astudy ofassociation ininsanity

A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY.

B� GRACE HELEN KENT, A. M., AND A. J. ROSANOFF, M. D.,

Kings Park State Hospital, N. Y.

PART II. ASSOCIATION IN INSANE SUBJECTS.

§ I. GENERAL SURVEY OF PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL.

The pathological material which forms the basis of the present

part of our study consists mainly of two hundred and forty-seven

test records obtained for the most part from patients at the Kings

Park State Hospital.

The different groups from which the cases were selected, to-

gether with the number from each group, are shown in Table I.

TABLE I.

Dementia prncox 106 cae�.

Paranoic conditiona 38Epilepsy 24(]eneral paresis 32

Manic’depresslve insanity 32

Involutional melancholia 8 “

Alcoholic psychoees S

Senile dementia 4 “

A comparison of our pathological with our normal material en

ma�sse reveals in the former evidence of a weakening of the

normal tendency to respond by common reactions. This is shown

in Table II.

TABLE II.

Common Doubtful Individualreactions. reactions. reactions.

1,000 normal subjects ...,...,....... 91.7% 1.5% 6.8%247 insane subjects 70.7% 2.5% 26.8%

It seems evident from this that pathological significance attaches

mainly to individual reactions, so that our study resolves itself

largely into (i) an analysis and classification of individual reac-

tions and (2) an attempt to determine what relationship, if any,

exists between the different types of reactions and the different

clinical forms of mental disease.

318 A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY [Oct.

§2. Cr�ssIFIcATIoN OF REACTIONS.

Those who have attempted to use the association test in the

study of insanity have felt the need of a practical classification

of reactions, and have at the same time encountered the difficulty

of establishing definite criteria for distinguishing the different

groups from one another. It is a comparatively simple matter to

make these distinctions in a general way and even to formulate

a more or less comprehensive theoretical classification, but there

still remains much difficulty in practice. We have made repeated

attempts to utilize various systems of classification which involve

free play of personal equation in their application. Although for

us the matter is greatly simplified by the elimination of all the

common reactions with the aid of the frequency tables, we have

nevertheless met with no success. The distinctions made by either

of us have on no occasion fully satisfied, at the second reading,

either the one who made them or the other, while a comparison of

the distinctions made by each of us independently has shown a

disagreement to the extent of 20-35 per cent.

We sought, therefore, to formulate a classification in which

the various groups should be so defined as to obviate the interfer-

ence of personal equation in the work of applying it, hoping thus

to achieve greater accuracy. In this we can lay claim to only

partial success; for, in the first place, having satisfactorily defined

a number of groups, we found it necessary in the end to provide

a special group for unclassified reactions, into which falls more

than one-third of the total number of individual reactions; and,

in the second place, in at least two of our groups the play of per-

sonal equation has not been entirely eliminated, so that there is

still a possibility of error to the extent of five per cent of individ-

ual reactions, which means approximately one per cent of the

total number of reactions. We have found, however, that in spite

of these shortcomings the classification here proposed is more

serviceable than others which, though more comprehensive, are

at the same time lacking in definiteness.

Our classification consists of the following classes, groups and

subdivisions:

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. 3. ROSANOFF 319

I. Common reactions.i. Specific reactions.2. Non-specific reactions.

II. Doubtful reactions.

III. Individual reactions.

i. Normal reactions.

2. Pathological reactions:A. Derivatives of stimulus words.B. Partial dissociation:

(a) Non-specific reactions.(b) Sound reactions:

a. Words.�. Neologisms.

(c) Word complements.(d) Particles of speech.

C. Complete dissociation:(a) Perseveration:

a. Association to preceding stimulus.

ft. Association to preceding reaction.

�. Repetition of preceding stimulus.a. Repetition of previous stimulus.a, Repetition of preceding reaction.

�. Repetition of previous reaction.

�. Reaction repeated five times (stereotypy).

(b) Neologisms without sound relation.3. Unclassified.

§3. NON-SPECIFIC REACTIONS; DOUBTFUL REAcTIONS.

Non-specific Reactions.-It has already been intimated that

common reactions are in the vast majority of instances to be re-

garded as normal. From amongst them, however, a fairly defi-

nite group can be separated out which seems to possess some

pathological significance, namely, the group which we have termed

non-specific.

In this group are placed words which are so widely applicable

as to serve as more or less appropriate reactions to almost any of

our stimulus words. That such reactions are in value inferior to

the remaining group of common reactions, which we have termed,

in contradistinction, specific reactions, is perhaps sufficiently

obvious; we shall speak later, however, of their occurrence in

both normal and insane cases.


It is not always easy to judge whether or not a given reaction

should be classed as non-specific. A study of our material made

with special reference to this type of reactions has enabled us to

select the following list of words, any of which, occurring in

response to any stimulus word, is classed as a non-specific reac-

tion:

article, articlesbad

beautiful, beautyfine

good, goodness

greathappiness, happy

large

mannecessary, necessity

nice

object (noun)

peoplepersonpleasant, pleasantness, pleasing, pleasure

prettysmall

thinking, thought, thoughtsunnecessary

unpleasant

use, used, useful, usefulness, useless, uselessness, uses, usingwomanwork

It should be mentioned that some of these words occur as reac-

tions to one or several stimulus words with such frequency (citi-

zen-man, value 27.8 per cent; health-good, value 9.4 per cent)

as to acquire in such instances a value as high as that of strictly

specific reactions.

Doubtful Reactions have already been defined (p. 40) : any reac-

tion word which is not found in the table in its identical form,

but which is a grammatical variant or derivative of a word found

there, is placed in this group.


§�. INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS; EXPLANATION OF GROUPS AND

METHODS OF APPLICATION.

Normal Reactions.-.--Inasmuch as the frequency tables do not

exhaust all normal possibilities of reaction, a certain number of

reactions which are essentially normal are to be found among the

individual reactions. In order to separate these from the patho-

logical reactions, we have compiled an appendix to the frequency

tables, consisting mainly of specific definitions of groups of words

to be included under each stimulus word in our list. This ap-

pendix will be found at the end of this paper.

A word of explanation is perhaps due as to the manner in which

the appendix has been compiled. It was developed in a purely

empirical way, the basis being such individual reactions, given by

both normal and insane subjects, as seemed in our judgment to

be obviously normal.

It must be acknowledged that the appendix falls short of all that

might be desired. In the first place, its use involves to some slight

extent the play of personal equation, and it therefore constitutes

a source of error; in the second place, it is in some respects too

inclusive while in other respects it is not sufficiently so. How-

ever, the error due to personal equation is slight; the inclusion

of certain “far-fetched” or even frankly pathological reactions

may be discounted by bearing in mind that the general value of

this group is not equal to that of the group of common reactions;

and the number of strictly normal reactions which are not in-

cluded is after all small. Our experience has shown us that the

appendix constitutes an important aid in the analysis of individual

reactions.

Pathological Reactions. Derivatives of Stimulus Words.-We

place here any reaction which is a grammatical variant or deriva-

tive of a stimulus word. The tendency to give such reactions

seems to be dependent upon a suspension or inhibition of the

normal process by which the stimulus word excites the production

of a new concept, for we have here not a production of a new

concept but a mere change in the form of the stimulus word.

As examples of such reactions may be mentioned: eating-eat-

ables, short-shortness, sweet-sweetened, quiet-quietness.

Partial Dissociation.-We have employed the term dissociation

to indicate a rupture of that bond-whatever be its nature-.

\\


which may be supposed to exist normally between stimulus and re-

action and which causes normal persons to respond in the majority

of instances by common reactions. And we speak of partial dissocia.

tion where there is still an obvious, though weak and superficial,

connection. Under this heading we can differentiate four types:

Non-specific Reactions have already been defined; we distinguish

those in this class from those in the class of common reactions by

means of the frequency tables.

Sound Reactions.-This type requires no explanation; the main

difficulty is to decide what degree of sound similarity between

stimulus and reaction should be deemed sufficient for placing a

reaction under this heading. The total number of different sounds

used in language articulation is, of course, small, so that any two

words are liable to present considerable chance similarity. Some

time ago we estimated the average degree of sound similarity be-

tween stimulus words and reaction words in a series of one hun-

dred test records obtained from normal persons; we found that on

the average 14.53 per cent of the sounds of the stimulus words

were reproduced, in the same order, in the reaction word. Our

experience finally led us to adopt the following general rule: A

reaction is to be placed under this heading when fifty per cent of

the sounds of the shorter word of the pair are identical with sounds

of the longer word and are ranged in the same order.

Among sound reactions we occasionally find neologisms; for

these a separate heading is provided. Possibly their occurrence

may be taken as an indication of an exaggerated tendency to

respond by sound reactions.

Word Complements.-Here we include any reaction which,

added to the stimulus word, forms a word, a proper name, or a

compound word in common use.

Particles of Speech.-Under this heading we include articles,

numerals, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, adverbs of time, place and

degree, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections.

Complete Dissociation.-Here are included reactions which ap-

pear to be entirely unrelated to the corresponding stimulus words;

in the case of such reactions the stimulus words seem to act, as

Aschaffenburg has pointed out, merely as signals for discharge.

This subdivision contains several types of reactions which seem

to be dependent upon the phenomenon of perseveration; it con-

tains also the rather important type of neologisms.


The phenomenon of perseveration occurs in cases in which one

may observe an abnormal immobility of attention. To react nor-

mally to a series of stimulus words requires on the part of the

subject, in the first place, a certain alertness in order that he may

grasp quickly and clearly the meaning of each word, and, in the

second place, a prompt shifting of the mind from one reaction to

the next. When such mental mobility is lacking the subject is

liable to react not by a response adjusted to the stimulus word,

but either by repeating a previous stimulus or reaction, or by

giving a word associated to the preceding stimulus or reaction.

The names of the different types of reactions included under the

heading of perseveration are sufficiently descriptive; we shall

here refer only to those which require further definition.

Association to Preceding Stimulus.-Here is placed any reac-

tion that is shown by the frequency tables to be related to the

stimulus preceding the one in question. Seeming or even obvious

relationship, if not established by reference to the frequency

tables, is desregarded. In the tables, however, the combination

may not exist in direct order but only in reverse order, in which

case the reaction is included here. The following examples may

serve as illustrations:

thief .-.�night

lion-pocket-book

Lion-pocket-book is not found in the frequency tables, and is,

therefore, an individual reaction; thief-pocket-book, however, is

found there; pocket-book is, therefore, classed in this case as an

association to preceding stimulus.

table-fork

dark-mutton

Dark-mutton is not found in the frequency tables; table-mutton

is also not found there in the direct order, but is found in the re-

verse order, viz.: mutto*-table; mutton is, therefore, classed in

this case as an association to preceding stimulus.

Association to Preceding Reaction.-If either the reaction in

question or the preceding reaction happens to be one of the stim-

ulus words in our list, and a relationship between the two be

found to exist by reference to the frequency tables-whether in

direct or in reverse order-the reaction in question is classed as


an association to preceding reaction. This is illustrated by the

following examples:

eating-table

mountain-floor

Mountai*-floor is an individual reaction; table-floor is found

in the frequency tables; floor is, therefore, classed as an associa-

tion to preceding reaction.

beautiful-flowers

window-red

Window-red is an individual reaction; red-flowers is found in

the frequency tables; therefore, red is classed as an association

to preceding reaction.

In cases in which neither the reaction in question nor the pre-

ceding reaction happens to be one of our stimulus words, but a

relationship between them may be judged to exist without con-

siderable doubt, the reaction in question is also classed here.

Example:

priest-father

ocean-,n 01 her

Ocean.-’mother is an individual reaction; neither the word father

nor the word mother is among our stimulus words; but the asso-

ciation between the words father and mother may be judged to

exist without considerable doubt; therefore, in this case mother is

classed as an association to preceding reaction.

In such cases as this personal equation must necessarily come

into play; comparative uniformity of judgment may, however,

be attained by systematically excluding any reaction the relation-

ship of which to the preceding reaction is subject to any consider-

able doubt and by placing any such reaction in the unclassified

group.

Repetition of Previous Stimulus.-Here we place any reaction

which is a repetition of any previous stimulus from amongst the

ten next preceding, at the same time placing repetition of preced-

ing stimulus under a separate heading.

Neologisms.-Here we place the newly coined words, so com-

monly given by the insane, excepting such as possess a sound

relationship to the stimulus word, for which, as already stated, a

special place in the classification has been provided.

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J. ROSANOFF 325

Neologisms might be divided into three types, as follows: (i)

those which arise from ignorance of language (comfort-un-

comfort, short-diminiature); (2) distortions of actual words,

apparently of pathological origin and not due to ignorance

(hungry-f oodciion, thief-disstecd) ; and (�) those which seem

to be without any meaning whatever (scack, gehimper, hanrow,

dicut). It is, however, impossible to draw clear-cut distinctions

between these types, and for this reason we have made no pro-

vision in our classification for such division.

Unclassified Reactions.-This group is important, in the first

place, because it is numerically a large one, and in the second

place, b#{231}cause it contains certain fairly definite types of reactions

which are placed here for the sole reason that we have not been

able to find strictly objective criteria for their differentiation from

other types.

It has already been stated that the frequency tables, even to-

gether with the appendix, fail to exhaust all normal possibilities

of association, so that a certain small number of perfectly normal

reactions must fall into the unclassified group. We submit the

following examples:

mu.si c-list en

smooth-suave

sour-curdled

earth-mound

Another type of reactions found in the unclassified group,

though also normal, yet not obviously so until explained by the

subject, is represented by those which originate from purely per-

sonal experiences, such as the following, given by normal subjects:

blossom-T . .

hammer-f....

The first of these reactions is explained by the subject’s ac-

quaintance with a young lady, Miss T . . . ., who has been nick-

named “Blossom,” and the second is explained by the subject’s

having among her pupils at school a boy by the name of J . . .

Hammer.

It would be difficult to estimate the proportion of such reac-

tions in the unclassified group, but we have gained the general

22


impression that it is small. An attempt to place them in a separate

group could be made only with the aid of explanations from the

subjects; such aid in the case of insane subjects is generally un-

reliable. Moreover, to class these reactions as strictly normal

would perhaps be going too far, since their general value is

obviously inferior to that of the common reactions; and in any

case in which they are given in unusually large numbers they

must be regarded as manifestation of a tendency to depart from

the normal to the extent to which they displace common reactions.

The next type of reactions met with in the unclassified group

is characterized by a peculiarly superficial, or non-essential, or

purely circumstantial relationship to the stimulus. Such reactions,

though occasionally given by normal subjects, are more often

given by insane ones, and seem to be somewhat characteristic of

states of mental deterioration which are clinically rather loosely

described as puerilism. We offer the following examples, given

by normal subjects:

music-town

sickness-summer

child-unknown

house-enter

Still another type of reactions to be considered in this connec-

tion consists of words which are in no way related to the corre-

sponding stimulus words, but which arise from distraction of the

subject by surrounding objects, sounds, and the like. In some

cases the experimenter may be able to judge from the direction

of the subject’s gaze, from a listening attitude, and so on, that

certain reactions are due to distraction. In other cases, particu-

larly in eases of normal subjects, the fact that certain reactions

are due to distraction may be determined by questioning the sub-

ject on this point immediately after making the test. In work

with insane subjects, as we have several times had occasion to

point out, such aid is generally not available.

The group of unclassified reactions includes also one more type

of reactions which are of great importance both numerically and

otherwise. These are the incoherent reactions, that is to say, re-

actions which are determined neither by the stimulus words, nor

by the agency of perseveration, nor by distraction.


Although the occurrence of incoherent reactions is hardly sub-

ject to doubt, yet in no instance is it possible to establish with cer-

tainty that a given reaction is of this type, for in no instance can a

remote, or an imagined, or a merely symbolic relationship between

stimulus and reaction be positively excluded. Some, indeed, would

assert that some such relationship must necessarily exi�t in every

instance, at least in the domain of the subconscious. This cir-

cumstance necessitates the placing of this type of reactions in the

unclassified group.

In practice it may be found advisable in some cases to analyze

the unclassified reactions with a view to ascertaining to what cx-

ent each of the various types is represented among them. But

one here treads on slippery ground, and one must be continually

warned against the danger of erroneous conclusions.

§ �. ORDER OF PREFERENCE.

After having developed the classification here proposed we

found that there was still considerable room for difference of

opinion in the placing of many reactions, owing to the circum-

stance that in many cases a reaction presents features which ren-

der it assignable under any one of two or more headings. To

leave the matter of preference in grouping to be decided in each

case according to the best judgment of the experimenter would

mean introducing again the play of personal equation, and would

thus court failure of all our efforts to accomplish a standardiza-

tion of the association test. Therefore, the necessity of establish-

ing a proper order of preference for guidance in the application

of the claissification became to us quite apparent.

In the arrangement of the order of preference we were guided

mainly by two principles, namely: (i) as between two groups

of unequal definition, the one which is more clearly defined and

which, therefore, leaves less play for personal equation is to be

preferred; (2) as between two groups of equal definition, the

one which possesses the greater pathological significance is to be

preferred. In accordance with these principles we have adopted

the order of preference shown in Table III., placing every re-

action under the highest heading on the list under which it may

be properly classed.


TABLE III.

L Non-specific (common).2. Doubtful reactions.

INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS.

8. Sound reactions (neologisms).

4. Neologlsins without sound relation.

5. Repetition of preceding reaction.

6. Reaction repeated five times.

7. RepetitIon of preceding stimulus.

& Derivatives.

9. Non-specific reactions.10. Sound reactions (words).

11. Word complements.

12. Particles of speech.

13. Association to preceding stimulus.14. Association to preceding reaction (by frequency tables).

15. Repetition of previous reaction.

16. Repetition of previous stimulus.

17. Normal (by appendix).

18. Association to preceding reaction (without frequency tables).

19. Unclassified.

§6. ERRORS INVOLVED IN THE USE OF ARBITRARY OBJECTIVE

STANDARDS.

It may readily be seen that such definiteness and uniformity as

this classification possesses results from the introduction of more

or less arbitrary criteria for the differentiation of the various

types of reactions. The question might arise, To what extent do

the distinctions thus made correspond to reality? To consider,

for instance, our rule for the placing of sound reactions (50 per

cent of the sounds of the shorter word to be present, in the same

order, in the other word) : when a given reaction (man-minstrel)

is in accordance with the rule assigned under the heading of

sound reactions, can it be assumed that sound similarity and not

some other relationship is the determining factor of the associa-

tion in question? Or when in a given instance (cabbage-cobweb)

the sound similarity falls somewhat short of the standard required

by the rule, can it be assumed that sound similarity is not, after all,

the determining factor?

Similar questions may, of course, arise in connection with other

subdivisions.

It must, indeed, be conceded that objective methods can reveal

but indirectly and with uncertainty the inner mechanism which

produces any association and that in any given instance it would be

impossible to establish the correctness of grouping in accordance

with such methods. However, to decide that question for any

given reaction is really not necessary in practice, since an error


made through wrongly placing one, two, or three reactions under

any heading is of no significance; the types acquire importance

only when represented by large numbers in a record under consid-

eration; and when many reactions fall under a single heading the

likelihood of error, as affecting the record as a whole, is by that

fact alone greatly reduced.

