemperatures and the duration of insolation for alocation in the mid-latitudes of the NorthernHemisphere during a year.

Compared to the date of maximum duration ofinsolation, the date of maximum surfacetemperature for this location is


A) early June to mid-JuneB) mid-July to early AugustC) late August to mid-SeptemberD) mid-September to early October

253. When do maximum surface temperatures usuallyoccur in the Northern Hemisphere?

A) February B) JulyC) April D) October

254. In the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere,the warmest month is usually

A) March 1 to May 1B) June 1 to August 1C) September 1 to November 1D) December 1 to February 1

255. In New York State, the number of hours of daylighteach day increases continuously from

A) 0 B) 12 C) 18 D) 24

256. Approximately how many hours of daylight arereceived at the North Pole on June 21?

A) June 21 B) July 10C) August 21 D) August 31

257. On which date does maximum insolation usuallyoccur in New Jersey?

A) longitude and seasonB) longitude and the Earth's average diameterC) latitude and seasonD) latitude and the Earth's average diameter

258. Which two factors determine the number of hoursof daylight at a particular location?

A) on June 21B) between June 21 and September 23C) on December 21D) between December 21 and March 21

259. The graph below indicates the average number ofdaylight hours and the average surface airtemperature over a 12-month period at a specificlocation on the Earth.

Based on the graph, the highest average surface airtemperature occurs

A) modifies the normal El Niño weather patternB) reflects insolation from the SunC) absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from

the SunD) deflects winds from a straight line to a curved

path

260. The ozone layer helps life on Earth because ozone

A) cools refrigerators and air-conditionersB) absorbs energy that is reradiated by EarthC) absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiationD) destroys excess atmospheric carbon dioxide

261. Ozone is important to life on Earth because ozone

A) visible lightB) ultraviolet radiationC) infrared radiationD) gamma rays

262. When part of the ozone layer is destroyed, radiationreaches the Earth's surface in increasing amounts.Which type of radiation increases the most?


A) radio wavesB) ultraviolet radiationC) gamma radiationD) visible light

263. Ozone gas in the Earth's atmosphere helps toprotect life on the Earth. This protection is due tothe ability of ozone to absorb

A) light colored and roughB) dark colored and roughC) light colored and smoothD) dark colored and smooth

264. Equal areas of which type of Earth surface willabsorb more insolation and radiate more energyback toward space in the same amount of time?

A) both absorb and reflect less insolationB) both absorb and reflect more insolationC) absorb less insolation and reflect more

insolationD) absorb more insolation and reflect less

insolation

265. Compared to a light-colored rock with a smoothsurface, a dark-colored rock with a rough surfacewill

A) a decrease in cloud coverB) a decrease in solar radiationC) an increase in airborne dust particlesD) an increase in the duration of insolation

266. An increase in the transparency of Earth’satmosphere is often caused by

A) warmer because ash and dust decreaseatmospheric transparency

B) warmer because ash and dust increaseatmospheric transparency

C) cooler because ash and dust decreaseatmospheric transparency

D) cooler because ash and dust increaseatmospheric transparency

267. For weeks after a series of major volcaniceruptions, Earth's surface air temperatures are often

A) a decrease in cloud coverB) a decrease in atmospheric transparencyC) an increase in the duration of daylightD) an increase in nitrogen gas

268. Which change would cause a decrease in theamount of insolation absorbed at Earths surface?

A) refracted B) transmittedC) reflected D) absorbed

269. Most insolation striking a smooth, light-colored,solid surface is


A) grassy field B) fresh snow C) sand D) forest

270. The diagram below indicates the amount of solar radiation that is reflected by equal areas of variousmaterials on Earth's surface.

Which material absorbs the most solar radiation?