The whole question might more profitably be approached from

another point of view: To what extent are the distinctions of this

classification useful? An answer to this question can be found

only in the results.

§7. ANALYSIS OF PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL.

We present in Table IV. the results of a statistical examination

of the records obtained from certain groups of normal subjects

and from some groups of insane subjects.

The r�ormal groups have been studied for the purpose of deter-

mining the frequency and manner of occurrence among normal

subjects of the various types of abnormal reactions. It seemed

best for this purpose to consider separately the records of those

subjects who gave an unusually large number of individual re-

actions. Fifty-three records containing fifteen or more individual

reactions were found after a fairly diligent search among our

normal test records. In the other groups of subjects-persons of

common school education, persons of collegiate education, and

children-we included no records containing more than ten in-

dividual reactions.

The more striking departures from average normal figures are

indicated in the table by the use of heavy type.

This table reveals some special associational tendencies as oc-

curring in connection with the psychoses studied. A better in-

sight into the nature of these tendencies can be gained by a

special analysis of the test records of each clinical group.

DEMENTIA PR�COX.

In this psychosis we find the average number of individual re-

actions far exceeding not only that of the normal but also that of

any other psychosis which we have studied. To a corresponding

extent we find the average number of the highest type of normal

reactions-the common specific reactions-reduced.

While almost every type of individual reactions shows here an

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1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J. ROSANOFF 33!

increase over the normal averages, the most striking increases are

shown by the table to be in the groups of unclassified reactions,

neologisms, sound reactions, and some types of perseveration. A

further examination of the individual test records shows that

there is no uniformity of associational tendencies in this clinical

group, but that several tendencies are more or less frequently met

with either alone or in various combinations. Yet some of these

tendencies, when appearing at all prominently, are so highly

characteristic of dementia pr�cox as to be almost pathognomonic.

Among these may be mentioned: (i) the tendency to give neol-

ogisms, particularly those of the senseless type; (2) the tendency

to give unclassified reactions largely of the incoherent type; and

(�) the tendency toward stereotypy manifested chiefly by ab-

normally frequent repetitions of the same reaction. Fairly char-

acteristic also is the occasional tendency to give sound reactions.

Again, occasionally one encounters pronounced perseveration, and

at least two of our subjects gave a good many unclassified reactions

obviously due to distraction.

It must be noted that not infrequently cases of dementia pry-

cox give test records that cannot be distinguished from normal.

It seems that the pathological associational tendencies constitute

merely a special group of symptoms, some of which may be ex-

pected to be manifest in cases which have reached a state of ad-

vanced mental deterioration, but may not necessarily be present

in the early stages of the disease. On the other hand there is evi-

dence to show that these tendencies may in some cases appear

among the earliest manifestations. This matter will be referred

to again.

Thus the test records of dementia pr�ecox depart from the

normal not sharply but by a gradual shading off. We find similar

gradual transitions between dementia pr�ecox and other psychoses.

For this work we selected cases in which the diagnoses were es-

tablished with reasonable certainty. Whether or not in cases of

doubtful clinical classification this association test may be of aid

in determining the diagnosis, is a question that must for the pres-

ent remain open.

We submit herewith copies of test records. The numbers which

appear after the reactions indicate in each case the reaction type,

in accordance with Table III. (p. 328); common specific reactions

are not numbered.

332

Neologisms; some unclassified reactions, mostly

Neologisms; numerous unclassified reactions,

A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY [Oct.

CASE No. 4752.-H. J.incoherent.Table-meadow 19Dark-blackMusic-sweetSickness-dead 2Man-manlon 8Deep-near 19Soft-sooner 19Eatlng-formble 4Mountain-gair 4House-temble 4Black-benched 4Mutton-ranched 4

Comfort-bumble 4

Hand-sembie 4Short-eimber 4FruIt-narrow 13Butterfly-Ben 19Smooth-gum 19Command-bramble ... .19Chair-lowSweet-temper 19Whistle-benald 4Woman-hummery 4Cold-gunst 4

Slow-bemper 4Wish-tip 19Rlver-gumper 4White-Andes 19Beautiful-gimper 4

Window-hummer 4Rough-geep 4Citizen-humper 4

Foot-super 4Spider-gumper 4

Needle-himper 4Red-gumper 4Sleep-moop 4Anger-rumble 19Carpet-slamper 4

Olrl-hlnker - ... 4High-humper 4Working-gumpip 4Sour-imper 4Earth-gumper 4Trouble-bumper 4Soldier-guipper 4Cabbage-phar 4Hard-her 12Eagle-damnornott 4Stomach-dumper 4Stem-gumper 4Lamp-huntanit 4Dream-hungnot 4Yellow-bampir 4Bread-gumper 4Justice-sidnerber 4Boy-eeper 4Light-huntanlt 4Health-geeper 4

Bible-himpler 4Memory-hummer 19Sheep-hunner 4Bath-bemnltper 4Cottage-gumper 4

Swift-dumper 4Blue-dipper 19Hungry-bummer 3Priest-rump 19

Oceam-himmer 4Head-hiniper 4Stove-gamper 4Long-humble 19Religion-gumper 4Whiskey-numper 4Child-himmer 4Bitter-gehimper 3Hammer-gueep 4

Thirsty-humper 4

City-deeper 19Square-hummer 4Butter-bimper 3Doctor-harner 4Loud-harner 4Thiel-himmer 4Lion-humor 19Joy-gumpler 4Bed-hoomer 4Heavy-doomer 4Tobacco-per 12Baby-hoomer 4

Moon-gumper 4Scissors-gumper 4Quiet-bumper 4Green-gueet 3Salt-rummer 4Street-numper 4King’-himper 4Cheese-guinter 4Blossom-yunger 4Afraid-yunger 4

CASE No. 5183.-G. D.mostly incoherent; someTable-muss 19Dark-gone 19Music-caffa 4Sickness-monk 19Man-boyDeep-lesson 19Soft-ness 4Eating-pieMountain-Gus 19House-muss 15Black-court 19Mutton-beefComfort-ness 4Hand-koy 4Short-ness 4F’rult-dalb 4Butterfly-flack 4Smooth-mess 19Command-cork 19Chair-ness 4Sweet-Bess 17Whistle-toyWoman-girlCold-cork 15Slow-mass 19Wish-yell 4River-mouth 17Whlte-cast 17Beautiful-ness 4Window-crow 19Rough-ratter 19Citizen-side 4Foot-malloy 4Spider-straw 19

sound neologisms.Needle-cast 15Red-Roman 19Sleep-scack 4

Anger-gols 4Carpet-noise 13Girl-call 18High-hort 4Working-kaffir 19S-romscotter .... 4Earth-bell 19Trouble-tramlne 4Soldier-gas 19Oabbage-cor 4Hard-kalbas 4Eagle-bell 15Stomacb-chenlc 4Stem-trackstar 3Lamp-loss 19Dream-melso 4Yellow-ormondo 4Bread-lifeJustice-quartz 19Boy-nellan 4Light-cor 4

Health-hallenbee 4Bible-bookMemory-bike 19Sheep-armen 4Bath-cor 4Cottage-callan 4Swift-awar 3Blue-blacksen 4Hungry-scatterbuck ... 4Priest-canon 17

Ocean-men 19Head-will 19Stove-somen 4Long-lass 19Religion-cor 4Whiskey-hanrow 4Child-vend 4Bitter-bike 15Hammer-hemmel 3Thirsty-cass 4CIty-cor 4Square-malice 19Butter-back 19Doctor-ness 4Loud-arman 4Thief-cast 15Lion-loss 15Joy-kaffir 15Bed-banrow 4Heavy-cast 15Tobacco-colrow 4Baby-boil 19Moon-padoc 4Scissors-kantow 4Quiet-kllroe 4Green-graft 10Salt-semen 19Street-peas 4King-guess 19Cheese-tiffer 4Blossom-cad 19Afraid-mellows 19


CASE No. i�oo.-D. V. Considerable number of neologisms; stereotypymanifested partly in a tendency toward frequent repetition of certain re-

actions but mainly in a persistent tendency to make use of the grammatical

form of present participle, giving rise to numerous doubtful reactions.

Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

Table-standDark-lonesome .

Music-playing .

Sickness-diseaseMan-hiding 19Deep-unreckless 4Soft-beginning 19Eating-plentyMountain-highHouse--standing 6Black-grivelling 4Mutton-plenty 15Comfort-laying 19Hand-disease 15Short-writing 13Fruit-coming 19Butterfly-flying

Smooth-gllmmlng 4Command-masterChair-standing 6Sweet-sugarWhistle-blowingWoman-lovingCold-cellar 19Slow-coming 15Wish-dreaming 2River-divided 19White-wallBeautiful-pleasant 1Window-breaking 2Rough-tumbleCitizen-gentlemanFoot-sweating 19Spider-biting 2

Needle-stinging 2Red-coloringSleep-dreamingAnger-widing 4Carpet-cleaningGirl-pretty 1High-degrace 4Working-nobody 19Sour-boiling 4Earth-disgrace 19Trouble-plentySoldier-shooting 13Cabbage-welidebell .... 4Hard-caming 4Eagle-setting 19Stomach-degrlvel 4

Stem-biting 19Lamp-burningDream-walking 19Yellow-blowing 15Bread-makingJustice-unposaible 4Boy-growing 2Light-stand 6Health-raising 19B�hle--teaehtngMemory-together 12Sheep-weeding 19Bath-held 19Cottage--standing 2Swift-Incuriossable .... 4Blue-smooven . 4ifungry-uncareless 4Priest-going 19

Ocean-moving 2Head-setting 15Stove-warmLong-slowly 2Religion-everything . . .19Whiskey-burningChild-bornBitter-taking 19Hammer-hitting 2Thirsty-drinkingCity-welidebell 4Square-taking 15Butter-softDoctor-Instrument 19Loud-speaking 2Thlef-gltting 4

Lion--scared 17Joy-playing 2Bed-laying 2Heavy-raleen 4Tobacco-eating 19Baby-bornMoon-shiningScissors-CuttingQuiet-hitting 15Green-landed 19Salt-throwing 19Street-walkingKing-tension 19Cheese-eatingBlossom-growing 2Afraid-nobody

CASE No. 5138.-C. J.Table-tableclothDark-forward 19Music-instrumentSickness-fluid .19Man-hemale 4Deep-steepSoft-hardEating-mountain 19Mountain-raven 19House-shutter 17Black-blueMutton-beefComfort-discomfortHand-wristShort-tallFruit-vegetableButterfly-beeSmooth-roughCommand-ordersChair-sofaSweet-sourWhlatle-flfeWoman-girlCold-warmSlow-faster 2Wish-not 2River-neck 17White-blueBeautiful-homelyWindow-sillRough-paint 19Citizen-pedestrian 19Foot-rose 19Spider-towel 19

Needle-lifter 19Red-dove 19Sleep-cost 13Anger-smile 19Carpet-gas 19Girl-kite 19High-cow 19Working-candy 19Sour-peach 17Earth-balloon 19Trouble-grass 13Soldier-brass 17Cabbage-flea 19Hard-cat 19Eagle-negro 10Stomach-winter 19Stem-leafLamp-cloth 19Dream-slumberYellow-pinkBread-glass 19Justice-coal 19Boy-maidLight-shineHealth-pale 17Bible-leafMemory-grief 19Sheep-giraffe 19Bath-soapCottage--scene 19Swift-slowBlue-piece .. .19Hungry-foodPriest-minister

Ocean-wavesHead-blackStove-lidLong-shortReligion-ChristianWhiskey-maltChild-babyBitter-sweetHammer-nailThirsty-waterCity-steeple 19Square-marble 19Butter-breadDoctor-aster 19Loud-fog 19Thief-Mary 19Lion-tigerJoy-gladBed-sheetHeavy-lightTobacco-smokeBaby-powderMoon-skyScissors-handleQuiet-sing 19Green-pinkSalt-chimney 19Street-blockKIng-crownCheese-tea 17Blossom-leavesAfraid-frighten

334

CASE No. 3307.-G. F. Unclassified reactions,tendency to respond by sound reactions.


CASE No. 17979.-R. T. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

Table-full 19Dark-coldness 2Music-aeronaut 19Sickness-betterMan-extension 19Deep-electrician 19

Soft-harden 2Eating-stomachMountain-Lord 19House-roofBlack-darknessMutton-working 19Comfort-ahead 12Hand-mercury 19Short-have 12Fruit-flavor 19Buterfly-plant 13Smooth-levelCommand-obedientChair-restSweet-polish 19Whistle-noteWoman-comfortCold-pleasant 1Slow-moveWish-wealthRiver-shell 19White-change 19Beautiful-sat 19Window-temperature . .19Rough-shell 15Citizen-soldierFoot-travelSpider-web

Needle-pointRed-temperature 15Sleep-restAnger-temperCarpet-court 10Girl-birth 10High-dirt 19Working-easeSour-baIt 4Earth-vexation 19Trouble-business

Soldier-obedient 2Cabbage-fell 19Hard-solidEagle-government 19Stomach-chestStem-wish 19Lamp-brilliancy 17Dream-unao 4Yellow-colorBread-crustJustice-truthBoy-obedientLight-heart 2Health-feelingBible-scriptureMemory-saying 19Sheep-woolBath-get 19Cott.age-morrell 4Swift-good 1Blue-look 19Hungry-have 12Priest-scripture 15

Ocean--supply 19Head-manager 17Stove-shake 19Long-journeyReligion-thought 1Whiskey-lurk 4Child-wish 15Bitter-enmalseladiga .. 4Hammer-efface 19Thirsty-wantCity-comforts 15Square-crown 19Butter-flavor 15Doctor-dram 19Loud--temper 15Thief-catched 2Lion-crown 15Joy-pleasure 1Bed-comfortsHeavy-thoughts 1Tobacco-changes 15Baby-pleasure 1Moon-brilliancy 2Scissors-edgeQuiet-baptism 19Green-autumn 19Salt-gather 19Street-thoroughfareKing-crownCheese-flavor 15Blossom-wood 17Afraid-downhearted . . .17

Table-deskDark-blueMusic-stars 18Sickness-trees 19Man-menace 10Deep-soap 19Soft-excited 19Eating-spelling 10Mountain-marbles 19House-train 19Black-bed 19Mutton-button 10Comfort-steak 18Hand-flexible 19Short-umbrella 17Fruit-blanket 19Butterfly-grassSmooth-sheet 19Command-carpet 19Chair-store 19Sweet-flowerWhistle-linen 19Woman-water 19Cold-coalSlow-ferry 17Wish-sample 19River-shades 19Whlte-blueBeautiful-suspender .. .19Window-woodRough-chisel 19Citizen-rulerFoot-snake 19Spider--fly

Needle-bird 13Red-greenSleep-opening 19Anger-angryCarpet-stitching 19Girl-madam 17High-ceilingWorking-easySour-warm 19Earth-heavenTrouble-astonished .. . .19Soldier--man 1Cabbage-carrotHard-softness 2Eagle-parrotStomach-mind 19Stem-stable 10Lamp-oil

Dream-awakeYellow-darkness 2Bread-rough 19Justice-male 19Boy-buoy 10Light-standing 19Health-very 12Bible-ashamed 19Memory-staring 19Sheep-stockBath-spongeCottage-houseSwift-mouse 19Blue-fall 19Hungry-appetitePriest-pastor

mostly incoherent; slight

Ocean-wavesHead-hatStove-blackening 2Long-garden 19Religion-goodness 1Whiskey-Kummell 17Child-woman 1Bitter-coughing 19Hammer-sofa 19Thirsty-pillow 18City-united 19Square-oblongButter-lardDoctor-physicianLoud-easyThief-burglarLion-tigerJoy-healthy 2Bed-thread 10Heavy-gloves 17Tobacco-cigarBaby-hood 11Moon-starsScissors-knifeQuiet-recollect 17t�reen-r1ng 19Salt-pencil 19Street-bushes 19King-Germany 17Cheese-rice 17Blossom-pepper 19Afraid-allspice 18

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J. ROSANOFF

CASE No. 971.-O. M. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

335

Table-vote 19Dark-plenty 19

Music-health 19Sickness-frightMan-manager 10Deep-slow 19Soft-pepper 19Eating-vanity 19Mountain--slept 19House-courage 19Black-funeralMutton-age 19Comfort-slide 19Hand-credit 19Short-Simpson 17Fruit-physician 19Butterfly-torment 19Smooth-button 17Command-scarf 10Chair-rage 19Sweet-cider 17Whistle-lace 19Woman-debt 19Cold-powderly 4

Slow-telephone 19Wish-regret 17River-herald 19White-blackBeautiful-jolly 19Window-paneRough-duty 19Citizen-ward 17Foot-minister 19Spider-handsome 19

Needle-pinRed-whiteSleep-apple 13Anger-sour 19Carpet-woolGirl-boyHigh-lowWorking-height 13Sour-pitcher 19Earth-clam 19Trouble-necessity 9Soldier-marineCabbage-watermelon . .17Hard-cracker 17Eagle-bright 19Stomach-backStem-stimulant 10Lamp-hair 19Dream-knees 19Yellow-amen 12Bread-general 19Justice-no 2Boy-grass 19Light-thought 9Health-depression 17Bible-judger 4Memory-stomach 19Sheep-crusade 19Bath-labor 19Cottage-cotton 10Swift-depth 19Blue-crimson 17Hungry-alloyed 19Priest-politicians 17

Ooean-seaHead-craniumStove-soft 19Long-biles 4Religion-bunion 10Whiskey-vinegar 17Child-edge 19Bitter-born 10Hammer-woodThirsty-cradle 19City-flames 19Square-eating 19Butter-dirt 19Doctor-malefactor 19Loud-quinine 19Thief-joy 19Lion-sage 19Joy-thorn 19Bed-draper 19Heavy-close 19Tobacco-weedBaby-stop 19Moon-starch 19Scissors-crepe 17Quiet-bustle 19Green-colorSalt-throw 19Street-ferment 19King-jaunce 4Cheese-tepid 19Blossom-woman 9Afriad-ahame 17

CASE No. oi6��.-E. H. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

Table-cent 19Dark-sweet 19Music--delighted 2Sickness-pop 19Man-change 19Deep-pass 19Soft-drop 19Eating-fair 19Mountain-heavy 19House-fate 19Black-right 19Mutton-with 12

()omfort-lndeed 12Hand-span 10Short-stopFruit-dip 19Butterfly-home 19Smooth-days 19Command-stop 15Chair-pledge 19Sweet-right 15Whistle-home 15Woman-Louisa 17Cold-chair 16Slow-aid 19Wish-book 2River-shoes 19White-ouch 12Beautiful-not 12Window-papers 19Rough-lettuce 19Citizen-money 17Foot-stand

flpider-socks 19

Needle-drops 15Red-glass 17Sleep-suits 19Anger-suits 5Carpet-hat 19Girl-president 19High-pass 19Working-knock 19Sour-cake 19Earth-homeTrouble-news 17Soldier-name 19Cabbage-rule 19Hard-rope 19Eagle-in 12Stomach-potato 17Stem-pickLamp-berry 18Dream-bookYellow-lettuce 10Bread-chews 17Justice-night 15Boy-bat 17Light-rasp 19Health-off 12Bible-comforter 2Memory-candy 19Sheep-eatBath-sweet 19Cottage-walk 19Swift-reason 19Blue-dot 19flungry-swlft 16Priest-birth 19

Ocean-stop 15Head-strap 19Stove-pot 17Long-nameReligion-day 13Whiskey-take 19Child-jaw 17Bitter-licorice 17Hammer-soundThirsty-cards 19City-dice 18Square-muff 19Butter-stick 19Doctor-perfect 19Loud-walk 15Thief-jailLion-cowJoy-nail 19Bed-new 19Heavy-down 12Tobacco-prize 19Baby-new 15Moon-newScissors-teach 19Quiet-man 1Green-water 17Salt-money 19Street-right 15King-girl 19Cheeae-house 19Blossom-work 1Afraid-jars 19

336 [Oct.