A) a basaltic sand beachB) a pine tree forestC) a glacial ice sheetD) a blacktop parking lot

271. Under identical conditions, which surface willreflect the greatest amount of insolation?

A) transparency of the atmosphereB) number of dust particles entering the

atmosphereC) amount of moisture in the atmosphereD) reflection of sunlight within the atmosphere

272. One result of a large volcanic eruption is thatsurface air temperatures decrease over a sizableregion of Earth. This phenomenon occurs becausevolcanic eruptions usually decrease the

A) reflected B) refractedC) scattered D) absorbed

273. Compared to dull and rough rock surfaces, shinyand smooth rock surfaces are most likely to causesunlight to be


A) B)

C) D)

274. The diagram below shows a cylinder filled with clean water. At the left of the cylinder is a lightsource, and at the right of the cylinder is a meter that measures the intensity (brightness) of light asit passes through the water. One minute after the light is turned on, a mixture of sand, silt, and clayis poured into the cylinder.

Which graph shows the probable change in light intensity (brightness) recorded during the 6-minuteperiod after the light is turned on?


A) Water droplets produced by the eruptionsabsorbed terrestrial reradiation.

B) Ozone produced by the eruptions absorbedultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

C) Volcanic dust from the eruptions blockedinsolation.

D) Carbon dioxide gas from the eruptionsblocked terrestrial reradiation.

275. The graph below shows atmospheric temperaturevariations on Earth between 1956 and 1993. Thedates of three major volcanic eruptions areindicated.

What is the most probable reason that Earth'satmospheric temperature decreased shortly aftereach major volcanic eruption?

A) snow cover B) green grassC) dark soil D) lake water

276. Which of the following Earth surfaces usuallyreflects the most incoming solar radiation?

A) Light-colored surfaces reflect more sunlightthan dark-colored surfaces.

B) Rough surfaces reflect more sunlight thansmooth surfaces.

C) Soil surfaces reflect more sunlight than cloudsurfaces.

D) Vegetative surfaces reflect more sunlight thanice surfaces.

277. The data table below compares the percentage ofsunlight reflected from various types of Earthsurfaces.

Which statement is best supported by the table?


278. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows two identical houses,A and B, in a city in North Carolina. One house was built on the east side of a factory, and the otherhouse was built on the west side of the factory. Both houses originally had white roofs, but the roofon house B has been blackened by factory soot falling on it over the years.

A) usually less B) usually greaterC) always the same D) less in summer and greater in winter

Compared to the amount of insolation reflected by the roof of house A, the amount of insolationreflected by the roof of house B is


Base your answers to questions 279 through 282 on the diagrams and graphs below. The diagramsshow the general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle latitudesduring both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph shows the percentage of insolationreflected by the Earth's surface at different latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere in winter.

A) 100% B) 80% C) 60% D) 45%

279. Approximately what percentage of the insolation actually reaches the ground at 45º North latitudeon a clear day?

A) The North Pole is tilted toward the Sun in winter.B) Snow and ice reflect almost all insolation.C) The colder air holds much more moisture.D) Dust settles quickly in cold air.

280. Which statement best explains why, at high latitudes, reflectivity of insolation is greater in winterthan in summer?

A) 50% B) 65% C) 85% D) 100%

281. According to the graph, on a winter day at 70º North latitude, what approximate percentage of theinsolation is reflected by the Earth's surface?

A) absorption by cloud droplets B) reflection by cloud dropletsC) absorption by clear-air gas molecules D) reflection by clear-air gas molecules

282. Which factor keeps the greatest percentage of insolation from reaching the Earth's surface on cloudydays?


A) Clear skies usually accompany a warm front.B) Clear skies occur most often during nighttime

hours.C) Clouds increase the amount of heat energy

escaping the Earth's atmosphere at night.D) Clouds prevent much of the Sun's heat energy

from reaching the Earth's surface during thedaytime hours.

283. The graph below shows the air temperaturesrecorded at a city in the United States on two daysin July: a clear day and an overcast day.

Which statement best explains the differences intemperatures between the clear day and theovercast day?

A) Clouds block sunlight during the day andprevent heat from escaping at night.

B) Clouds block sunlight during the day andallow heat to escape at night.

C) Clouds allow sunlight to reach the Earthduring the day and prevent heat from escapingat night.

D) Clouds allow sunlight to reach the Earthduring the day and allow heat to escape atnight.

284. How do clouds affect the temperature at the Earth'ssurface?

A) decrease due to increased reflection ofinsolation

B) decrease due to increased infrared absorptionC) increase due to increased reflection of

insolationD) increase due to increased infrared absorption

285. If large amounts of dust are added to theatmosphere, the average air temperature will mostlikely

A) absorbed by the snowB) refracted by the snowC) reflected by the snowD) radiated by the snow

286. When visible light strikes a snow-covered, flat fieldat a low angle, most of the energy will be

A) A and B, only B) A and C, onlyC) C, only D) B and C, only

287. The diagram below represents what normallyhappens to insolation as it enters the Earth'satmosphere.

An increase in cloud cover and water vapor withinthe Earth's atmosphere will cause an increase in


288. As the concentration of pollution particles in theatmosphere increases, the amount of insolation thatreaches the Earth's surface will most likely


A) conduction B) reflectionC) refraction D) radiation

289. When Earth cools, most of the energy transferredfrom Earth’s surface to space is transferred by theprocess of

A) smooth, white surfaceB) rough, white surfaceC) smooth, black surfaceD) rough, black surface

290. Equal areas of which surface would most likelyabsorb the most insolation?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

291. The diagram below shows four surfaces of equal area that absorb insolation.

Which letter represents the surface that most likely absorbs the greatest amount of insolation?

A) a fast-moving riverB) a dark-green forestC) a beach with white sandD) a snow-covered field

292. A square meter of surface of which of these naturalareas would most likely absorb the most insolationduring a clear day?

A) dark colored with a rough surfaceB) dark colored with a smooth surfaceC) light colored with a rough surfaceD) light colored with a smooth surface

293. A person in Florida worked outdoors in sunlight forseveral hours on a day in July. Which type ofclothing should the person have worn to absorb the least electromagnetic radiation?

A) light colored and smoothB) light colored and roughC) dark colored and smoothD) dark colored and rough

294. Which of these characteristics identify an Earthsurface that is likely to be the best absorber ofinsolation?

A)

B)

C)

D)

295. Which diagram best represents visible light raysafter striking a dark, rough surface?

A) reflected B) createdC) insulated D) absorbed

296. Changing the color of the roof of a house from lightto dark would probably increase the amount ofsolar energy that is


Base your answers to questions 297 through 301 on the diagram below, which represents fourstations, A, B, C, and D, in a laboratory investigation in which equal volumes of sand at the samestarting temperature were heated by identical light sources. The light sources were the same distancefrom each station, but at different angles to the surfaces. Two thermometers were used at each station,one just above the surface and the other just below the surface. The lights were turned on for 30minutes and then removed for the next 30 minutes. Temperatures were recorded each minute for the60 minutes.

A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) transpiration

297. Most of the energy from the light sources was transferred to the sand by the process of

A) A B) B C) C D) D

298. Which station received the least intense light energy?


A) B)

C) D)

299. Which graph best represents the temperatures that would be shown by thermometers 1 and 2 atstation A?

A) infrared rays B) ultraviolet raysC) gamma rays D) visible light rays

300. After the light sources were removed, the electromagnetic energy radiated by the cooling sand wasmostly

A) dark-colored smooth surface B) dark-colored rough surfaceC) light-colored smooth surface D) light-colored rough surface

301. Which type of sand surface would most likely absorb the most radiation?

A) reflects less energy and has a lower specificheat than the water

B) reflects less energy and has a higher specificheat than the water

C) reflects more energy and has a lower specificheat than the water

D) reflects more energy and has a higher specificheat than the water

302. On a sunny day at the beach, the dark-colored sandgets hot while the water stays cool because the sand


Base your answers to questions 303 through 305 onthe diagram below, which represents a cross sectionof the shoreline of Lake Erie.