J. D. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY

CASE M. F. (from Hudson River State Hospital).-Unclassified reac-tions, mostly incoherent.

Table-heat 19Dark-succeed 19Music-benefit 19Sickness-steep 19Man-dlcut 4Deep-rectify 19Soft-bedEating-dozy 19Mountain-tulu 4House-sails 19Black-sunrise 19Mutton-tuition 19Comfort-blasphemous . .19Hand-doingShort-pest 19Fruit-charm 19Butterfly-doctor 19Smooth-border 19Command-rightChair-distill 19Sweet-noticed 19Whistle-stead 19Woman-splice 19Cold-strap 19Slow-chief 19Wish-shame 19River-word 19White-colorBeautiful-better 19Window-dull 19Rough-bright 18Citizen-chum 19Foot-relax 19Spider-float 19

Needle-action 19Red-stout 19Sleep-lazy 17Anger-anguishCarpet-knowledge 19Qirl-first 10High-hand 19Working-power 17Sour-mud 19Earth-skyTrouble--sorrowSoldier-manhood 2Cabbage-righteous 19Hard-beaten 17Eagle-dog 19Stomach-paste 19Stem-dust 10lamp--fall 19Dream-Idle 17Yellow-zone 19Bread-pan 17Justice--tricks 17Boy-barrel 19Light-powers 15Health-kindness 19Bible-storyMemory-pillow 19Sheep-veil 19Bath-Ink 19Cottage-paper 19Swift-arrowBlue-coldHungry-dyes 19Priest-cloak 19

Ocean-pilot 17Head-tin 19Stove-plate 17Long-trouble 19Religion-soap 19Whiskey-starch 18Child-night 19Bitter-contentment . .. .19Hammer-shortness 19Thirsty-knife 19City-mind 19Square-truth 2Butter-biscuitDoctor-piles 17Loud-distrust 19Thief-babies 19Lion-hairJoy-eyesight 19Bed-dievos 4Heavy-determined 19Tobacco-health 19Baby-wood 19Moon-heat 15Scissors-squeeze 19Quiet-tears 19Green-fall 15Salt-soft 10Street-walt 19King-inches 19Cheese-doctor 15Blossom-fades 19Afraid-hearts 2

CASE No. o1552.-E.Table-unicorn 19Dark-African 17Music-loveSickness-slumber 17Man-minstrel 10Deep-riverSoft-highwayman 19Eating-England 19Mountain-pleasure .... 1House-Christianity . .. .19Black-directory 19Mutton-capers .19Comfort-mankind 12Hand-surface 19Short-court 10Fruit-pleasure 1Butterfly-dispatcher . . .19Smooth-navigation . .. .19Command-

adminIstration. .19Chair-time 19Sweet-office 13Whistle-foreign 19Woman-usefulness 1Cold-frigidSlow-vocation 19Wish-longingRiver-tributary 17White-Island 13Beautiful-unseen 19Window-frugal 19Rough-nautical 19Citizen-pedsatrian 19Foot-laugh 19

Spider-jungle 19Needle-man 9Red-monde 4Sleep-resustication 4Anger-uncared 19Carpet-foreign 16GIrI-celt 19High-wine 10Working-prayer 19Sour-flower 10Earth-tariff 19Trouble-ledger 19Soldier-work 1Cabbage-ancient 19Hard-provender 19Eagle-school 19Stomach-bowelsStem-tideLamp-scientific 19Dream-eomno 4Yellow-pain 10Bread-populous 19Justice-thwart 19Boy-globe 19Light-female 13Health-linen 19Bible-divine 17Memory-current 19Sheep-waterBath-rain 18Cottage--joUrnal 19Swift-yacht 17Blue-novel 19Hungry-viand 2

Priest-pedestrian 15Ocean-commotion 10Head-sugar 19Stove-writer 19Long-mingle 19Religion-tent 19Whiskey-copulency .... 4Child-editor 19Bitter-backward 19Hammer-youth 19Thirsty-salt 17City-gentler 19Square-angelus 19Butter-pastry 17Doctor-veterinary 17Loud-muslin 19Thief-grocer 19Lion-trip 19Joy-penance 17Bed-granite 19Heavy-note 19Tobacco-vanese 4Baby-school 15Moon-element 19Scissors-elderly 19Quiet-trinity 19Green-commissioner . . .19Salt-strength 19Street-voyager 19King-sorrow 19Cheese-holiday 19Blossom-parks 19Afraid-stamina 17


CASE No. 667.-C. L. Pronounced stereotypy. Following note on testrecord: “Many attempts were made to secure a reaction other than ‘cat,’

but usually without success; the reaction cold-warm was given spontan-

eously and with apparent interest; most reactions were given only in

response to much urging, or else mechanically, without attention.”

Table-cat #{149}6Dark-rat .18Music-shoe 19Sickness-cat 6Man-boyDeep-cat 6Soft-hat 19Eating-cat 6Mountain-hit 19House-gold 19Black-woman 9Mutton-get 19Comfort-cousin 19Hand-Jesus 19Short-hat 15Fruit-hand 16Butterfly-going 19Smooth-hat 15Command-boyChair-hat 15Sweet-cat 6Whistle-boyWoman-catCold-warmSlow-button 19Wish-cat 6River--cat 5White-rat 15Beautiful-good 1Window-wheel 19Rough-good 9Citizen-candy 19Foot-cat 6Spider-dog 19

Needle-cat 6Red-button 15Sleep-cat 6Anger-go 15Carpet-cat 6Girl-in 12High-little 19Working-cold 19Sour-cat 6Earth-tag 19Trouble-cat 6Soldier-cat 5Cabbage-cat 5Hard-cat 5Eagle-cat 5Stomach-catStem-hat 15Lamp-cat 6Dream-cat 5Yellow-catBread-cat 5Justice-cat 5Boy-cat 6Light-cat 5Health-cat 5Bible-cat 5Memory-cat 5Sheep-cat 5Bath-cat 5Cottage-cat 5Swift-catBlue-cat 5Hungry-cat 5Priest-cat 5

Ocean-cat IHead-catStove-catLong-catReligion-catWhiskey-catChild-catBitter-cat IHammer-catThirsty-cat ICity-catSquare-cat IButter-cat IDoctor--cat ILoud-cat IThief-cat ILion-catJoy-cat IBed-cat IHeavy-catTobacco-eat IBaby-cat IMoon-cat IScissors-catQuiet-eat IGreen-catSalt-cat IStreet-catKing-cat ICheese-cat IBlossom-cat IAfraid-cat

CASE No. 6oo#{243}.-E. T. S. Stereotypy.

Table-eatDark-unkindness 19Music-beautiful 1Sickness-sufferingMan-good IDeep-unkindness 15Soft-unkindness 5Eating-digestingMountain-lowHouse-small 1Black-darknessMutton-good 1Comfort-homeHand-useful 1Short-useful 5Fruit-healthyButterfly-beautiful 1Smooth-unkindness . .. .15Command-great 9Chair--useful 1Sweet-healthy 15Whistle-beautiful 6Woman-good 1Cold-unhealthy 19Slow-good 6Wish-always 12River-needed 6White-pretty 1Beautiful-treesWindow-needed 6Rough-unneeded 4Citizen-needed 6Foot-needed 2Spider-needed 5

Needle-needed 5Red-beautiful 2Sleep-beautiful 1Anger-needed 6Carpet-needed 5Girl-needed 5High-heightWorking-needed 6Sour-needed 5Earth-needed 5Trouble-trust 10Soldier-needed 6Cabbage-needed 5Hard-troubleEagle-beautiful 6Stomach-troubleStem--shoot 10Lamp-lightDream-pleasant 1Yellow-pretty 1Bread-good 1Justice-needed 6Boy-needed 5Light-pretty 6Health-neededBible-needed 5Memory-needed 2Sheep-needed 5Bath-needed 5Cottage-needed 5Swift-needed 5Blue-pretty 1Hungry-foodPriest-Father

Ocean-fresh 19Head-unhealthy 15Stove-warmthLong-lengthReligion-needed 2Whiskey-needed 5Child-neededBitter-needed 5Hammer--needed 5Thirsty-waterCity-pretty 6Square-honestButter-good 1Doctor-neededLoud-needed 5Thief-trustLion-love 19Joy-laughterBed-comfortableHeavy-sleepiness 2Tobacco-needed 6Baby-needed 5Moon-needed 5Scissors-needed 5Quiet-pleasure IGreen-me 12Salt-neededStreet-needed 5King-needed 5Cheese-needed SBlossom-needed 5Afraid-nervous


CASE No. 2292.-C. M. Perseveration: numerous instances of associa-tion to preceding reaction; unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

Table-tree .19Dark-night .

Music-instrument8lckness-smoke .19Man-woman . 1Deep-waterSoft-tide 18Eating-potatoMountain-milk 13House-clay 17Black-polish 17Mutton-goatComfort-cream 10Hand-hay 19Short-meat 19Fruit-pearsButterfly-flowerSmooth-smell 10Command-drink 19Chair-wine 18Sweet-honeyWhistle-windWoman-whiskey 19Cold-fireSlow-speedWish-goRiver-boatWhite--stem 18Beautiful-cloak 17Window-drift 19Rough-stormCitizen-citron 10Foot-feed 19Spider-web

Needle-threadRed-sew 13Sleep-restAnger-health 13Carpet-carrots 10Girl-eat 19High-horse 19Working-hay 15Sour-cut 19Earth-machine 19Trouble-repair 18Soldier-mow 19Cabbage-plantHard-seed 18Eagle-birdStomach-egg 17Stem-joinLamp-oilDream-burn 13Yellow-gas 18Bread-flourJustice-drink 19Boy-girlLight-man 9Health-woman 1Bible-baby 10Memory-want 19Sheep-lambBath-waterCottage-hay 15Swift-corn 18Blue-eat 18Hungry-ham 17Priest-pickle 18

Ocean-turnip 18Head-hairStove-coalLong-wood 13Religion-lemon 10Whiskey-wheat 17Child-rye 18Bitter-medicineHammer-nailThirsty-beerCity-cake 19Square-pie 18Butter-creamDoctor-herb 19Loud-duck 19Thief-feathers 18Lion-animalJoy-peaceBed-sleepHeavy-rest 13Tobacco-chewBaby-chair 19Moon-sunScissors-cutQuiet-hair 18Green-grapesSalt-bag 19Street-stoneKing-cement 18Cheese-money 19Blossom-flowerAfraid-fast 19

CASE No. 17880.-E. D. Numerous repetitions of reactions previouslygiven; unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent; neologisms.

Table-eatingDark-nl#{231}htMusic-pianoSickness-stoppery 4Man-manlyDeep-knowing 6Soft-undoable 4Eating-oblong 19Mountain-guide 19House-residing 2Black-dressMutton-aiding 19Comfort-escorted 6Hand-escorted 5Short-unescorted 18Fruit-eatingButterfly-interfere 19Smooth-knowing 6Command-unerrorer ... 4Chair-seatedSweet-durable 19Whistle-treated 19Woman-help 2Cold-stoppery 4Slow-unknowing 4Wish-treated 15River-boatsWhite-treasurer 19Beautiful-formWindow-outlookRough-unesoorted 15Citizen-residing 2Foot-travelSplder-atoppery 4

Needle-clothing 2Red-colorSleep-stoppery 4Anger-unguarded 17Carpet-residence 15Girl-help 6High-escorted 6Working-man 1Sour-form 15Earth-platformer 4Trouble-unguarded . . . .15Soldier-sentinel SCabbage-dinners SHard-escorted 6Eagle-newspaper 17Stomach-healthStem-windingLamp-readingDream-guarded 19Yellow-aged 19Bread-knowing 6Justice--bar 17Boy-help 6Light-advice 19Health-doableness 4Bible-churchMemory-knowing 2Sheep-aided 15Bath-atoppery 4Cottage-seashoreSwift-business 17Blue-help 6Hungry-unadded 4Priest-Rome 19

Ocean-help 6Head-knowing 2Stove-cookingLong-bank 19Religion-churchWhiskey-drinkChild-help 6Bitter-error 16Hammer--builder 2Thirsty-drinkCity-buildingSquare-unerrorer 4Butter-eatingDoctor-destroyer 10Loud-notoriety 17Thief-error 15Lion-lord 19Joy-escorted 6Bed-unescorted . .� 15Heavy-unescorted 5Tobacco-chewingBaby-help 6Moon-knowing 6Scissors-tailorQuiet-form 15Green-moneyed 19Salt-eatingStreet-cityKing-adds 19Cheese-eatingBlossom-escorted 6Afraid-unguarded 15

B. Sound reactions; unclassified reactions, mostly


CASE No. 6o6�-A. F. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent; per-

severation: instances of association to preceding reaction and to preceding

stimulus.

Table-stove 19Dark-clear 19MusIc-calm 19Sickness-exact 19Man-particular 18Deep-personal 13Soft-frank 19Eating-determined . .. .19Mountain-Idea 19House-streetBlack-waterMutton-ground 19Comfort-country 18Hand-fire 19Short-straight 10Fruit-flowersButterfly-horn 19Smooth-farm 19Command-forbidden ... 2Chair-bedSweet-sugarWhistle-noiseWoman-boy(3old-houee 13Slow-store 14Wish-work 19River-sound 17White-blueBeautiful-laIrWindow-doorRough-glass 13Citizen-dress 19Foot-exact 15

Spider--fly

Needle-pinsRed-person 9Sleep-nervous 17Anger-determined 15Carpet-floorGirl-man 1High-fruit 19Working-wear 10Sour--sweetEarth-early 10Trouble-state 19Soldier-girl 16Cabbage-woman 9Hard-heartEagle-birdStomach-friend 19Stem-treeLamp-couch 19Dream-desk 19Yellow-tableBread-chair 14Justice-truthBoy-honor 13Light-tails 19Health-careBible-bookMemory-remembrance...Sheep-free 19Bath-court 19Cottage-pitcher 19Swift-strongBlue-delicate 18Hungry-breadPriest-church

Ocean-shipHead-height 2Stove-people 9Long-heart 16Religion-CatholicWhiskey-Brooklyn 19Child-New York 18Bitter--frost 19Hammer-summer 10Thirsty-fall 18City-autumn 18Square-winter 18Butter-daily 19Doctor-midnight 19Loud-forenoon 18Thief-afternoon 15Lion-evening 18Joy-sorrowBed-obstinate 19Heavy-Indifferent 19Tobacco-pipeBaby-motherMoon-daughter 18Scissors-son 18Qulet-slster 18Green--brother 18Salt-forward 19Street-proper 19King-vulgar 18Cheese-personal 15Blossom-freeAfraid-fear

CASE No. 17188.-G.incoherent.

Table-tablet 19Dark-dot 10Music-Lizzie 19Sickness--Josh 17Man-McMahon 10Deep-deaf (deef) 10

Soft-sulphur 10Eating-Itching 10Mountain-mouth 10House-horse 10Black-back 10Mutton-button 10Comfort-community .. .10Hand-hat 10Short-shore 10Fruit-Freehoff 10Butterfly-busty 3Smooth-small 1Command-Cummings . .10Chair-cherries 10Sweet-sweeten 8Whistle-Walters 19Woman-wayman 10Cold-laboratory 19Slow-glaw 10Wish-wishboneRiver-Ontario 17White-William 19Beautiful-bureau 10Window-Weldon 10Rough-saw 17Citlzen-Sendow 17Foot-hoof 17Spider-web

Needle-shoe 19Red-bookSleep-sifting 19Anger-Freeman 19Carpet-longing 19Girl-gone 19High-law 19Working-back 15Sour-clock 19Earth-flowerTrouble-sensibility ... .17Soldier-sodder 10Cabbage-Cabot 10Hard-done 2Eagle-time 19Stomach-mat 19Stem-waterLamp-florist 19Dream-Conners 19Yellow-flowerBread-waterJuatlce-Gaynor 17Boy-passion 19Light-lifeHealth-wealthBible-gone 15Memory-Hans 19Sheep-pastureBath-Rogan 19Cottage-houseSwift-swim 10Blue-Thompson 19Hungry-memory 16Priest-golden 18

Ocean-hat 15Head-broom 19Stove-fan 19Long-timeReligion-Yukon 19Whiakey-Freeman 15Chlld-Hopklss 17Bitter-brown 19Hammer-hands 19Thirsty-thirty 10City-sure 19Square-squire 10Butter-Tam O’Shanter. .10Doctor-Dorsan 10Loud-law 15Thief-child 19LIon-dIrty 19Joy-commerce 19Bed-strike 19Heavy-Walden 19Tobacco-Alice 19Baby-water 15Moon-handsome 19Scloie-comet 19Quiet-tiger 19Green-treeSalt-salary 10Street-prunes 19King-kind 19Cheese--handsome 15Blossom-pretty 1AfraId-Africa 10


CASE No. 6z�8.-M. H. Sound reactions; unclassified reactions, mostly

CASE No. 1272o.-J. B. Unclassified reactions, many of which are prob-ably due to distraction; some stereotypy. Note on test record states: “In-fluenced by sensory impressions, but gave good attention to each stimulusword. Had some difficulty in limiting his response to one word, but madeall possible effort to comply with every request. On one occasion he was

asked to react with his eyes closed, but was unable, under the unnatural

conditions, to respond with one word.”

340

incoherent.