A) faster, because the land has a lower specificheat

B) faster, because the land has a higher specificheat

C) slower, because the land has a lower specificheat

D) slower, because the land has a higher specificheat

303. Compared with the change in temperature of thewater surface, the change in temperature of the landsurface will be

A) rise, then fall B) fall, then riseC) rise steadily D) fall steadily

304. From 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. each day, the land surfacetemperature will usually

A) hardness and ageB) density and hardnessC) age and roughnessD) roughness and color

305. Which characteristics of the land surface have thegreatest effect on the amount of insolation the landsurface absorbs?

A) insolation B) visible lightC) ultraviolet rays D) infrared energy

306. The diagram below represents energy beingabsorbed and reradiated by the Earth.

Which type of energy is represented by theradiation at B?

A) Air pressure was decreasing.B) Cloud cover was increasing.C) The Earth was radiating heat.D) Plants were giving off water vapor.

307. What is the most likely reason for a decrease in airtemperature observed between 12 midnight and 6a.m. in New York State?


A)

B)

C)

D)

308. Which graph best represents the radiation intensityand wavelengths for another Earth location that hasa temperature of 10°C?


Base your answers to questions 308 and 309 on thegraphs below which show the intensity andwavelength of radiation given off by the Earth'ssurface at locations A, B, and C. The temperature ofthe ground surface is shown for each location.

A) in the form of visible lightB) in the form of gamma raysC) similar in intensityD) similar in wavelength

309. Most of the energy being given off by the groundsurface at these locations is

A) red B) whiteC) black D) yellow

310. Which color is the best radiator of electromagneticenergy?

A) less B) greaterC) the same

311. The diagram below shows a light source that hasbeen heating two metal containers of air for 10minutes. Both cups are made of the same materialand are equal distances from the light source.

Compared to the amount of energy reflected by theshiny cup during the 10 minutes of heating, theamount of energy reflected by the black cup is

A) infrared B) ultravioletC) visible D) X-ray

312. Which form of radiation given off by the Earthcauses heating of the Earth's atmosphere?

A) strong windsB) ground radiationC) cloud formationD) heavy precipitation

313. What is the usual cause of the drop in temperaturethat occurs between sunset and sunrise at mostKansas locations?


A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

314. Four trays, each containing sand at the sametemperature but with different characteristics, wereplaced on a sunny windowsill. The type of sand ineach tray is listed below:

Tray 1 -light-colored sand which is dryTray 2 -light-colored sand which is wetTray 3 -dark-colored sand which is dryTray 4 -dark-colored sand which is wet

After 30 minutes, which tray would probablycontain the sand that had undergone the greatesttemperature change?

A) methane B) hydrogenC) oxygen D) nitrogen

315. Which gas is considered a major greenhouse gas?

A) gamma rays B) microwavesC) visible light D) infrared radiation

316. Evidence supports the idea that increases incarbon dioxide and methane in Earth's atmosphereare major contributors to global warming. This isbased primarily on the fact that carbon dioxide andmethane are excellent absorbers of


A) decreased cloud cover, and is predicted to decrease average global temperaturesB) decreased volcanic activity, and is predicted to increase average global temperaturesC) increased use of fossil fuels, and is predicted to increase average global temperaturesD) increased EI Niño activity, and is predicted to decrease average global temperatures

317. The graph below shows changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth's atmosphere over a140-year period. Carbon dioxide concentrations are shown in parts per million (ppm).

This significant change in CO2 concentration is most likely caused by

A) methane B) oxygenC) nitrogen D) hydrogen

318. An increase in which gas in Earth’s atmospherewill most significantly increase globaltemperatures?

A) more carbon dioxide, which absorbs infraredradiation

B) less carbon dioxide, which absorbs short-waveradiation

C) more oxygen, which absorbs infrared radiationD) less oxygen, which absorbs short-wave

radiation

319. Deforestation increases the greenhouse effect onEarth because deforestation causes the atmosphereto contain


A) water vapor B) methaneC) nitrogen D) ozone

320. Which gas in Earth's upper atmosphere is beneficialto humans because it absorbs large amounts ofultraviolet radiation?

A) incoming solar gamma ray radiationB) incoming solar visible light radiationC) outgoing terrestrial ultraviolet radiationD) outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation

321. Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth’satmosphere increases atmospheric temperaturebecause the carbon dioxide absorbs

A) neon and argonB) chlorine and nitrogenC) hydrogen and heliumD) methane and carbon dioxide

322. Which two gases have been added to Earth’satmosphere in large amounts and are believed tohave increased global warming by absorbinginfrared radiation?

A)

B)

C)

D)

323. Which graph best shows the relationship betweenthe concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth'satmosphere and the amount of infrared radiationabsorbed by the atmosphere.

A) oxygen B) carbon dioxideC) helium D) hydrogen

324. Which component of Earth’s atmosphere isclassified as a greenhouse gas?


A) oxygen B) hydrogenC) nitrogen D) carbon dioxide

325. An increase in the amount of which atmosphericgas is thought to cause global climate warming?

A) The glass reduces the amount of insolationentering the greenhouse.

B) The glass allows all wavelengths of radiationto enter and all wavelengths of radiation toescape.

C) The glass allows short wavelengths ofradiation to enter, but reduces the amount oflongwavelength radiation that escapes.

D) The glass allows long wavelengths ofradiation to enter, but reduces the amount ofshortwavelength radiation that escapes.

326. The diagram below shows a greenhouse.

What is the primary function of the clear glass ofthe greenhouse?

A) poor reflector of ultraviolet radiationB) good reflector of ultraviolet radiationC) poor absorber of infrared radiationD) good absorber of infrared radiation

327. A gradual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxidewould warm Earth’s atmosphere because carbondioxide is a

A) nitrogen B) oxygenC) carbon dioxide D) hydrogen

328. An increase in which gas would cause the mostgreenhouse warming of Earth’s atmosphere?

A) number of violent stormsB) number of volcanic eruptionsC) use of nuclear powerD) use of fossil fuels

329. The graph below shows the change in carbondioxide concentration in parts per million (ppm) inEarth's atmosphere from 1960 to 1990.

The most likely cause of the overall change in thelevel of carbon dioxide from 1960 to 1990 is anincrease in the

A) ultraviolet radiation emitted by Earth isabsorbed by nitrogen and carbon dioxide inthe atmosphere

B) x-ray radiation emitted by Earth is absorbedby nitrogen and carbon dioxide in theatmosphere

C) infrared radiation emitted by Earth is absorbedby carbon dioxide and water vapor in theatmosphere

D) gamma radiation emitted by Earth is absorbedby carbon dioxide and water vapor in theatmosphere

330. Earth’s atmosphere is warmed when


A) a decrease in the average wavelength of solarradiation

B) a decrease in the thickness of Earth'satmosphere

C) an increase in the absorption of long-waveheat radiation by Earth's atmosphere

D) an increase in the thickness of Earth's glaciers

331. The graph below represents the average yearlyconcentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth'satmosphere from 1972 to 1993.

This change in CO2 concentration most likelycaused

A) B)

C) D)

332. Which graph best shows the relationship betweenthe amount of carbon dioxide contained in Earth'satmosphere and the average atmospherictemperature?


Base your answers to questions 333 and 334 on the graph below which shows variations in Earth'smonthly temperatures from normal Earth temperatures between January 1990 and January 1995.