Table-token .19Dark-dye 17Music-meat 10Slcknsss-sorrowMan-mother 17Deep-darkSoft-silkEating-elephant 19Mountain-many 10House-homeBlack-brownMutton-men 10Comfort-cat 10Hand-hat 10Short-shift 10Fruit-free 10Butterfly-baby 19Smooth-softCommand-cat 10Chair-comfortSweet-sugarWhistle-wine 19Woman-when 10Cold-cat 15Slow-shortWish-when 12River-RhineWhite-when 10Beautiful-babyWindow-wideRough-red 19Citizen-company 19Foot-feeling 19Spider-speck 10

Needle-nothing 18Red-roseSleep-should 1�2Anger-after 10Carpet-cat 10Girl-God 19High-heavenWorking-will 2Sour-sweetEarth-eaten 14Trouble-tea 10Soldier-sailorCabbage-cobweb 19Hard-haven’t 12Eagle-eaten 15Stomach-eat 10Stem-should 1.2

Lamp-little 19Dream-did 12Yellow-you 10Bread-butterJustice-Jesus 10Boy-babyLight-love 14Health-heavenBible-bitch 19Memory-man 1Sheep-shepherdBath-both 10Cottage-cat 10Swift-said 19Blue-bad 9Hungry-haven’t 12Priest-Pope

Ocean-open 11)Head-heartStove-steelLong-little 15Religion-rightWhiskey-when 12Child-chimney 19Bitter-both 19Hammer-heart 15Thirsty-think 9City-church 1.Square-swift 19Butter-breadDoctor-debtor 10Loud-loaf 19Thief-theatre 10Lion-liar 10Joy-jam 19Bed-broom 19Heavy-hardTobacco-Tom 19Baby-brother 17Moon-men 2Scissors-shift 10Quiet-quilt 10Green-grassSalt-said 19Street-Stevens 10King-kite 19Che�-cat 15Blossom-bad 9Afraid-anger

Table-floorDark-lightMusic-shoe 19Sickness-wellMan-boyDeep-seaSoft-soapEating-tea 17Mountain-forest 17House--horse 10Black-sill 19Mutton-tablecloth 17Comfort-black 16Hand-fingersShort-wrist 13Fruit-soup 17Butterfly-grape 13Smooth-coatCommand-vest 18Chair-pillow 19Sweet-brick 19Whistle-knuckles 19Woman-wall 19Cold-eating 19Slow-swiftWish-knob 19River-pad 19White-book 19Beautiful-shadow 6Window-stockings 19Rough-stand 19Citizen-blue 11)Foot-brass 19Spider-shoelace 19

Needle-name 19Red-sunlight 19Sleep-flag 13Anger-slant 19Carpet-rip 19Girl-ladyHigh-stripe 19Working-steam 17Sour-handkerchief 19Earth-groundTrouble-insect 19Soldier-armyCabbage-sill 15Hard-washstand 19Eagle-blue 15Stomach-tap 19Stem-sill 15Lamp-back 19Dream-shadow 2Yellow-blanket 19Bread-horizontal 19Justice-ink 19Boy-taste 19Light-yellowHealth-book 19Bible-Joseph 17Memory-Joe 18Sheep-pillow 19Bath-Mott 19Cottage-globe 19Swift-continue 19Blue-notice 19Hungry-Josephine 19Priest-sixteen 12

Ocean-flag 15Head-cabbageStove-rivet 17Long-floor 19Religion-priestWhiskey-tin 19Child-shadow 6Bitter-black 15Hammer-buttons 15Thirsty-shadow 6City-back 15Square-ovalButter-tableDoctor-doorway 10Loud-shadow 6Thief-butter 16Lion-difference 19Joy-ink 15Bed-butter 15Heavy-shadow 6Tobacco-wood 13Baby-wall 15Moon-lightning 17Scissors-book 15Quiet-yellow 15Green-sole 19Salt-Ink 15Street-sides 19King-stripes 19Cheese-butterBlossom-treesAfraid-boy

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J ROSANOFF 341

CASE No. 5374-J. F. Perseveration; some stereotypy; sound reactions;unclassified reactions many of which are probably due to distraction. Note

on test record states: “Understood what was expected, but could not beinduced to give much attention to the stimulus words; sat facing a window,and showed a strong tendency to merely name objects in sight. Reactiontime very short, in some cases so short that it is doubtful if he recognizedthe stimulus word at all.”

Sound reactions; particles; unclassified reactions,

Table-God .19Dark-angel .18Music-bird.Sickness-woman . 9Man-maleDeep-dove .19Soft-dog .19Eating-horse .18Mountain-mule 18House-dogBlack-rabbit 18Mutton-hen 18Comfort-dog 15Hand-clockShort-myselfFruit-poet 19Butterfly-bricks 19Smooth-glassCommand-sand 10Chair-leaf 19Sweet-wood 19Whistle-earth 19Woman-grass 14Cold-mustard 19Slow-kale 19Wlah-lampsquob 4River-ten 12White-rock 17Beautiful-water 17Window-sceneRough-been 12Citizen-house 13Foot-stable 2Spider-horse 13

Needle-pinRed-cushion 18Sleep-black 13Anger-white 14Carpet-vingency 4Girl-noodles 19High-macaroni 18Working-tomatoes 18Sour-asparagus 18Earth-oakry 4Trouble-peas 19Soldier-beans 18Cabbage-greensHard-cow 19Eagle--robinStomach-hawk 13Stem-fishes 19Lamp-whale 18Dream-shark 18Yellow--crabs 18Bread-red .10Justice-jam 19Boy-be 2Light-girlHealth-filth 10BIble-bookMemory-bad 1Sheep-dat 4Bath-oval 19Cottage-nurse 19Swift-begin 19Blue-joy 19

Hungry-wonder 10Priest-apostle 17

Ocean-preacher 13Head-dead 10Stove-store 10Long-lone 10Religion-world 19Whiskey-whisper 10Child-gule 4

Bitter-Rugby 19Hammer-ball 18Thirsty-sun 19City-Christ 10Square-Jesus 18Butter-Joe 19Doctor-John 17Loud-Luke 18Thief-St. Matthew 18Lion-lie 10Joy-George 10Bed-Beth 10Heavy-tither 4Tobacco-iron 18Baby-blade 10Moon-starsScissors-sun 18Quiet-wired 10(Ireen-mean 10Salt-Lou 19Street-vault 19King-sepulchre 18Cheese-Presbyterian - . .19Blossom-Baptist 18Afraid-Methodist 18

CASE No. 1431.-A. L.mostly incoherent.

Table-ammitting 4Dark-catMusic-hello 12Sickness-spelling 19Man-then 12Deep-heap 10Soft-deep 7Eating-people 1Mountain-striking 19House--pat 19Black-and 12Mutton-It 12Comfort-herself 12Hand-self 19Short-lengthFruit-long 13Butterfly-quick 19Smooth-edges 19Command-first 17Chair-exact 19Sweet-nicest 2Whistle-thistle 10Woman-pins 19Cold-waving 19Slow-swiftWish-choice 17River-never 10White-blackBeautiful-much 19Window-such 19Rough-exact 15Citizen-justFoot-root 10Spider-diving 19

23

Needle-Hercules 19Red-greenSleep-deepAnger-griefCarpet-cheap 19Girl-ink 19High-I 10Working-loafingSour-hour 10Earth-hurt 10Trouble-bubble 10Soldier-yes 12Cabbage-garbage 10Hard-hitting 17Eagle-fitting 19Stomach-pitting 19Stem-condemned 10Lamp-stamp 10Dream-stained 19Yellow-purpleBread-pimple 19Justice-suit 17Boy-ahoy 12Light-nightHealth-wealthBible-indeed 12Memory-remembering . -

Sheep-cowBath-spongeCottage-people 1Swift-left 10Blue-shift 19Hungry-property 19Priest-judge 2

Ocean-riverHead-sea 13Stove-Venus 19Long-hog 19Religion-pigeon 10Whiskey-ginChild-thing 19Bitter-better 10Hammer-happy 9Thirsty-whiskey 17City-fitting 10Square-roundButter-shut 10Doctor-exercise 19Loud-accounts 10Thief-endless 19Lion-tigerJoy-fast 19

19Heavy-heaving 10Tobacco-queen 19Baby-water 19Moon-room 19

Scissors-pants 17

� ::::::::::::�Salt-sharpStreet-fence 19King-bring 10Cheese-eggsBlossom-see 19Afraid-awaiting 19


CASE No. 6251.-C. D. Some stereotypy; particles; unclassified re-actions, mostly incoherent.

CASE No. 17607.-P. D. Test record somewhat approaching the normal:24 individual reactions, of which i6 are unclassified, mostly “far fetched”

and not strictly incoherent. Patient is a well-marked case of dementia

pr�cox but only moderately deteriorated; works well at the hospital.

Table-doctor .19Dark-nigger .17Music-violinSickness-whores 19Man-Mulcane 17Deep-deaf 19Soft-hearing 18Eating-pillow 13Mountain-sight 19House-pure 19Black-niggerMutton-plenty 6Comfort-middle 19Hand-left 17Short-one 12Fruit-up 12Butterfly-birdSmooth-never 6Command-commodore - .10Chair-seatSweet-sugarWhistle-highest 19Woman-Constance 17Cold-temperatureSlow-walkWish-wishboneRiver-love 19White-Dr. White 17Beautiful-pretty 1Window-dove 19Rough-fine 1Citizen-United States..Foot-left 15Spider-web

Needle-ether 19Red-potSleep-wakeAnger-madCarpet-pretty 1Girl-boyHigh-Heldel 10Working-neverSour-sweetEarth-bride 19Trouble-mischiefSoldier-warCabbage-headHard-never 6

Eagle-flyStomach-go 19Stem-study 10Lamp-lightDream-behave 19Yellow-false 19Bread-plenty 6Justice-justBoy-come 19Light-Davie 19Health-wealth

Bible-Constance 15Memory-fine 1Sheep-plenty 6Bath-bother 10Cottage-mansionSwift-hurryBlue-flowers 2Hungry-neverPriest-highest 2

Ocean-landHead-millionaire 19Stove-twenty-five 12Long-thirty-four 12Religon-churchesWhiskey-plenty 6Child-babyBitter-sorrowHammer-court 19Thirsty-blood 11City-this 12Square-I 12Butter-plenty 6Doctor-millionaire - .. .15Loud-tell 17Thief-rich 19Lion-west 19Joy-ever 12Bed-Constance 15Heavy-fine 9Tobacco-back 10Baby-millionaire 15Moon-always 12Scissors-large 9Quiet-stay 19Green-flowersSalt-perfume 18Street-floor 19King-Haaken 19Cheese-kiss 19Blossom-flowerAfraid-never

Table-oakDark-brownMusic-falsetto 17Sickness-typhoidMan-gender 19Deep-feet 19Soft-feelingEating-partaking 19Mountain-bunter 19House-dwellingBlack-colorMutton-sheepComfort-coziness 2Hand-anatomyShort-statureFruit-applesButterfly-insectSmooth-plainCommand-orderChair-furnitureSweet-sugarWhistle-steamWoman-sexCold-degreeSlow-speedlessWish-expressionRiver-AmazonWhite-pulp 17Beautiful-description -.

Window-opaque 19Rough-uncouthCitizen-qualification - - .19Foot-anatomySpider-bug

Needle-steelRed-colorSleep-slumberAnger-arousedCarpet-texture 2Girl-femaleHigh-upWorking-doingSour-lemonEarth-dirtTrouble-distressSoldier-uniformCabbage-crop 19Hard-metalEagle-birdStomach-anatomyStem-pipeLamp-glassDream-atmosphere 19Yellow-colorBread-flourJustice-equalityBoy-maleLight-sunHealth-colorBible-nonsense 19Memory-retentiveness .. 2Sheep-quadrupedBath-waterCottage-stories 19Swift-speedBlue-navyHungry-appetitePriest-uniform 15

Ocean-AtlanticHead-stature 15Stove-ironLong-inches 17Religion-creedWhiskey-hopsChild-neuter 19Bitter-horehound 17Hammer-steelThirsty-degree 15City-populationSquare-sidesButter-creamDoctor-physicianLoud-noiseThIef-characterization. .19Lion-menagerieJoy-openness 19Bed-furnitureHeavy-weightTobacco-plantBaby-egg 19Moon-astronomyScissors-bladesQuiet-noiselessGreen-Paris 11Salt-crystal 17Street-laneKing-usurper 19Cheese-milkBlossom-budAfraid-scared


CASE No. 5537.-J. H. Test record approaching the normal: 2! mdi-vidual reactions, 8 classed as normal, I non-specific, 12 unclassified, mostly“far fetched” but not strictly incoherent. Well-marked dementia praecox,

but of recent origin and but slight deterioration.

CASE No. 6igo.-L. L. Test record not distinguishable from normal.Case of recent onset, with little, if any deterioration.

Table-eat -

Dark-nightMusic-pleasure 1Sickness-sufferingMan-farmer 17Deep-lowSoft-hardEating-lifeMountain-earthHouse-dwellingBlack-colorMutton-foodComfort-restHand-limbShort-small 1Fruit-nourishingButterfly-flowerSmooth--straightCommand-obeyChair-furnitureSweet-palate 2Whistle-noiseWoman-marriageCold-Indisposed 17Slow-weary 19Wish-work 9River-tugWhite-sheets 2Beautiful-rare 19Window-ventilationRough-unevenCitizen-public 17Foot-walkSpider-web

Needle-sewRed-marine 19Sleep-reposeAnger-assault 17Carpet-clothGirl-sisterHigh-aboveWorking-laborSour-bitterEarth-farmTrouble-fightSoldier-dutyCabbage-vegetableHard-stoneEagle-large 1Stomach-bodyStem-leafLamp-lightDream-unconsciousness..Yellow-flagBread-hungerJustice-freedomBoy-schoolLight-electricityHealth-business 19Bible-religionMemory-brainSheep-pastureBath-cleanCottage-property 17Swift-current

Blue-uniform 17Hungry-appetitePriest-church

Ocean-commerce 19Head-thought 1Stove-ironLong-datanceReligion-beliefWhiskey-alcoholChild-parentBitter-tasteHammer-trade 19Thirsty-beverageCity-position 19Square-blockButter-yellowDoctor-professionLoud-fiddle 17Thief-policeMon-AfricaJoy-sensationBed-restHeavy-burdenTobacco-store 19Baby-careMoon-atmosphereSclasors-dressmakerQuiet-lonesomeGreen-colorSalt-house 19Street-neighborhood - ..17King-beast 19Cheese-merchant 19Blossom-flowersAfraid-train 10

Table-chairDark-lightMusic-noteSickness-healthMan-woman 1Deep-shallowSoft-hardEating-breakfastMountain-rockHouse-chimneyBlack-whiteMutton-animalComfort-chairHand-footShort-longFruit-ripeButterfly-fieldsSmooth-hardCommand-armyChair-straw 19Sweet-bitterWhistle-engineWoman-man 1Cold-hotSlow-fastWish-desireRiver-brookWhite-blackBeautiful-girlWindow-glassRough-smoothCitizen-cityFoot-ankleSpider-web

Needle-cottonRed-brickSleep-nightAnger-joyCarpet-clothGirl-mouth 17High-lowWorking-IdleSour-vinegarEarth-roundTrouble--sicknessSoldier-gunCabbage-gardenHard-rockEagle-flyStomach-man 1Stem-watchLamp-oilDream-sleepYellow--sunflowerBread-butterJustice-peaceBoy-girlLight-windowHealth-man 1Bible-GodMemory-mindSheep-pastureBath-waterCottage-treesSwift-engineBlue-skyHungry-breadPriest-church

Ocean-shipsHead-mindStove-chimneyLong-wind 19Religion-GodWhiskey-alcoholChild-motherBitter-fruit -

Hammer-nailsThirsty-waterCity-carsSquare-anglesButter-cowDoctor-sicknessLoud-noiseThief-sinner 2Lion-JungleJoy-gladnessBed-pillowHeavy-ironTobacco-leafBaby-motherMoon-starsScissors-threadQuiet-roomGreen-grassSalt-oceanStreet-men 15King-queenCheese-butterBlossom-budAfraid-coward


CASE No. 1278.-B. B. Test record not distinguishable from normal.

Case of several years standing, but showing almost complete remission of

344

all symptoms.

Table-chair .

Dark-day .

Music-InstrumentSlckne-healthMan-woman 1Deep-thoughts 1Soft-appleEasing-foodMountain-rockHouse-buildingBlack-darkMutton-meatComfort-homeHand-from 12Short-stoutFruit-eatingButterfly-birdSmooth-glossyCommand-generalChair-floorSweet-tasteWhistle-tuneWoman-man 1Cold-chillySlow-fastWish-somethingRiver-waterWhite-black -.

Beautiful-pretty 1Window-paneRough-uglyCitizen-papersFoot-shoeSpider-bug

Needle-threadRed-whiteSleep--slumberAnger-kindnessCarpet-matGirl-boyHigh-shortWorking-idle .. -

Sour-sweetEarth-landTrouble-sorrowSoldier-heroCabbage-turnipHard-softEagle-owlStomach-headStem-pipeLamp-cover 19Dream-sleepYellow-brownBread-biscuitJustice-peaceful 2Boy-girlLight-darkHealth-wellBible-bookMemory-lost 2Sheep-animalBath-washCottage-houseSwift-movements 2Blue-redHungry-thirstPriest-minister

Ocean-seaHead-bodyStove-ironLong-lengthReligion-too 12Whiskey-drinkChild-babyBitter-tasteHammer-nailsThirsty-drinkCity-townSquare-man 1Butter-breadDoctor-patientLoud-howl 17Thief-stealLion-bearJoy-happiness 1Bed-blanketHeavy-weightTobacco-smokeBaby-cradleMoon-MlnScissors-thimbleQuiet-stillnessGreen-plaid 17Salt-pepperStreet-sidewalkKing-queenCheese-crackersBlossom-leafAfraid-frightened

PARANOIC CONDITIONS.

The clinical group of psychoses included under the designation

paranoic conditions is far from being homogeneous. We have here

cases that are more or less closely allied to the paranoid form of

dementia prmcox, other cases that are apparently dependent upon

involutional changes (Kraepelin’s praeseniler B eeintrachtigungs-

ukihn), still other cases that are characterized by absence or at

least delay of mental deterioration, etc.

In some of these cases disturbance of the flow of utterance is

not observed, and the test records obtained from them present

no striking abnormalities. Distinctly pathological records are

obtained mainly from those cases which clinically resemble de-

mentia pr�ecox; in these records the nature of the pathological

reactions would seem to indicate that the diagnosis of dementia

prmcox would be more justifiable than that of paranoic condition.

The following test records will serve to illustrate the types of

reactions met with in this group of psychoses:

345

D. Slight tendency to give sound reactions.

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J ROSANOFF

CASE No. 3039.-F. A. Normal record.Table-purpose 19Dark-obscureMusic-pleasant 1Slckn�-conflnement . .17Man-twenty-one 12Deep-downSoft-smoothEating-nourishmentMountain-highHouse-livingBlack-darkMutton-eatingComfort-pleasant 1Hand-limbShort-lowFruit-eatButterfly-millerSmooth-softCommand-obeyChair-sittingSweet-tastingWhistle-noiseWoman-femaleCold-unpleasant 1Slow-easyWish-wantRiver-waterWhite-colorlessBeautiful-handsome - -.

Window-glassRough-unpleasant 1Citizen-voteFoot-limbSpider-Insect

Needle-sewingRed-colorSleep-bedAnger-crossCarpet-floorGirl-youngHigh-upWorking-laborSour-unpleasant 1Earth-dirtTrouble-worrimentSoldier-fightCabbage-vegetableHard-toughEagle-birdStomach-anatomyStem-growthLamp--burnDream-restlessnessYellow-colorBread-eatJustice-rightBoy-youngLight-seeHealth-wellBible-religionMemory-thoughtful -

Sheep-animalBath-washCottage-houseSwift-f utBlue-colorHungry-appetitePriest-Christian 17

Ocean--large 1Head-trunkStove-fireLong-distanceRellglon-Chrlstlanlty..Whiskey-drinkableC�illd-youngBitter-bad 1Rammer-knockThirsty-dryCity-governmentSquare-blockButter-eatPcctor-�u�Loud-noisyThief-stealLion-animalJoy-pleasant 1Bed-laying 2Heavy-weightyTobacco-smokingBaby-new-born 17Moon-planetScissors-cutting� ::::Salt-preservative 2Street-lane�ng-mon�hCheese-eatableBlossom-budding 2Afraid-fear

CASE No. 5803.-D. E.