A) cooler than normal due to the reflection of sunlight by volcanic dustB) cooler than normal due to the formation of a hole in the ozone layer by the explosionC) warmer than normal due to the heat released into the atmosphere by the volcanic explosionD) warmer than normal due to the heat spread by convection of the volcanic dust

333. In late summer 1991, Mt. Pinatubo, a volcano in the Philippines, exploded and sent thousands oftons of volcanic dust into the atmosphere. Scientists have suggested that Earth's average monthlytemperatures for many months after the explosion generally were

A) cooler temperatures by absorbing infrared radiationB) cooler temperatures by absorbing ultraviolet radiationC) warmer temperatures by absorbing ultraviolet radiationD) warmer temperatures by absorbing infrared radiation

334. The addition of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane gas to the atmosphere changes Earth'sclimate. This change occurs primarily because these gases cause


Base your answers to questions 335 through 339 on the diagram and table below. The diagram showsa cross section of a solar-energy collecting system constructed as a portion of a wall of a house. Itconsists of an energy-absorbing surface, a clear glass covering, and air ducts through the wall into thehouse. The table gives the house temperatures during a spring day. No other heat source is availablefor the house.

A) B) C) D)

335. Which diagram best represents the direction of air flow through the system under normal solarheating conditions?

A) just before sunriseB) just before the time of the maximum angle of insolation for the dayC) just after the time of the maximum angle of insolation for the dayD) just after sunset

336. When did the maximum air temperature occur in the house?

A) a north-facing wall B) a south-facing wallC) an east-facing wall D) a west-facing wall

337. In Connecticut, on which exterior wall should the solar collector be placed to receive the mostinsolation?

A) smooth and light colored B) smooth and dark coloredC) rough and light colored D) rough and dark colored

338. For maximum absorption of solar radiation, the energy-absorbing surface should be

A) The glass radiates infrared energy.B) The glass radiates ultraviolet energy.C) The glass allows short-wave radiation to enter and traps long-wave reradiation.D) The glass allows long-wave radiation to enter and traps short-wave reradiation.

339. What is the purpose of the clear glass covering of this solar collector?


A) They are found in varying amounts in Earth'satmosphere.

B) They are found in fixed amounts in Earth'sbedrock.

C) They are good reflectors of infrared radiation.D) They are good absorbers of infrared radiation.

340. Why are carbon dioxide and water vapor called thegreenhouse gases?

A) Carbon dioxide is a good absorber of infraredradiation.

B) Carbon dioxide causes a random reflection ofenergy.

C) Carbon dioxide has no effect on theatmosphere's energy balance.

D) Carbon dioxide converts some energy intopotential energy.

341. Two identical glass containers were placed in directsunlight. The first container was filled with air andthe second container was filled with a mixture ofair and additional carbon dioxide. Each containerwas sealed with a thermometer inside.Temperatures were recorded at 2-minute intervals,as shown in the data table below.

Which statement best explains the results of thisactivity?

A) cause plants to grow very rapidlyB) cause a loss in the amount of radiant energy

from the SunC) contribute to a gradual warming of the

atmosphereD) contribute to a rapid cooling of the oceans

342. Ice samples from continental glaciers provideevidence that today's atmosphere contains morecarbon dioxide than ancient atmospheres did. Thisincrease concerns scientists because increasedcarbon dioxide may

A)

B)

C)

D)

343. Which diagram best shows how air inside agreenhouse warms as a result of energy from theSun?


A) B)

C) D)

344. Which diagram best represents how greenhouse gases in our atmosphere trap heat energy?

A) An increase would change the decay rate of C14.

B) An increase would cause more ultravioletenergy to strike the Earth's outer atmosphere.

C) An increase would cause energy to flow fromenergy sinks to energy sources.

D) An increase would cause an overall heating upof the Earth's atmosphere.

345. Why are some scientists concerned about anincrease in the amount of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere?

Base your answers to questions 346 through 348 on the data table below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The data table shows the average percentage of insolation from 2006 to 2012 that wasreflected during the summer months by the ice sheet that covers a large portion of Greenland.

346. Describe one characteristic of the ice sheet that makes it a good reflector of insolation.


347. Describe the general trend for the average insolation reflected by the Greenland ice sheet from 2006to 2012 and state what can be inferred about the change in size of the Greenland ice sheet duringthis time period.

348. On the grid below, construct a line graph by plotting the average insolation reflected during thesummer by the Greenland ice sheet from 2006 to 2012. Connect all seven plots with a line.


Base your answers to questions 349 through 352 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The graph shows changes in hours of daylight during the year at the latitudes of 0°, 30° N,50° N and 60° N.

349. The graph below shows a curve for the changing length of daylight over the course of one year thatoccurs for an observer at 50° N latitude. On this same graph, draw a line to show the changinglength of daylight over the course of one year that occurs for an observer at 50° S latitude.

350. Explain why all four latitudes have the same number of hours of daylight on March 20 andSeptember 22.

351. Identify the latitude shown on the graph that has the earliest sunrise on June 21. Include the unitsand compass direction in your answer.

352. Estimate the number of daylight hours that occur on January 1 at 40° N latitude.


Base your answers to questions 353 and 354 on the passage and diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents ahouse located in New York State.

Solar Heating

Solar collectors in solar heating systems harness the power of the Sun to provide thermalenergy for heating hot water and house interiors. There are several types of solar heating systems.The best system will depend on the geographic location and the intensity of the Sun. A solarheating system saves energy, reduces utility costs, and produces clean energy. The efficiency andreliability of solar heating systems have increased dramatically in recent years.

353. State one advantage of using solar energy instead of burning fossil fuels to produce thermal energyfor your home.

354. Explain why solar energy can still be collected on cloudy days.


Base your answers to questions 355 through 358 on the diagram below. The diagram representsdaytime and nighttime on Earth. Point X is a location on Earth's surface. Earth's rotational surfacevelocity is shown in miles per hour (mi/h) at specific latitudes.

355. Identify the Northern Hemisphere season that is just beginning when Earth is at the positionrepresented in this diagram.

356. On the grid below, draw a line to show the general relationship between distance from the equatorand Earth's rotational surface velocity.

357. Record, to the nearest hour, the duration of insolation at location X for one Earth rotation.

358. What is Earth's rotational surface velocity, in miles per hour, at 23.5° south latitude?


Base your answers to questions 359 through 361 on the experiment description and diagram below.

A student was interested in how the angle of insolation affects absorption of radiation. Thestudent took three black metal plates, each containing a built-in thermometer, and placed them atthe same distance from three identical lamps. The plates were tilted so that the light from thelamps created three different angles of incidence with the center of the plates, as shown in thediagram. The starting temperatures of the plates were recorded. The lamps were turned on for 10minutes. Then the final temperatures were recorded.

359. The metal plate at a 90° angle of incidence represents a location on Earth at solar noon on March 21.What is the latitude of this location?

360. How would the final temperatures of the three metal plates be different if the experiment wasrepeated using white metal plates? Explain why the white plates would have these finaltemperatures.

361. Explain why the metal plate at a 90° angle of incidence had a final temperature higher than the othertwo plates.


Base your answers to questions 362 and 363 on the table and map below. The table shows theduration of insolation, in hours, at Barrow, Alaska, on the twentieth day of each month during 2008.The map shows the location of Barrow at 71° N 156.5° W.

362. Explain why Barrow receives 0 hours of insolation on December 20.


363. On the grid below, construct a line graph by plotting the data for the duration of insolation atBarrow for each date shown on the data table. Connect the plots with a line.

Base your answers to questions 364 and 365 on the diagram below, which shows incoming solarradiation passing through the glass of a greenhouse and then striking the floor.

364. Describe one way the glass in the greenhouse acts like the greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.

365. Some of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the floor. Identify the type of electromagneticenergy reradiated by the floor.

366. Explain why the surface of this parking lot usually becomes warmer from 11:00 a.m. to 12 nooneach day.


367. Base your answer to the following question on the field map below. The field map showstemperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, taken at several locations on a blacktop parking lot in NewYork State. The temperatures were recorded at 11:00 a.m. in early June.

On the field map above, draw the 70°F and 80°F isotherms. The isotherms should be extended to theedges of the map.