Table-tree 19Dark-brightMusic-songSickness-healthMan-woman 1Deep-shallowSoft-hardBaMountain- IllHouse-horse 10Black-redMutton-tallowComfort-wealthHand-armShort-longFruit-plate 17Butterfly-netSmooth-surfaceCommand-obeyChair-tableSweet-sourWhistle-callWoman-ladyCold-lukewarm 19Slow-not 12Wish-receiveRiver-lakeWhite-blackBeautiful-gracefulWindow-doorRough-smoothCitizen-cityFoot-legSpider-soap 10

Needl inRed-yel owSleep-slumberAnger-amiableCarpet-matGirl-boyHigh-hillWorking-playingSour-sweetEarth-landTrouble-tranquillity - . .10Soldier-boyCabbage-plantHard-easyEagle-birdStomach-bowelsStem-headLamp-chimneyDream-myth 17Yellow-blueBread-biscuitJustice-balance 17Boy-girlLight-gray 17Health-wealthBible-prayerbookMemory-understanding..Sheep-lambBath-swimCottage-houseSwift-slowBlue-yellowHungry-eatPriest-bishop

Ocean-riverHead-neckStove-covers 2Long-shortReligion-optional 19Whiskey-wineChild-babyBitter-sweetHammer-gimlet 17Thirsty-drinkCity-townSquare-compassButter-butterfly 10Doctor-lawyerLoud-lord 10Thief-beggarLion-lionessJoy-sorrowBed-couchHeavy-lightTobacco-cigaretteBaby-childMoon-starsScissors-knifeQuiet-quilt 10Green-envySalt-sewing 19Street-laneKing-queenCheese-crackerBlossom-flowerAfraid-courageous

346

CASE No. 2I33.-M. F. Unclassified reactions,incoherent; perseveration.

[Oct.

mostly “far fetched” or

Marked stereotypy; unclassified reactions, mostly


Table-eatDark-nightMusic-singSickness-sadnessMan-homeDeep-lightSoft-sleep 18Eating-drinkMountain-hillsHouse-homeBlack-stove 17Mutton-lambComfort-pleasure 1Hand-writeShort-short-cake 10Fruit-grapesButterfly-butterSmooth-ironingCommand-correct 19Chair-see 19Sweet-applesWhistle-happiness IWoman-girlCold-warmSlow-fastWish-likeRiver-waterWhite-blueBeautiful-red 13Window-lightRough-easyCitizen-spring 19Foot-runSpider-fly

Needle-Carrie 19Red-pinkSleep-awakeAnger-jolly 19Carpet-curtainsGirl-yellow 19High-green 14Working-bed 19Sour-dishes 19Earth-grapes 13Trouble-work 1Soldier-sing 15Cabbage-potatoesHard-sewing 17Eagle-daisy 19Stomach-flowers 18Stem-vineLamp-flatiron 19Dream-sleepYellow-awake 13Dread-childrenJustice-dresses 14Boy-motherLight-darkHealth-wealthBible-commands 2Memory-black 18Sheep-chickens 17Bath-carpet 19Cottage-worsted 14Swift-silk 18Blue-cotton 18Hungry-chair 19Priest-church

Ocean-spring 15Head-canary 19Stove-boardLong-dishes 12Religion-piano 19Whiskey-home 15Child-babyBitter-shoes 19Hammer-tacksThirsty-longingCity-Flushing 17Square-store 10Butter-butcher 10Doctor-hat 19Loud-chair 15Thief-picture 19Lion-house 13Joy-gladnessBed-sleepHeavy-sick 2Tobacco-album 19Baby-basket 17Moon-starsSciser.-knlfeQuiet-spoon 18Green-scar 19Salt-pepperStreet-sugar 13King-blacking 19Cheese-meatBlossom-flowersAfraid-red 13

CASE No. 4569.-L KincoherentTable-fruit 17Dark-lightMusic-pleasure 1Sickness-IllnessMan-parent 6Deep-verse 19Soft-fruitEating-illness 15Mountain-parent 6House-privilege 19Black-colors . - -. 2Mutton-parent 6Comfort-family 18Hand-comfort 7Short-parent 6Fruit-parent 5Butterfly-InsectSmooth-�wteceCommand-privilege - - �15Chair-houseSweet-dairy 19Whistle-nature 19Woman-parent 6Cold-house 6Slow-light 15Wish-desireRiver-house 6White-suspicion 19Beautiful-house 6Window-lightRough-surfaceCitizen-parent 6Foot-houseSpider-Insect

Needle-house 6Red-colorsSleep-God 6Anger-God 5Carpet-houseGirl-God 6High-houseWorking-parent 6Sour-desire 15Earth-God 6Trouble-God 5Soldier--house 6Cabbage-desire 15Hard-vegetableEagle-animalStomach-doctorStem-growthLamp-houseDream-God 6Yellow-colorBread-God 6Justice-fright 19Boy-parent 6Light-God 6Health-God 5Bible-teachingsMemory-teaching 2Sheep-God 6Bath-cleannessCottage-homeSwift-fear 19Blue-colorHungry--appetitePriest-servant

Ocean-God 6Head-servant 6Stove-houseLong-God 6Religion-servant 6Whiskey-doctor 15Child-house 6Bitter-tasteHammer-household . - . .19Thirsty-drinkCity-God 6Square-touch 19Butter-tasteDoctor-servant 6Loud-thought 9Thief-slave 19Lion-animalJoy-pleasure 1Bed-household 15Heavy-weightTobacco-doctor 15Baby-careMoon-heavensScissors-household 15Quiet-nerve 19(Ireen-substance 19Salt-tasteStreet-heavens 15King-servant 6Cheese-tasteBlossom-sight 19Afraid-fear


CASE No. 6164-L. E. Remarkably persistent tendency to give soundreactions; numerous sound neologisms; no reactions given in response to

words on the ground that she had “no word to

347

Neologisms; some particles; many unclassified

some of the stimulus

match.”

Table-witchhazel 10Dark-frog 19Music-lessons 2Sickness-badness 2Man-wifeDeep-seef 4Soft-shoft 3Eating-feedingMountain-sounding - . . .10House-shmouse 8Black-fake 19Mutton-shutton 3Comfort-somfort 3Hand-land 10Short-court 10Fruit-shrewd 10Butterfly-shuddergy - -. 3Smooth-slude 3Command-noman 8Chair-sash 19Sweet-leaf 19Whistle-noshissel SWoman-lemon 19Cold-shoal 10Slow-snow 10Wish-dishRiver-liberty 10White-size 10Beautiful-Window-Hilda 19Rough-shoff 3Citizen-shiffizen 8Foot-shoot 10Spider-shlder 8

Needle-dreedle 8Red-shred 10Sleep-seef 3Anger-Carpet-shloppet 8Girl-shlrl 8High-fle 10Working-shllrking 8Sour-bower 10Earth-worldTrouble-shuttle 19Soldier-polster 8Cabbage-sheffies 4Hard-shward 3Eagle-Stomach-Stem-lamp 19Lamp-sent 4Dream-leam 8Yellow-cherry ... .19Bread-dread 10Justice-chestnuts 10Boy-Llght-shwife 8Health-felt 2Bible-Memory-Sheep-sheet 10Bath-scab 19Cottage-foppach 8Swift-shift 10Blue-shoe 10Hungry-angryPrlest�-eheaf 19

Ocean-notion 10Head-shred 10Stove-shove 8Long-song 10Religion-switching - -. .19Whiskey-chiston 4Child-kile 8Bitter-shitter 3Hammer-lemon . ... -. .1.8Thlrsty-flrsten 3City-Square-birds 19Butter-shudder 10Doctor-shoctor 3Loud-souse 10Thief-sheaf 10Lion-Zion 10Joy-bloy 8Bed-wading 19Heavy-shleavy 8Tobacco-confecker 4Baby-savey 8Moon-shoon 3Scissors-Qulet-shiet 3Oreen-sheel 4Salt-shawlt SStreet-f rest SKing-sing 10Chccsc-sccfs 4Blossom-pleasant 9Afrald-shrald 3

CASE No. 3606.-F. W.reactions, mostly incoherent

Table-pleasure 9Dark-air 19Music-walking 19Sickness-gloves 19Man-fields 19Deep-courtesy 19Soft-spoons 19Eating-orangesMountain-Ice 17House-paintings 2Black-blueMutton-hemisphere - . . .19Comfort-flowers 19Hand-sawdust 19Short-peanuts 19Frult-autoharp 19Butterfly-disease 19Smooth-IceCommand-botheratlon - .19Chair-tea 19Sweet-arrangement - .. .19Whistle-steadfast 19Woman-flowers 15Cold-grandeur 19Slow-present 19Wish-mania 19River-courtesy 15White-Ink 17Beautiful-flowersWindow-airRough-enjoyment 19Citizen-queer 19Foot-hatred 19Spider-carousy 4

Needle-pleasant 9Red-permit 19Sleep-indeed . . .12Anger-benevolence - . - .19Carpet-disorder 19Girl-caterer 19High-aside 10Working-among 12Sour-destroy 19Earth-confusion 19Trouble-frivolous 19Soldier-air 15Cabbage-temptation - ..19Hard-among 12Eagle-quality 19Stomach-debasteaur . - - 4Stem-counteract 19Lamp-testament 19Dream-connexus 4

Yellow-division 19Bread-atherey 4Justice-anger 19Boy-quality 15Light-among 12Health-frivolous 15Bible-permit 15Memory-usual 19Sheep-astrayBath-conscientious 19Cottage-texalous 4Swift-patience 19Blue-community 19Hungry-confusion 15Priest-second 19

Ocean-apology 19Head-trinity 19Stove-compartment - .. .19�ong-termlnal 19Religion-abundant 19Whlskey-approvement.. 4Child-anger 15Bitter-courageous 19Hammer-correction - . - 19ThIrsty-afterwards 12City-cataract 19Square-plenty 19Butter-accost 19Doctor-southern 19Loud-triangular 19Thief-cannery 19Lion-practice 19Joy-summons 19Bed-avron 4Heavy-olenthegolls . .. 4Tobacco-abundant 15Baby-parenthus 4Moon-otherwise 12Scissors-cartridge 19Quiet-outside 12Green-abounty 4Salt-calonry 4Street-abyss 19Klng-cavenry 4Cheese-perplex 19Blossom-cartridge 15Afraid-stubborn 19

T. K. Repetition of words previously given; non-


EPILEPSY.

Most of the cases of epilepsy in our collection show advanced

dementia and in some the clinical history would indicate also

original mental inferiority, that is to say, imbecility or feeble-

mindedness.

In these cases the dominant characteristic, so far as shown in

the test records, seems to be a narrowing of the mental horizon

manifested firstly by a tendency to repeat many times one or

another word, and secondly by an abnormally pronounced ten-

dency to make use of non-specific reactions or particles of speech.

Occasionally other abnormalities are noted, such as perseveration

or distraction.

We submit here copies of some test records.

CASE No. 541o.-W.specific reactions.Table-article 1Dark-light . - -.

Music-toneSickness-illMan-person 1Deep-distant 2Soft-condition 6Eating-chewMountain-highRouse-abodeBlack-colorMutton-meatComfort-peaceHand-limbShort-distanceFruit-resultButterfly-animalSmooth-plainCommand-orderChair-seatSweet-pleasant 1Whistle-soundWoman-femaleCold-chillySlow-paceWish-desireRiver-bodyWhite-clearBeautiful-grandWindow-place 18Rough-unsmooth 4Citizen-memberFoot-memberSpider-animal

Needle-article 1Red-colorSleep-restAnger-condition 6Carpet-coveringGirl-femaleHigh-distanceWorking-occupationSour-condition 6Earth-planetTrouble-condition 6Soldier-member 6Cabbage-vegetable -. . -

Bard-condition 6Eagle--animalStomach-memberStem-branch

Lamp-article 1

Bread-article 6Justice-position 19Boy-maleLight-clearHealth-conditionBible-bookMemory-condition 6Sheep-animalBath-position 15Cottage-houseSwift-fastBlue-colorHungry-condition 6Priest-office

Ocean-bodyHead-memberStove-article 1Long-distanceReligion-profession - . -.

Whiskey-liquidChild-person 1Bitter-condition 6Hammer-article 1Thirsty-condition 6City-placeSquare-honestButter-article 6Doctor-professionLoud-soundThief-position 15Lion-animalJoy-pleasant 1Bed-article 6Heavy-weightTobacco-plantBaby-person 1Moon-planetScissors-article 1Quiet-peacefulGreen-shadeSalt-article 1Street-placeKing-rulerCheese-article 6Blossom-plantAfraId-f ear

A. Repetition, of words previously given; non-

349

CASE No. o1218.-E. M. Repitition of words previously given; non-


CASE No. 2208.-J.specific reactions.

Table-woodDark-chairs 18Music-wood 14Sickness-dropsy 17Man-bodyDeep-wellSoft-lady 19Eating-man 6Mountain-hillsHouse-barns 2Black-horseMutton-sheepComfort-poison 19Hand-man 1Short-people 1Fruit-treesButterfly-treeSmooth-people 6Command-generalChair-hands 16Sweet-fruitWhistle-man 1Woman-people 1Cold-iceSlow-people 6Wish-dead 19River-lakesWhite-foam 17Beautiful-man 1Window-glassRough-people 6Citizen-man 1Foot-people 6Spfder.-barn 15

Needle-clothesRed-bloodSleep-bedAnger-angryCarpet-stores 19Girl-ladles 2High-mountainWorking-people 6Sour-fruitEarth-layTrouble-bad 1Soldier-man 1Cabbage-fieldHard-case 19Eagle-birdStomach-man 1Stem-pipeLamp-fireDream-bad 1Yellow-chair 15Bread-ryeJustice-rightBoy-bad 1Light--ship 19Health-pig 19Bible-man 6Memory-mindSheep-muttonBath-water

Cottage-houseSwift-.hlp 15Blue-lines 17Hungry-people 6Priest-man 1

Ocean-deepHead-bad 9Stove-woodLong-trees 2Religion-form 19Whiskey-apples 17Child-people 1Bitter-applesHammer-axeThirsty-drinkCity-townsSquare-measurement - . -

Butter-cowsDoctor-person 1Loud-people 1Thief-person 1Lion-animalJoy-person 9Bed-man 6Heavy-mountainTobacco-growingBaby-person 1Moon-people 6Scissors-cuttingQuiet-mind(Ireen-cloud 19Salt-planting 13Street-walkKing-human 19Cheese-milkBlossom--flowersAfraid-human 15

specific reactions.

Table-tableclothDark-dogMusic-figure 17Sickness-drink 17Man-people 1Deep-pull 19Soft-lightEating-think 1Mountain-well 18House-plumber 17Black-horseMutton-park 19Comfort-nice 1Hand-use 1Short-longFruit-figsButterfly-cloth 19Smooth-nice 1Command-pleasant ... 6Chair-wash 19Sweet-sourWhistle-mug 19Woman-pear 19Cold-warmSlow-quicknessWish-nice 1River-pleasant 1White-use 6Beautiful-comfort 19Window-looks 2Rough-pleasant 6Citizen-comfort 15Foot-helpSpider-wake 19

Needle-use 1Red-look 15Sleep-good 1Anger-no 12Carpet-make 19Girl-happy 9High-nice 6Working-pleasant 1Sour-bag 19Earth-groundTrouble-good 6Soldier-clothesCabbage-eatHard-good 1Eagle-pleasant 6Stomach-hurtStem-use 1Lamp-lightedDream-pleasant IYellow-wake 15Bread-makingJustice-helpBoy-pleasant 6Light-big 19Health-nice 6Bible-use 1Memory-no 12Sheep-pleasant 6Bath-good 1Cottage-useful 6Swift-quickBlue-good 1Hungry-sour 15Priest-good 1

Ocean-useful 6Head-nice 6Stove-lighted 2Long-lake 19Religion-pleasant 6Whiskey-use 6Child-help IBitter-sourHammer-stick 19Thirsty-drinkCity-handy 19Square-pleasant 6Butter-useful 1Doctor-helpLoud-make 15Thief-punish 2Lion-bad 9Joy-happy 1Bed-pleasant 1Heavy-lightTobacco-pleasant 1Baby-help 6Moon-sunScissors-pleasant 6Quiet-sleepGreen-beans 10Salt-handy 15Street-make 15King-nice 6Cheese-good 1Blossom-pleasant 1Afraid-will 19

350

CASE No. 4989.-C H. Repetition of wordsspecific reactions; particles.

previously given; non-


Table-work 1Dark-true 19Music-pleasant 1Sickness-wellMan-absent 19Deep-together 12Soft-plenty 6Eatlng-good 1Mountain-together .. .12House-one 12Black-America 19Mutton-vegetable 2Comfort-sleepHand-nothing 19Short-never 12Fruit-vegetableButterfly-birdSmooth-large 9Command-willingChair-good 6Sweet-always 6Whistle-musicWoman-one 12Cold-medium 6Slow-quickWish-hopeRiver-lakeWhite-always 6Beautiful-medium 6Window-openRough-smoothCitizen-AmericanFoot-twoSpider-butterfly

Needle-steelRed-colorSleep-plentyAnger-neverCarpet-floorGirl-five 12High-mediumWorking-alwaysSour-never .. 6Earth-cultivate 17Trouble-noneSoldier-willing 15Cabbage-vegetableHard-seldom 12Eagle-AmericanStomach-no 12Stem-one 12Lamp-burningDream-always 6Yellow-sometimes 12Dread-softJustice-alwaysBoy-two 12Light-plentyHealth-plentyBible-Catholic 17Memory-good 1Sheep-woolBath-good 1Cottage-plenty 6Swift-medium 6Blue-never 6Hungry-seldom 6Priest-good 1

Ocean-three 12Head-good 1Stove-burningLong-mediumReligion-willing 15

Whiskey-some 19Child-good 1Bitter-never 6Hammer-toolThirsty-seldom 6City-New YorkSquare-always 6Butter-good 1Doctor-good ILoud-medium 6Thief-noneLion-animalJoy-plenty 6Bed-good 1Heavy-medium 6Tobacco-yes 12Baby-more 11)Moon-brightScissors-sharpQuiet-plenty 6Green-good 6Salt-little 19Street-Iota 18King-noneCheese-seldom 6Blossom-always 0Afraid-sometimes 15

CASE No. 4847.-C. C.

Table-eatDark-lock 10Music-fiddleSlckne-doctors 2Man-woman 1Deep-waterSoft-snowEating-oats 17Mountain-spray 19House-buildingBlack-red 15Mutton-meat 9Comfort-red 15Hand-people 9Short-world 19Fruit-age 13Butterfly-birdSmooth-eggs 18Command-cake 19Chair-world 15Sweet-cherriesWhistle-peaches 18Woman-childrenCold-summer 17Slow-brother 19Wish-pear 19River-orange 18White-blackBeautiful-red 18Window-doorRough-tableCitizen-couch 19Foot-armSpider-fly

Distraction.

Needle-scissors 17Red-blueSleep-pink 13Anger-�box 19

GIrl-boyHigh-playWorking-cup - 19Sour-bread 17Earth-picture 19Trouble-soap 19Soldier-towel 18Cabbage-turnipHard-treeEagle-clock 19Stomach-eatStem-soap 15Lamp-oilDream-glass 13Yellow-bottle 18Bread-soap 15Justice-pencil 19Boy-picture 15Light-darknessHealth-washstand 19Bible-bookMemory-saucer 19Sheep-chair 19Bath-bureau 14Cottage-pan 19Swift-towel 15Blue-wash 2Hungry-eatPriest-church

Ocean-beans 19Head-prunes 18Stove-cookLong-fig 19Religion--churchWhiskey-tea 17Child-people 1Bitter-stomach 19Hammer-tackThirsty-peach 15City-box 15Square-soap 15Butter-lard

Doctor-sickLoud-head 19Thief-cup 15Lion-bottle 15Joy-pitcher 19Bed-sheetHeavy-blanket 1,3Tobacco-mustard 19Baby-pepper 18Moon-heater 19Scissors-stringQuiet-lace 19Green-redSalt-soda 17Street-soldier 19King-box 15Cheese-cakeBlossom-shell 19Afraid-blotter 19

‘What we mean by contraction of the mental horizon has already been

described in connection with epilepsy, page 182.

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J. ROSANOFF 35’

CASE No. 3597.-L T. Some neologisms, all possessing obvious meaning.Table-standDark-lightMusic-InstrumentSIckness-healthMan-femaleDeep-deptablene 4

Eating-starvingMountain-Isthmus 17House-buildingBlack-whiteMutton-beefComfort-patientHand-legShort-longFruit-vegetableButterfly-spiderSmooth-coarseCommand-thought - . . - 1Chair-utensil 19Sweet-sourWhistle-trumpetWoman-man 1Cold-warmSlow-quickWish-commandRiver-lakeWhite-black . -. .

Beautiful-pretty 1Window-doorRough-straight

Citizen-tramp 19Foot-armSpider-fly

Needle-pinRed-blueSleep-awakeAnger-patient 2Carpet-rugGirl-servantHigh-low -

Worklng-]azlnsssSour-sweetEarth-hemisphereTrouble-goodness 9Soldier-merchant 17Cabbage-pumpkin 17Hard-tightEagle-hawkStomach-abdomenStem-leafLamp-lanternDream-nightmareYellow-lavender 17Bread-pastryJustice-badness 2Boy-childLight-darknessHealth-sicknessBible-testamentMemory-remember -

Sheep-lambBath-dirtiness 2Cottage-buildingSwift-quicklyBlue-redness 2Hungry-starvingPriest-minister

Ocean-seaHead-topne 4Stove-cookingLong-shorter 2Religion-wickedness . -.

Whiskey-medicineChild-daughterBitter-sweetness 2Hammer-pickaxe 17Thlrsty-drlnkness 4City-villageSquare-straightness - .. 2Butter-syrup 17Doctor-queen 19Loud-lowThief-burglarLion-tigerJoy-enjoyable 2Bed-bedsteadHeavy-lightnessTobacco-sweetness 2Baby-InfantMoon-sunScissors-shearsQulet-noiseness 4

Green-greenbill 3Salt-sugarStreet-Island 19King-nephew 19Cheese-curdne 4Blossom-budAfraid-knowledgeable .. 4

GENERAL PARESIS.

Cases presenting no considerable dementia or confusion and

cases in a state of remission are apt to give normal test records.

As we proceed from the records of such cases to those of cases

showing mental deterioration we observe a gradual reduction in

the values of reactions, contraction of the mental horizon,’ and

the appearance of the phenomenon of perseveration. We submit

the following test records for illustration:

352

CASE No. 4047.-C. A. F. Almost complete remission of all mental symp-toms. Normal record.

Table-dishDark-lightMusic-soundSickness-diseaseMan-woman 1Deep-fathoml�Soft-sweetEating-foodMountain-highHouse-barnBlack-colorMutton-meatComfort-easeHand-footShort-longFruit-sweetButterfly-mothSmooth-roughCommand-orderChair-legSweet-pleasant 1Whistle-soundWoman-femaleCold-iceSlow-lan�uld 17Wish-desireRiver-longWhite--colorBeautiful-fairWindow-glassRough-smoothCitizen-voterFoot-toeSpider-fly

Needle-sharpRed-colorSleep-slumberAnger-rageCarpet-sweepGirl-maidenHigh-loftyWorking-tollingSour-dlstastefulEarth-groundTrouble-sorrowSoldier-fighterCabbage-leafHard-easyEagle-flyStomach-foodStem-petalLamp-lightDream-slumberYellow-colorBread-eatJustice-judgmentBoy-youthLight-lampHealth-nature 17Bible-holyMemory-rememberSheep-lambBath-waterCottage-houseSwift-fastBlue-colorHungry-famishedPriest-holy

CASE No. #{243}#{243}#{243}o.-F.F. Repetition of wordsspecific reactions; unclassified reactions somestantial” (see page i6).

Ocean-seaHead-topStove-fire

Long-shortReligion-holyWhiskey-drinkChild-infantBitter-sourHammer-knockThirsty-drinkCity-townSquare-roundButter-eatDoctor-physicianLoud-knockThief-stealLion-tigerJoy-happiness 1Bed-sleepHeavy-weighTobacco-smokeBaby-childMoon-starsScissors-cutQuiet-softGreen-colorSalt-foodStreet-laneKing-queenCheese-eatBlossom-flowerAfraid-fear

Table-bureau 19Dark-boats SMusic-pianoSickness-doctorMan-sober 19Deep-cellarSoft-easyEating-ChewingMountain-climbHowe-tenants 2Black-colorMutton-meatComfort-easyHand-use 1Short-stump 2Fruit-nice 1Butterfly-like 6Smooth-cleanCommand-faithful 17Chair-easySweet-like 6Whlstl ood 6Woman- Ike 6Cold-medicineSlow-I 12Wish-likeRiver-boatsWhite-sheetBeautiful-flowersWindow-red 14Rough-streets 2Citizen-honestFoot-walkingSpider-kill 19

Needle-sewRed-nice 6Sleep-restAng�rossCarpet-good 6Girl-nice 1High-good IWorklng-wefl 19Sour-bitterEarth-property 19Trouble-fightingSoldier-good 1Cabbage-eatHard-sorry 19Eagle-good 6Stomach-good 1St#{231}m-falr 19Lamp-use 1Dream-now 12Yellow-colorBread-good 1Justice-fine 1Boy-good 1Light-good 1Health-vight .. .19Bible-homeMemory-good 1Sheep-like 6Bath-good 1Cottage-fine 1Swift-goBlue-nice 6Hungry-bad 1Priest-Father

previously given; non-of which are “circum-

Ocean-boatsHead-brainsStove-heatLong-streetsReligion-CatholicWhiskey-bad 1Child-good 1Bitter-sorrowHammer-use 1Thirsty-drinkCity-BrooklynSquare-parks 2Butter-Ice 19Doctor-cureLoud-hollerThief-no 2Lion-no 5Joy-hopeBed-restHeavy-loadTobacco-good 1Baby-good 1Moon-lightScissors-use 1Quiet-good 1Green-nice 6Salt-use 1Street-nice 1King-right 19Cheese-nice 1Blossom-growAfraid-no



CASE No. 6i8�.-�R. N. Numerous particles of speech; some unclassifiedreactions, chiefly “circumstantial” (see page i6) -

numerous instances of

Table-eat -

Dark-cloudyMusic-fond 19Sickness-wellMan-humanDeep-oceanSoft-fine 1Eating-yes 6MountaIn-yes 5House-yes 5Black-yea 5Mutton-yea 5Comfort-yea 5Hand-fingerShort-yes 6Fruit-yes 5Butterfly-yes 5Smooth-evenCommand-obeyChair-settle 17Sweet-bitterWhistle-can’t 19Woman-ladyCold-IceSlow-fastWish-giveRiver-enjoyment 19White-blackBeautiful-yes 6Window-paneRough-smoothCitizen-yea 6Foot-one 12Spider-yes 6

CASE No. 6�i&...C. �.

association to preceding

Table-horse 19Dark-wren 19Music-lark 18Sickness-coldMan-woman 1Deep-seaSoft-hardEating-drinkingMountain-fountainHouse-barnBlack-stable 13Mutton-cowComfort-horse 18Hand-lamb 18Short-calf 18Fruit-applesButterfly-oranges 2Smooth-peaches 18Command-plums 18Chair-benchSweet-sugarWhistle-drum 17Woman-man 1Cold-hotSlow-fastWish-who 12River-waterWhite-blueBeautiful--splendidWindow-sashes 2Rough-readyCitizen-BrooklynFoot-shoeSpider-web

Needle-sewingRed-blueSleep-nap 17Anger-willing 19Carpet-yes 6Girl-nature 19High-lowWorking-artist 17Sour-sweetEarth-worldTrouble-peacefulSoldier-no 12Cabbage-vegetableHard-softEagle-AmericanStomach-condition - . -.

Stem-post 17Lamp-lightDream-thinking 1Yellow-greenBread-loafJustice-yesBoy-humanLight-heavenHealth-wealthBible-yea 6Memory-yes 5Sheep-animalBath-yea 6Cottage-yes 5Swift-fastBlue-grayHungry-noPriest-yes 6

Perseveration shown byreaction.

Needle-pinRed-blueSleep-awakeAnger-bad 1Carpet-sweeperGirl-boyHigh-lowWorking-playingSour-sweetEarth-groundTrouble-wheelbarrow - .19Soldier-Mexican 1�Cabbage-potatoesHard-beets 18Eagle-carrots 18Stomach-peas 18Stem-peas 5Lamp-burningDream-happy 1Yellow-blueBread-green 13Justice-freedomBoy-girlLight-burningHealth--strengthBible-prayerbookMemory-thoughts 1Sheep-lambBath-waterCottage-houseSwift-whist 10Blue-redHungry-eatingPriest-Father

Ocean-waterHead-humanStove-coalLong-shortReligion-yea 6Whiskey-no 12Child-babyBitter-sweetHammer-pincher 17Thirsty-drinkingCity-populationSquare-circleButter-lardDoctor-physicianLoud-lowThief-penalty 17LIon-liar 10Joy-welcome 17Bed-sleepHeavy-lightTobacco-yes 6Baby-humanMoon-natural .. .15Scissors-no 12Quiet-yes 6Green-shadeSalt-eatStreet-townKing-rulerCheese-eatBlossom-blooming - . -.

Afraid-scared

Ocean-mother 18Head-brother 18Stove-sister 18Long-freedom 15Religion-smart 19Whiskey-wineChild-lamb 19Bitter-goat 18Hammer-nailsThirsty-dryCity-talking 19Square-inchesButter-cheeseDoctor-bread 13Loud-oranges 15Thief-almonds 18Lion-apples 18Joy-grapes 18Bed-peaches 18Heavy-cranberries 18Tobacco-grapes 18Baby-watermelons 18Moon-muskmelons 18Scissors-citrons 10Quiet-squashes 18Green-pumpkins 18Salt-cucumbers 18Street-tomatoes 18King-pears 18Cheese-apples 18Blossom-cherriesAfraid-gooseberries ... .18

354

CASE No. � W. Perseveration; recordof instances of association to preceding reaction.

almost entirely made up


Table-San Francisco - - .19Dark-comprehensible - .19Music-singingSickness-Brooklyn 19Man-woman 1Deep-amazing 19Soft-pleasant 9Eating-digestingMountain-gulf 17House-peninsula 18Black-Constantinople - .18Mutton-Bermuda 18Comfort-Los Angeles - .18Hand-Cuba 18Short-cities 18Fruit-Iowa 18Butterfly-England 18Smooth-Russia 18Command-Turkey 18Chair-Manila 18Sweet-Porto Rico 18Whistle-Washington . . .18Woman-Cincinnati . . - .18Cold-Pittsburg 18Slow-PhiladelphiaWish-Milwaukee 18River-St. Louis 18White-Japan 18Beautiful-China 18Window-Berlin 18Rough-Glasgow 18Citizen-London 18Foot-Dublin 18Spider-Sacramento - - . .18

Needle-Texas 18Red-North Carolina - -

Sleep-Florida 18Anger--Seattle iSCarpet-Nevada 18Girl-Iowa 15High-Virginia 18Working-LouisIana - . - .18Sour-Hawaii 18

Earth-Connecticut 18Trouble-Rhode Island - .18Soldier-Vermont 18Cabbage-Massachusetts. .18Hard-Hudson 18Eagle-East River 18Stomach-Staten Island. .18Stem-Kings Park 18Lamp-Fort Lee - .... - - .18Dream-Long Island - .. .18Yellow-Greenport 18Bread-Soutbold 18Justice-Northport 18Boy-New Jersey 18Light-Rome 18Health-Italy 18Bible-Episcopal 17Memory-Methodist - - - .18Sheep-Congregational.. .18Bath-Baptist 18Cottage-minister 18Swift-physician 18Blue-horse 13Hungry-cow 18Priest-Catholics

Ocean-lakeHead-bay 13Stove--sound 18Long-IslandReligion-Boston 18Whiskey-Harvard 18Child-Yale 18Bitter-Columbia 18Hammer-library 18Thirsty-Carnegie 18City-Rockefeller 18Square-Harriman 18Butter-Leggitt 18Doctor-Lincoln 18Loud-Roosevelt 18Thief-Taft 18Lion-Gaynor 18Joy-Slocum 18Bed-Grant 18Heavy-McClellan 18Tobacco-Spain 19Baby-New London 18Moon-Newburgh 18Scissors-Troy 18Quiet-Schenectady 18Green-Lake George - .. .18Salt-Vienna 18Street-Alsace Lorraine. .18King-Garfield 17Cheese-McKinley 18Blossom-Bryan 18Afraid-Blame 18

MANIC-DEPRESSIVE INSANITY.

In this disorder the departures from the normal seem to be less

pronounced than in the psychoses considered above. The number

of individual reactions is in most cases not greatly above the

normal average ; and, so far as their character is concerned, we

find that many of them are classed as normal, in accordance with

the appendix to the frequency tables; among the unclassified re-

actions, which are quite frequent here, we find mostly either

obviously normal ones, or some of the type to which we have

already referred as “far-fetched,” while others among them are

“circumstantial” (see p. 16); further we find that most of the

remaining individual reactions fall into the general group of

partial dissociation: non-specific reactions, sound reactions, word

complements, and particles.

In some cases the only abnormality that is found is that of an

undue tendency to respond by non-specific reactions, most of them

being common and there being no excessive number of individual

reactions. It would seem legitimate to assume that this tendency

Depressive attack. Normal record.


is here to be regarded as a manifestation of the phenomenon which

is clinically described as dearth of ideas. It is significant that

this tendency is observed not only in depressive phases of the

psychosis, but also in manic phases and even in the normal inter-

vals of recurrent cases or after apparent recovery in acute cases;

this will be seen from some of the test records which are here

reproduced.

Occasionally cases are met with which give a large number of

unclassified reactions, seemingly incoherent. There can be no

doubt that at least some of these cases are clinically perfectly

typical ones of manic-depressive insanity, yet the test records

strongly resemble, in some respects, those of dementia pr�ecox.

Since clinically the distinction between typical cases of these psy-

choses can be so clearly made on the basis of the disorders of the

flow of thought respectively characterizing them, it could hardly

be assumed that the associational disturbances in these two groups

of cases are truly related, although there may be an apparent

resemblance; it must be acknowledged that we are here con-

fronted with one of the most serious shortcomings of the asso-

ciation test, or at least of the present method of applying it.

CASE No. 5236.-M. B.

Table-eatDark-nightMusic-playSlcknesa-deathMan-health 18Deep-depthSoft-hardEating-chewingMountain-highHouse-livingBlack-colorMutton-sheepComfort-kind 2Rand-bodyShort-small 1Fruit-gardenButterfly-springSmooth-roughCommand-obeyChair-sitSweet-appleWhistle-musicWoman-kindCold-chillySlow-easyWish-wantRiver-waterWhite-colorBeautiful-grandWindow-lightRough-smoothCitizen-man 1Foot-bodySpider-animal

Needle-sewRed-colorSleep-restAnger-badness 2Carpet-floorGirl-youngHigh-lowWorking-busySour-sweetEarth-liveTrouble-griefSoldier-armyCabbage-gardenHard-stoneEagle-birdStomach-bodyStem-plantLamp-lightDream-sleepYellow-colorBread-eatJustice-kind 2Boy-youngLight-dayHealth-strengthBible-ChristMemory-think 1Sheep-muttonBath-cleanCottage-liveSwift-runBlue-colorHungry-foodPriest-clergy

Ocean-waterHead-bodyStove-fireLong-tallReligion-teachingWhiskey-drinkChild-youngBitter-sweetHammer-nailThirsty-drinkCity-townSquare-fourButter-eatDoctor-medicineLoud-noiseThief-stealLion-beastJoy-kind 6Bed-sleepHeavy-weightTobacco-smokeBaby-motherMoon-lightScissors-cutQuiet-kind 6Green-grassSalt-tableStreet-walkKing-governmentCheese-eatBlossom-treeAfraid-coward


CASE No. 612o.-M. L. Maniacal attack. Fifteen individual reactions,

of which ii are classed as normal in accordance with the appendix to thefrequency tables.

CASE No. 6367.-J. N. Depressive attack. Only two individual reactions,

both classed as normal; undue tendency to give non-specific reactions.

Table-chair .

Dark-lightMuslc-eThorus 17Sickness-healthMan-woman 1Deep-aroundSoft-lightEating-foodMountain-valleyHouse-flat 17Black-whiteMutton-beefComfort-diseaseHand-legsShort-tallFruit-grapesButterfly-birdsSmooth-roughCommand-president . . .17Chair-assemblyman - . - .18Sweet-bitterWhistle-birdsWoman-man 1Cold-warmSlow-fastWish-wellRiver-mountainWhite-redBeautiful-heavenWindow-doorRough-smoothCitizen-naturalization..