Base your answers to questions 368 through 371 on the model and data table shown below. A studentconstructed a model to demonstrate how water is recycled by natural processes on Earth. The modelconsisted of a clear plastic tent over a pan containing a bowl of water. The model was sealed so no aircould enter or leave the tent. The data table shows the observations recorded when the model wasplaced in direct sunlight for 60 minutes.


368. A student glues a Y-shaped piece of plastic, as shown below, near the top of the inside of the tentand repeats the demonstration. Drops of water are seen dripping from the bottom of the Y after 60minutes. Which process of the water cycle is represented by the dripping water?

369. If the model is changed and the bowl of water is replaced with a green plant, by which processwould the plant supply water vapor to the air inside the tent?

370. How much heat energy, in joules per gram, is released as water droplets are formed on the insidewalls of the tent?

371. Identify the process that caused the water level in the bowl to decrease.


Base your answers to questions 372 through 374 on the data table below. A student recorded thehours of daylight and the altitude of the Sun at noon on the twenty-first day of every month for oneyear in Buffalo, New York.


372. On the same sky model above, place an asterisk (*) at the apparent position of the North Star asseen from Buffalo.


373. The sky model diagram above shows the apparent path of the Sun on March 21 for an observer inBuffalo, New York. Draw a line to represent the apparent path of the Sun from sunrise to sunset atBuffalo on May 21. Be sure your path indicates the correct altitude of the noon Sun and begins andends at the correct positions on the horizon.

374. On the graph below, draw a line to represent the general relationship between the altitude of the Sunat noon and the number of hours of daylight throughout the year at Buffalo.


Base your answers to questions 375 through 377 on the passage below.

Ozone in Earth's Atmosphere

Ozone is a special form of oxygen. Unlike the oxygen we breathe, which is composed of twoatoms of oxygen, ozone is composed of three atoms of oxygen. A concentrated ozone layerbetween 10 and 30 miles above Earth's surface absorbs some of the harmful ultraviolet radiationcoming from the Sun. The amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth's surface is directly related tothe angle of incoming solar radiation. The greater the Sun's angle of insolation, the greater theamount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth's surface. If the ozone layer were completelydestroyed, the ultraviolet light reaching Earth's surface would most likely increase human healthproblems, such as skin cancer and eye damage.

375. Assuming clear atmospheric conditions, on what day of the year do people in New York State mostlikely receive the most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun?

376. Explain how the concentrated ozone layer above Earth’s surface is beneficial to humans.

377. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth’s atmosphere where the concentrated layer of ozonegas exists.

Base your answers to questions 378 and 379 on the data table below, which shows the azimuths of sunrise and sunset on August 2 observed at fourdifferent latitudes. Azimuth is the compass direction measured, in degrees, along the horizon, startingfrom north.

378. State the relationship at sunrise between the latitude and the azimuth.


379. On the outer edge of the azimuth circle below, mark with an X the positions of sunrise and sunsetfor each latitude shown in the data table. Write the correct letter code beside each X. The positionsof sunrise and sunset for 30° N have been plotted and labeled with letters A and B.


Base your answers to questions 380 through 383 on the diagram below, which shows Earth as seen from above the North Pole. The curved arrows showthe direction of Earth's motion. The shaded portion represents the nighttime side of Earth. Some of thelatitude and longitude lines have been labeled. Points A and B represent locations on Earth's surface.

380. Explain why the angle of insolation at solar noon is greater at point B than at point A.

381. Identify one possible date that is represented by the diagram.

382. If it is 4:00 p.m. at point B, what is the time at point A?

383. On the diagram above, draw a curved arrow, starting at point B, showing the general direction thatplanetary surface winds flow between 30° N and 60° N latitude.


384. The diagram below represents a beaker of water that is being heated. As the colored dye pelletdissolves, the dye will show the movement of water in the beaker. On the diagram, draw arrows inthe water to show the direction the colored dye will move when the water is heated as shown.

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