Foot-handSpider--bug

Needle-doctor 19Red-whiteSleep-wellAnger-passionCarpet-clothGirl-boyHigh-lowWorking-pleasure 1Sour-sweetEarth-heavenTrouble-angerSoldier-mine 12Cabbage-steak 17Hard-softEagle-parrotStomach-pelvis 17Stem-flowersLamp-lightDream-empty 17Yellow-blackBread-brownJustice-doneBoy-babyLight-heavenHealth-wealthBible-loveMemory-remembrance...Sheep-goatBath-waterCottage-houseSwift-slowBlue-greenHungry-IPriest-minister

Ocean-seaHead-neckStove-electricity 17Long-broadReligion-Presbyterian..Whiskey-medicinal ... 2Child-boyBitter-sweetHammer-sawThirsty-waterCity-Middletown 17Square-MadisonButter-breadDoctor-love 15Loud-softThief-burglarLion-animalJoy-ecstasyBed-couchHeavy-leadTobacco-smokeBaby-boyMoon-starsScissors--cotton 17Quiet-noisyGreen-yellowSalt-pepperStreet-Dean 17King-God 17Cheeae-RoquefortBlossom-appleAfraid-never

Table-cup 17Dark-lightMusic-songSIcMan-chilDeep-highSoft-hardEating-tastingMountain-valleyHouse-roomBlack-whiteMutton-lambComfort-peaceHand-footShort-longFruit-appleButterfly-mothSmooth-roughCommand-obeyChair-tableSweet-sourWhistle-songWoman-loveCold-warmSlow-fastWish-wellRiver-waterWhite-blackBeautiful-grandWindow-glassRough-smoothCitizen-man 1Foot-handSpider-fly

Needle-threadRed-blueSleep-restAnger-passion . . . . . . ..

Carpet-rugGirl-childHigh-lowWorking-laborSour-sweetEarth-groundTrouble-overcome 17Soldier-braveCabbage-lettuceHard-softEagle-birdStomach-heartStem-treeLamp-lightDream-sleepYellow-redBread-rollJustice-peaceBoy-childLight-sunHealth-wealthBible-good 1Memory-good 1Sheep-lambBath-waterCottage-houseSwift-testBlue-whiteHungry-eatPriest-man 1

Ocean-waterHead-armStove-warmLong-shortReligion-good 1Whiskey-noneChild-good 1Bitter-sourHammer-noiseThirsty-waterCity-countrySquare-roundButter-saltDoctor-good 1Loud-noiseThief-man 1Lion-beastJoy-good 1Bed-good 1Heavy-weightTobacco-smokeBaby-childMoon-sunScissors-knifeQuiet-restGreen-redSalt-waterStreet-cityKing-man 1Cheese--butterBlossom-flowerAfraid-fear


CASE No. 5162-W. H. Recurrent attacks, mixed in character; at time oftest patient was in a normal interval. � individual reactions, of which I 18

classed as normal, I as a derivative, 2 as non-specific, and i as a soundreaction; undue tendency to give non-specific (common) reactions.

CASE No. 6279.-A. F. Maniacal attack; at time of test patient had im-proved, though not recovered. Non-specific reactions; particles. (Patient

does not speak English with perfect fluency.)

Table-comfortDark-darkness . 8Music-pleasure . 1Sickness-sorrowMan-manners .10Deep-thought . 1Soft-comfortEating-pleasure 1Mountain-heightHouse-comfortBlack-darknessMutton-eatingComfort-pleasure 1Hand-useful 1Short-stumpyFruit-eatingButterfly-handsome .. - -

Smooth-planeCommand-ordering - . -.

Chair-easySweet-candyWhistle-noiseWoman-loveCold-freezingSlow-lazinessWish-good 1River-waterWhite-clearness 2Beautiful-handsome - . -

Window-sceneBough-harshnessCitizen-votingFoot-steppingSpider-poison

Needle-sharpnessRed-bloodSleep-comfortAnger-passionCarpet-walkingGirl-lovelyHigh-heightWorklng-�busInessSour-tartEarth-plantingTrouble-sorrowSoldier-fightingCabbage-eatingHard-harshness 2Eagle-flyingStomach-eatingStem-vineLamp-lighting 2Dream-pleasure 1Yellow-colorBread-eatingJustice-suing 17Boy-childrenLight-seeingHealth-pleasure 1Bible-thinking 9Memory-recollections -.

Sheep-woolBath-pleasure 1Cottage-livingSwift-quicknessBlue-skyHungry-pleasure 9Priest-holiness

Ocean-sailingHead-thinking 1Stove-warmthLong-lengthReligion-holinessWhiskey-badness 2Child-pleasure 1Bitter-sournessHammer-pounding -

ThIrsty-drInkIngCity-townSquare-measureButter-greasyDoctor-medicineLoud-hearing 2Thief-stealing ... - - . . -

Llon-flerceneJoy-pleasure 1Bed-sleepingHeavy-solidTobacco-pleasure 1Baby-lovelinessMoon-brightSmssors-sharpn�Quiet-pleasure 1(keen-colorSalt-tasteStreet-walkingKing-majesticCheese-eatingBlossom-handsomeAfraid-fear

Table-boardDark-nightMusic-pianoSickness-appendicitis .

Man-husbandDeep-holeSoft-hardEating-vegetableMountain-countryHouse-comfortBlack-cotton 17Mutton-lambComfort-restHand-armShort-journeyFruit-applesButterfly-love 13Smooth-nice 1Command-orderChair-down 12Sweet-sugarWhistle-blowWoman-good 1Cold-Ice .

Slow-lazyWish-homeRiver-boatWhite-milkBeautiful-flowersWindow-cornerRough-man ICitizen-not 12Foot-shortSpider--don’t 12

24

Needle-steelRed-roseSleep-wellAnger-notCarpet-beauty 1Girl-loveHigh-reason 19Working-dress 19Sour-vinegarEarth-groundTrouble-muchSoldier-blueCabbage-sourHard-no 12Eagle-paperStomach-well 17Stem-flowerLamp-lightDream-awful 19Yellow-flowerBread-ryeJustice-courtBoy-littleLight-roomHealth-love 15Bible-no 12Memory-good 1Sheep-lot 19Bath-coldCottage-littleSwift-kick 17Blue-no 12Hungry-noPriest-love 15

Ocean-GroveHead-blackStove-shine 19Long-squareReligion-noWhiskey-champagne . . .17Child-my 2Bitter-pepperHammer-knockThirsty-no 12City-New YorkSquare-tableButter-good 1Doctor-8 17Loud-talkThief-nightLion-yes 12Joy-good 1Bed-comfortHeavy-IronTobacco-strongBaby-loveMoon-shineSdsmrs-cutQuiet-wellGreen-bow 17Salt-bitterStreet-Hlnsdale 17King-Franz Joseph - .. .17Cheese-SwissBlossom-nice 1Afraid-no


CASE No. 4578.-E. M. Circular insanity of over twenty years’ stand-ing ; at time of test patient was in a manic phase. Non-specific reactions;

doubtful reactions ; neologisms, all possessing obvious meaning.

which i8 are classed as normal, io are soundlogisms), I word complement, 8 particles, andmost of which are either obviously normal orstrictly incoherent.

reactions (2 sound neo-I I unclassified reactions

“ far fetched “ but not

Table-using 1Dark-unbrigbt 4Music-songs -

Sickness--catching 17Man-masculineDeep-highSoft-chew 19Eating-sometimes 12Mountain-highlands .

House-lIve . . ...

Black-colorMutton-meatComfort-easyHand-bodyShort-unlongly 4Fruit-plantsButterfly-insectsSmooth-feelingCommand-doChair-use 1Sweet-tasteWhistle-actWoman-femaleCold-acting 2Slow-gradually 17Wish-desireRiver-waterWhite-colorBeautiful-niceness 2Window-built 19Rough-treatment 17Citizen-countryFoot-bodySpider-insect

Needle-articleRed-colorSleep-tiredness 4Anger-scoldingCarpet-article 1Girl-female � .

High-lowWorking-doSour-tastingEarth-surfaceTrouble-worriment . ...

Soldier-man 1Cabbage-vegetableHard-difficultEagle-birdStomach-bodyStem-article 6Lamp-article 1Dream-untruly 4Yellow-colorBread-foodJustice-unfairly 2Boy-masculineLight-easyHealth-sicknessBible-commandments - -

Memory-rememberSheep-animalBath-cleannessCottage-countrySwift-quicklyBlue-colorHungry-foodPriest-masculine 15

Ocean-waterHead-bodyStove-article 1Long-shortly 2Religion-BibleWhiskey-drinkingQiild-disremembering. . 4Bitter-tasteHammer-using 1Thirsty-drinkingCity-acting 15Square-measuring 2Butter-foodDoctor-helping 2Loud-hearing 2Thief-untrue 15Lion-animalJoy-gladnessBed-lyingHeavy-unlightly 4Tobacco-using 1Baby-burning 4Moon-sending 19Scissors-using 1Quiet-acting 2Green-colorSalt-foodStreet-walkingKing-person 1Cheese-foodBlossom-plantAfraid-frightened

CASE No. 5878.-A. B. Maniacal attack. 48 individual reactions, of

Table-mahoganyDark-greenMusic-masonic 10Sickness-seasickness . .10Man-maternity 10Deep-wellSoft-silkEating-cleanliness 19Mountain-Gibraltar . . .17House-bungalowBlack-lightMutton-lambComfort-linen 17Hand-left 17Short-shorthand 10Fruit-pearsButterfly-canary 17Smooth-linen 17Command-pilot 17Chair-roundSweet-sugarWhistle-mother 19Woman-twenty-one . . .12Cold-iceSlow-musicWish-girlRiver-HudsonWhite-plaster 17Beautiful-natureWindow-St. PatrIck’s. .17Rough-blankets 19Citizen-twenty-one . - - .12Foot-six 12Spider-fly

Needle-tailor �

Red-Herald is

Sleep-seven 12Anger-Angorla 3Carpet-greenGirl-eighteen 12High-school UWorking-ten 12Sour-krautEarth-roundTrouble-son 111Soldier-navyCabbage-curly 19Hard-stoneEagle-almanac 17Stomach-stomjack 3Stem-maple 17Lamp-New York 19Dream-husband 19Yellow-cards 17Bread-ryeJustice-libertyBoy-JoeLight-whiteHealth-death 10Bible-holyMemory-seven . . .12Sheep-lambBath-cleanlinessCottage-gray 17Swift-ball . . -.

Blue-balloon 10Hungry-yes 12Priest-doctor

Ocean-Niagara 17Head-restStove-stationary 10Long-poems 19Religion-CatholicWhiskey-HunterChild-Jesus 17Bitter-gallHammer-steelThirsty-waterCity-New YorkSquare-UnionButter-sweetDoctor-S 17Loud-discreet 19Thief-nightLion-Bostock 2Joy-Joy Line 10Bed-Ostermoor 17Heavy-ironTobacco-Durham . . . . . -

Baby-Rose 17Moon-halfScissors-steelQuiet-nursing 19Green-grassSalt-rockStreet-Liberty 17King-AlphonsoCheese-SwissBlossom-appleAfraid-dark

Maniacal attack. Persistent use of particles oh,

CASE No. 4427.-A. R.reactions ; 46 individual reactions of which g areare unclassified, some seemingly incoherent.

Maniacal attack. Unusual number of doubtful


CASE No. 6�ii.-U. B.me, I, none, etc.Table-none 6Dark-redMusic-stock 19Sickness-rose 19Man-Frank 17Deep-blueSoft-pillowEating-no 12Mountain-oyster 11House-mercy 19Black-mother 19Mutton-me 6Comfort-homeHand-mother 15Short-me 6Fruit-me 5Butterfly-It 12Smooth-oh 12Command-none 6Chair-none 5Sweet-for 12Whistle-birdWoman-I 6Cold-I 5Slow-meWIsh-none 2River-are 12White-wife 10Beautiful-Alma 17Window-Stephen 19Eough-Rudolphla 10Citizen-father 17Foot-Anthon 19Spider-reverend 19

Needle-pine 17Red-brother 19Sleep-Adam 19Anger-I 6Carpet-homeGirl-Agatha 17High-niece 13Working-I 6Sour-I 5Earth-I 5Trouble-I 5Soldier-father 15�abbage-haU 19Hard-me 12Eagle-I 6Stomach-I 5Stem-lifeLamp-Lambert 10Dream-I 6Yellow-I 5Bread-I 5Justice-I 5Boy-just 13Light-picture 19Health-cook 19Bible-beads 17Memory-Dick 19Sheep-to 12Bath-noneCottage-homeSwift-lazyBlue-Nell 19Hungry-IPriest-I 5

Ocean-I 5Head-home 6Stove-homeLong-shortReligion-noneWhiskey-noneChild-Sylvester 17Bitter-I 6Hammer-my 12Thirsty-no 6City-no 5Square-Ben 19Butter-I 6Doctor-I 5Loud-bellThIef-Iron 19Lion-I 6Joy-I 5Bed-I 5Heavy-I 5Tobacco-I 5Baby-I 5Moon-will 12Scissors-beads 15Quiet-nerves 19Green-I 6Salt-I 5Street-Peter 17King-I 6Cheese-I 5Blossom-I 5Afraid-no

Table-Chicago 19Dark-Montreal 18Music-MissIssIppI 18Sickness-flower 19Man-ocean 19Deep-medicines 19Soft-accidental 19Eating-vaccination . . .19Mountain-evergreens . .17House-caves 19Black-station 19Mutton-operations 19Comfort-moneyHand-bandages 10Short-soldiers 19Fruit-dictionary 19Butterfly-storehouse . . .19Smooth-vegetables . . .18Command-BibleChair--histories 14Sweet-farewells 19Whistle-ammunitIon . 19Woman-foreign 19Cold-armory 19Slow-St. Petersburg . .19Wish-wealthRiver-revenue 10White-purityBeautiful-colonial 19Window-shuttersRough-planes 2

Citizen-naturalization. -.

Foot-carriage 19Spider-remedies 19

Needle-canoe 19Red-refreshments 10Sleep-restfulness 2Anger-usefulness 9Carpet-coach 19Girf-flnery 19High-fortifications 19Working-materials . . . .19Sour-pIcklesEarth-gravitation 2Trouble-graphophone . .19Soldier-gunsCabbage-children 19Hard-inheritance 19Eagle-feathersStomach-envelope 19Stem-rootsLimp-oilDream-fairies 17Yellow-lemons 2Bread-jams 17Justice-repentance . - . .17Boy-clothesLight-lanterns 17Health-joys 2Bible-heavenMemory-headSheep-pasturesBath-cleanlinessCottage-homeSwift-rapids 2Blue-truthHungry-appetitePriest-saintliness 17

classed as normal ; �

Ocean-shipsHead-IntelligenceStove-woods 2Long-trains 2Religion-godliness 2Whiskey-drunkenness ..

Child-joyfulness 2Bitter-olivesHammer-nutsThirsty-waterCity-shoppingSquare-monuments . . . . 2Butter-crackers 17Doctor-medicinesLoud-musicThief-detectives 2Lion-cages 2Joy-homeBed-restfulness 2Heavy-expresss.ge 17Tobacco-cigarsBaby-carriageMoon-lightSciss�Quiet-peacefulnessGreen-vegetablesSalt-waterStreet-stonesKing-crownCheese-knifeBlossom-plants 2Afraid-enemies 17


CASE No. 6457.-C. G. Depressive attack. 36 individual reactions ofwhich 9 are classed as normal and �o as unclassified ; among the latterseveral seem to be incoherent.Table-fish . 17Dark-boat -

Music-water 18Sickness-tank #{149} 18Man-horse -

Deep-ocean.

Mountain-grass.House-roofBlack-bath .10Mutton-butcherComfort-cIgar .17Hand-shoes .19Short-baseball .19Fruit-orange.Butterfly-elephant .19Smooth-glass.Command-general.Chair-kitchen 17Sweet-cake 17Whistle-birdWoman-door 19Cold-IceSlow-cat 19Wish-bed 19River-trout 17White-paintBeautiful-monkeyWindow-bareRough-rowdyCitizen-policemanFoot-fine 9SpIder-Insect

Needle-sewingRed-man 9Sleep-pond 19Anger-hatredGarpet-tacksGirl-floor 13High-mountainWorking-dog 19Sour-milkEarth-mudTrouble-radiator 19Soldier-cannonGabbage-vegetable .

Hard-woodEagle-quick 19Stomach-fleshStem-pIpeLamp-burnDream-thinking 1Yellow-mice 19Bread-bakerJustice-equalityBoy-youngLlght-gveen 17Health-art 19Bible-preacherMemory-return 19Sheep-foldBath-waterCottage-houseSwift-fleeting 2Blue-darkHungry-thirstPriest-elephant 15

Ocean-briny 19Head-hardStove-blackLong-grassReligion-thinking 1Whiskey-Kentucky . . -.

Child-carrIageBitter-picklesHammer-naIlsThirsty-wantingCity-New YorkSquare-base 17Butter--cowDoctor-carriageLoud-hall 19Thief-prisonLion-cageJoy-automobileBed-IronHeavy-leadTobacco-weedBaby-rockerMoon-skyScissors-laundry 19Quiet-peacefulGreen-engine 19Salt-grocer 19Street-LIncoln 17KIng-SpainCheese-baker 19Blossom-flowerAfraid-going 2

INVOLUTIONAL MELANCHOLIA ; ALCOHOLIC DEMENTIA ; SENILE

DEMENTIA.

There are so few cases of these psychoses in our series that we

can say but little concerning their associational disorders.

In Table V. we show all the types of reactions given by each

subject.

We have not observed in our cases of involutional melancholia

any undue tendency to give individual reactions. The records

are either perfectly normal or slightly abnormal in that they show

an increase of the non-specific (common) reactions. In this

respect they resemble strongly the records obtained from some

cases of manic-depressive insanity. This similarity is of interest

in connection with other evidence, recently brought to light,1 show-

ing that involutional melancholia is closely related to manic-de-

pressive insanity, if not identical with it.

1G. L Dreyfus. Die Melancholic em Zustandsbild des manisch-de-

pressiven Irreseins. 1907.

I

S

aa,0

0.000

0.0

II

0

0


i:es :

�: :

E�m ss � : : :#{176}‘� : : : :m : :se �

tl� :

ss m t- � �0 - . . -� .#{149}.q .,�

�es es es : : : : : : : : :“‘ :se : :m �

�::mm � :::::::..:::�:�I��eg � es : : : : : :es : : : : :‘ :m �

� G, � : : : : : : : : : : : :se :‘

�es � �:::::::::�:: ss

�sses

� � 0� � : : : “� : : “ : :

� #{149}0 m::�::::::::::�-�

�es . : . ::. -� : : : : :‘� �

�- - �:::�:::�::: ss

� �

�esre

� - ::::::::::::::::

�

i1!� I�‘eu;� 0�

n�05��rz ��

36!

362 [Oct.

No individual reactions; 13 non-specific reactions.


CASE No. 4818.-S. M. Normal record.

Table-woodDark-blackMusic-noiseSickness-illnessMan-beingDeep-depthSoft-mushyEating-devouringMountain-hillHouse-residenceBlack-colorMutton-meatComfort-luxuryHand-bodyShort-abrupt 19Fruit-orangesButterfly-insectSmooth-evenCommand-orderChair-article 1Sweet-tasteWhistle-noiseWoman-sexCold-temperatureSlow-dullWish-desireRiver-waterWhite-colorBeautiful-skyWindow-glassRough-unevenCitizen-representative - .17Foot-end 19Spider-insect

Needle-instrument . ...

Red-colorSleep-reposeAnger-tempercarpet-rugGirl-sexHigh-elevationWorkin mploymentSour-b tterEarth-clayTrouble-anxietySoldier-militaryCabbage-vegetable . ...

Hard-substanceEagle-birdStomach-bodyStem-flowerLamp-lightDream-Imagination - - . -

Yellow-colorBread-wheatJustice-credit 17Boy-childLight-sunHealth-conditionBible-bookMemory-remembrance -.

Sheep-lambBath-bathingCottage-houseSwift-rapidBlue-colorHungry-desirePriest-minister

Ocean-waterHead-bodyStove-fireLong-distanceReligion-creedWhiskey-liquorChild-infantBitter-sourHammer-toolThirsty-dryCity-townSquare-blockButter-foodDoctor-physicianLoud-noisyThief-burglarLion-animalJoy-happiness 1Bed-cotHeavy-weightTobacco-weedBaby-infantMoon-lightScissors-instrumentQuiet-noiselessGreens-colorSalt-seasoningStreet-blockKing-rulerCheese-foodBlossom-flowerAfraid-fear

CASE No. 6207.-T. S.Table-furnitureDark-colorMusic-fiddleSickness-bedMan-person 1Deep-waterSoft-pliableEating-cakeMountain-highHouse-bricksBlack-colorMutton-meatComfort-easyHand-limbShort-small 1Fruit-vegetableButterfly-InsectSmooth-levelCommand--controlChair-altSweet-nice 1Whistle-noiseWoman-person 1Cold-atmosphereSlow-easyWish-somethingRiver-streamWhite-colorBeautiful-nice 1Window-glassRough-unpleasant 1Citizen-person 1Foot-limbSpider-insect

Needle-InstrumentRed-colorSleep-bedAnger-IrritableOarpet-rugGirl-person 1High-elevationWorking-try 2Sour-bitterEarth-sandTrouble-anxietySoldier-person 1Cabbage-plantHard-stoneEagle-birdStomach-person 1Stem-appleLamp-lightDream-sleepYellow-colorBread-flourJustice-equalBoy-childLight-gasHealth-doctorBible-ScriptureMemory-thought 1Sheep-animalBath-waterCottage-houseSwift-quickBlue-colorHungry-wantPriest-preach

Ocean-waterHead-person 1Stove-heatLong-lengthReligion-beliefWhiskey-drinkChild-person 1Bitter-sourHammer-toolThirsty-dryCity-placeSquare-shapeButter-eatDoctor-physicianLoud-hearThief-stealLion-animalJoy-gladBed--sleepHeavy-weightTobacco-plantBaby-childMoon-lightScissors-toolQuiet-restGreen-colorSalt-spiceStreet-placeKing-rulerCheese-eatBlossom-flowerAfraid-hide

w. S. 5 individual reactions ; 12 non-specific re-

CASE No. 5635. J. D. 13 individual reactions, of which 6 are classed asnormal, i particle, 6 unclassified, mostly obviously normal.


CASE No. 5719.-A.

actions.

Table-standDark-colorMusic-happy 1Sickness-IllMan-humanDeep-thought 1Soft-touchEating-appetiteMountain-groundHouse-shelterBlack-colorMutton-lambComfort-warmHand-touchShort-small 1Fruit-tasteButterfly-beauty 1Smooth-levelCommand-obeyChair-restSweet-goodWhistle-noiseWoman-femaleCold-chilled 2Slow-moveWish-think 1River-waterWhite--colorBeautiful-nice 1Window-glassRough-pushCitizen-man 1Foot-bodySpider-Insect

Needle-pointedRed-bloodSleep-restAnger-riledCarpet-coveringGlrlhildHigh-airWorking-ambitious . ...

Sour-tasteEarth-groundTrouble-thought 1Soldier-command . .

Cabbage-vegetable .

Hard-blow 17Eagle-birdStomach-bodyStem-pipeLamp-lightDream-thought 1Yeliow-purpleBread-foodJustice-lawBoy-maleLight-lampHealth-soul 19Bible-ScripturesMemory-thought 1Sheep-lambBath-cleannessCottage-houseSwift-quickBlue-colorHungry-appetitePriest-scholar 2

Ocean-waterHead-brainsStove-heatLong-measurement . . . 2Religion-good 1Whiskey-alcoholChild-babyBitter-tasteHammer-knockThirsty-waterCity-New YorkSquare-boxButter-milkDoctor-helpLoud-noiseThief-burglarLion-animalJoy-well 19Bed-restHeavy-loadTobacco-nicotineBaby-JoyMoon-lightScissors-cuttingQuiet-restGreen-colorSalt-sand 19Street-crossing 2King-rulerCheese-luxury 19Blossom-flowerAfraid-fright

Table-eatingDark-nightMusic-amusementSickness-distressMan-workingDeep-sorrowSoft-easyEating-supper 17Mountain-pleasure 1House-homeBlack-grief 19Mutton-butchers 2Comfort-homeHand-shakeShort-baseball 19Fruit-eatingButterfly-fieldSmooth-softCommand-oblige 17Chair-seatSweet-flowersWhistle-fireWoman-homeCold-winterSlow-easyWish-homeRiver-dock 17White-dayBeautiful-handsome ..

Window-glassRough-wagon 19Citizen-voterFoot-walkingSpider-web

Needle-sticking 19Red-dangerSleep-restAnger-right 19Carpet-houseGirl-out 12High-airWorking-laborSour-bitterEarth-groundTrouble-worrySoldier-man 1Cabbage-farmer 2Hard-bath 19Eagle-birdsStomach-bodyStein-pipeLamp-burnDream-thinking 1Yellow-colorBread-eatingJustice-peaceBoy-soldier 17Light-dayHealth-happy 1Bible-booksMemory-good 1Sheep-lambBath-washingCottage-houseSwift-quickBlue-colorHungry-eatingPriest-church

Ocean-bathingHead-mindStove-fireLong-hoursReligion-churchWhiskey-drinkingChild-homeBitter-sourHammer-workingThirsty-dryCity-New YorkSquare-blockButter-cowDoctor-hospitalLoud-speaking 2Thief-sentence 17Lion-animalJoy-pleasure 1Bed-sleepingHeavy-weightTobacco-smokingBaby-homeMoon-nightScissors-cuttingQuiet-aloneGreen-colorSalt-eatingStreet-walkingKing-William 17Cheese-milkBlossom-flowerAfraid-fright

Our cases of alcoholic dementia are clinically without evidences

of disturbance of flow of thought. The dementia consists mainly

364 [Oct.A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY

in impairment or loss of the power of retention, with resulting

amnesia for recent occurrences, and temporal disorientation. The

records are either normal or show but slight departures from

normal.

CASE No. 636g�-J. S.Table-eatDark-nightMusic-enjoymentSickness-sadnessMan-work 1Deep-holeSoft-feathersEating-appetiteMountain-hillHouse-liveBlack-darkMutton-eatComfort-pleasant 1Hand-work 1Short-storyFruit-eatButterfly-annoyance . . SSmooth-ironCommand-officerChair-altSweet-nice 1Whistle-pleasure 1Woman-pleasure 1Cold-annoyance 6

Slow-carWish-likeRiver-waterWhite-sack 17Beautiful-house 17Window-lookRough-unpleasant 1Citizen-man 1Foot-walkSpider-annoyance

Slight deterioration.

Needle-sticking 19Red-colorSleep-happy 1Anger-annoyanceCarpet-walkGirl-schoolHigh-skiesWorking-laborSour-lemonEarth-walkTrouble-annoyance . ...

Soldier-armyOabbage-eatHard-stoneEagle-flyStomach-victuals 17Stem-pipeLamp-burnDream-sleepYellow-orangeBread-eatJustice-person 1Boy-schoolLight-seeHealth-comfortBible-readMemory-recollection .

Sheep-eatBath-cleannessCottage-liveSwift-goBlue-colorHungry-eatPriest-confession

Ocean-vessels 2Head-knowledgeStove-burnLong-timeReligion-faithWhiskey-drinkChild-infantBitter-unkind 17Hammer-nailThirsty-dryCity-inhabitantsSquare-brickButter-eatDoctor-cureLoud-noiseThief-stealLion-animalJoy-happiness 1Bed-layHeavy-feeling 2Tobacco-chewBaby-nurseMoon-brightScissors-cutQuiet-easeGreen-flowerSalt-tasteStreet-walkingKing-control 19Cheese-eatBlossom-flowerAfraid-nervousness . ...

CASE No. 6418.-J. R.

Table-mahoganyDark-dawn 17MUsIC-harp 17Sickness-none 6Man-white 19Deep-unfathomable . . . 2Soft-silken 2Eating-good 1Mountain-highHouse-placeBlack-colorMutton-cooked 17Comfort-restHand-clasp 19Short-small 1Fruit-applesButterfly-buttercups . . . 2Smooth-IronCommand-home 19Chair-ebony 19Sweet-potatoes 17Whistle-songWoman-pretty 1Cold-depressed 19Slow-process 17Wish-homeRiver-MIssIssIppIWhite-wings 17Beautiful-palace 19Window-clearRough-no 12Citizen-patriotFoot-heath � . . .19Spider-none 6

Marked deterioration.Needle-darningRed-applesSleep-plentyAnger-mistake 17Carpet-floorGirl-pretty 1High-ordinary 19Working-eight 12Sour-nonsense 19Earth-fruits 2Trouble-littleSoldier-patriotclabbage-gardenHard-woodEagle-highStomach-leave 19Stem-stalkLamp-keroseneDream-happy 1Yellow-aster 17Bread-whiteJustice-rightBoy-white 15Light-whiteHealth-good 1Bible-puzzledMemory-bad 1Sheep-cheviot 17Bath-marble 17Cottage-story 17Swift-fastBlue-waist 17Hungry-not 2PrIest-confessor

Ocean-Pacific 17Head-oval 19Stove-polishLong-forever 12Religion-Protestant . . -

Whiskey-noneChild-none 5Bitter-sweetHammer-no 12Thirsty-no 5City-New YorkSquare-compassButter-sweetDoctor-cureLoud-quietly 2Thief-jailLion-braveJoy-peacefulness 2Bed-good 1Heavy-noToba�po-yes 12Baby-none 6Moon-shinesScissors-uncut 2Quiet-peacefulGreen-grassSalt-waterStreet-Queen 17KIng-unknown 19Cheese-Stilton 17Blossom-cherryAfraid-not

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A J� ROSANOFF 365

We reproduce in full the record obtained from one of our cases

of senile dementia.

CASE No. 5788.-E. S.Table-cat 6Dark-nightMusic--cat 2Sickness-cat 5Man-mouse 18Deep-wellSoft-sack 19Eatlng-weflMountain-hillHouse-castleBlack-dogMutton-sheepComfort-lamb 18Hand-chicken 18Short-light 19Fruit-appleB�ySmooth-IronCommand-obeyChair-stoolSweet-sugarWhistle-lump 18Woman-man 1Cold-shiver #{149}

Slow-cold 7Wish-push 19River-pondWhite-catBeautiful-cat 5Window-glassBough-tight 19Citizen-toughFoot-shoeSpider-clock 19

Needle-pinRed-whiteSleep-eyesAnger-madGarpet-clothGirl-boyHigh-lowWorking-sewingSour-sweetEarth-clayTrouble-cold 15Soldier-man 1Cabbage-spinachHard-cat 6Eagle-birdStomach-bellyStem-pike 17Lamp-globeDream-eyesYellow-flowerBread-flourJustice-rightBoy-cat 6Light-lampHealth-cough 17Bible-bookMemory-mindSheep-lambBath-waterCottage-houseSwift-quickBlue-colorHungry-eatPriest-clergyman

Ocean-viverHead-lifeStove-fireLong-shortReligion-CatholicWhiskey-drinkChild-boyBitter-sweetHammer-noiseThirsty-drinkCity-New YorkSquare-Marion 17Butter-cowDoctor-W 17Loud-noiseThIef-stealsLion-beastJoy-happy 1Bed-matfr�Heavy--loadTobacco-smokeBaby-boyMoon-shineScissors-cutQuiet-noisyGreen-colorSalt-hitterStreet-placeKing-ruleCheese-tasteBlossom-flowerAfraid-trouble

§ 8. PATHOLOGICAL REACTIONS FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS.

Mental disorders do not always so manifest themselves as to

incapacitate the subject for his work or to necessitate his seques-

tration in a hospital for the insane. It is, therefore, not sur-

prising that in applying the association test to over a thousand

subjects selected at random we have obtained a small number of

test records which show various types of abnormal reactions.

Among the subjects who furnished such records some are de-

scribed as eccentric, taciturn, or dull, while others are apparently

normal but come of neuropathic stock. A few of them are per-

sons wholly unknown to us.

We reproduce in full several records from the normal series,

containing abnormal reactions.

366 [Oct.

CONSECUTIVE No. �o.-Laundryman in State hospital. Nothing abnormal

has ever been observed in his case. Numerous perseverations.


CONSECUTIVE No. 746.-State hospital attendant. Efficient in his work

but is generally regarded to have married very foolishly. Sound reactions;numerous unclassified reactions.

Table-brought 19Dark-some 19Music-leaf 19Sickness-water 19Man-book 19Deep-desk 19Soft-groundEating-bark 19Mountain-treeHouse-paper 19Black-lightMutton-horse 18Comfort-hat 19Hand-sick 18Short-swallow 19Fruit-mass 19Butterfly-leaf 15Smooth-wing 13Command-man 1Chair-left 19Sweet-sick 2Whistle-whirl 10Woman-where 12Cold-coalSlow-some 15Wish-whirl 15River-rice 19White-waistBeautiful-brought 15Window-women 10Rough-row 19Citizen-air 10Foot-fall 19Spider-spIce 10

Needle-knee 10Red-roam 19Sleep-sorrow 19Anger-August 19Carpet-covered 2Girl-great 9High-his 12Working-map 19Sour-slur 10

Earth-eat 19Trouble-through 12Soldier-solder 10Cabbage-cart 19Hard-him 12Eagle-earth 13Stomach-stall 10Stem-stair 10Lamp-left 19Dream-dreadYellow-waist 15Bread-book 15Justice-gem 19Boy-bird 19Light-left 10Health-heart 17Bible-base 19Memory-moth 19Sheep-shrill 19Bath-bend 19Cottage-cart 10Swift-swell 10Blue-beard 11Hungry-heart 15Priest-path 19

Ocean-oar 10Head-him 12Stove-still 10Long-left 15Religion-rest 19Whiskey-whirl 15Child-charge 19Bitter-bought 10Hammer-hemp 10Thirsty-Thursday 10City-salt 10Square-squirrel 10Butter-breadDoctor-daisy 19Loud-lark 19Thief-twist 19Lion-lesson 10Joy-jar 19Bed-beard 10Heavy-health . . . �10Tobacco-toboggan 10Baby-bird 15Moon-mill 19Scissors-setters 10Quiet-quart 10Green-great 9Salt-sorrow 10Streettem 10King-cart 15Cheese-chart 19Blossom-bed 19Afraid-frill 10

Table-houseDark-range 19Music-catsSickness-dog 18Man-ham 19Deep-hollowSoft-appleEating-cranberry 17Mountain-water 17House-pig 19Black-rate 18Mutton-mice 2Comfort-sheep 13Hand-lamb 14Short-birds 19Fruit-peachButterfly-pears 18Smooth-grapes �1SCommand-nut 18Chair-bureauSweet-broom 19Whistle-violin 19Woman-man ICold-child 10Slow-infant 14Wish-night 19River-dark 14White-steamboat 17Beautiful-tugboat 18Window-yacht isRough-ferry 18Citizen-water 13Foot-egg 19Spider-fly

Needle-threadRed-spool 18Sleep-machine 18Anger-picture 19Carpet-bed 17Girl-bureau 18

High-oilcloth 18Working-pen 19Sour-Ink ISEarth-paper 18Trouble-chair 19Soldier-table 14Cabbage-beetHard-cauliflower 18Eagle-potato#{231}s 18Stomach-beans 17Stem-plum 17Lamp-wickDream-oil 13Yellow-stick 19Bread-stone 18Justice-dirt 18Boy-streetLight-matchHealth-sicknessBible-bookMemory-leaf 13Sheep-woolBath-waterCottage-people 1Swift-fastBlue-residence 19Hungry-beef 17Priest-clergyman

Ocean-rice 19Head-eyesStove-ncse 18Long-mouth 18Religion-legs 18Whiskey-arms 18Child-elbows 18Bitter-day 19Hammer-nailsThirsty-saw 13City-plane 18Square-chisel 18Butter-file 18Doctor-duck 10Loud-goose 18Thief-robberLion-tigerJoy-bear 13Bed-leopard 18Heavy-tiger 15Tobacco--smokeBaby-pipe 13Moon-starScissors-sharpQuiet-noisyGreen-blueSalt-yellow 13Street-green 14King-purple 14Cheese-axe 19Blossom-handle 19Afraid-barn 19

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A J. ROSANOFF 367

CONSECUTIVE No. 255.-State hospital attendant. Efficient, but unusually

taciturn and seclusive. Sound reactions.

CONSECUTIVE No. �.-Nothing abnormal hasthe case of this subject ; mother eccentric ; sister

Table-linenDark-sunshine #{149} 17Music-song -

Sickness-Saturday 19Man-manager 10Deep-darkSoft-sorrowful 10Eating-eighty 10Mountain-miner 19House-heart 19Black-blueMutton-mountain 10Comfort-company ‘17Hand-happy 10Short-slow 17Fruit-froth 10Butterfly-butter 10Smooth-smoke 10Command--company ...

ChaIr-chap 10Sweet-slow 15Whistle-whip 10Woman-worried 19Cold-cow 10Slow-slap 10Wish-waterRiver-rubbed 19White-washBeautiful-bounty 10Window-lightRough-roguish 19Citizen-sight-seeing . . .19Foot-fool 10Spider-span 10

Needle-work 1Red-robe 19Sleep-soap 10Anger-angel 19Carpet-carriage 19Girl-guide 19High-heart 10Working-worthy 10Sour--satchel 19Earth-early 10Trouble-trout 19Soldier-socket 19Cabbage-currant 17Hard-harmful 10Eagle-early 15Stomach-stable 19Stein-stand 10Lamp-lightDream-drunk 10Yellow-lustre 19Bread-brand 10Justice-judgmentBoy-butter 15Light-love 19Health-help 10Bible-bookMemory-mentalSheep-shop 10Bath-bandage 10Cottage-cot 10Swift-swan 10Blue-black 10Hungry-height 19Priest-house

Ocean-apple 19Head-heartStove-strap 10Long-love 15Religion-beliefWhiskey-whisk broom . .10Child-chap 10Bitter-butter 10Hammer-habit 19Thirsty-thirty 10City-soap 15Square-squirrel 10Butter-bank 19Doctor-dentistLoud-laughThief-thump 19Lion-lump 19Joy-jump 19Bed-bank 15Heavy-happy 10Tobacco-tub 19Baby-bundle ..

Moon-mantle 10ScIssors-Saturday 15Quiet-quarter 10Green-drought 19Salt-Saturday 10Street--straightKing-cattle 19Cheese-captain 19Blossom-bandage 15Afraid-flattered 10

Table-stableDark-drearyMusic-joySickness-silliness 10Man-manner 10Deep--dreary 15Soft-sooth 19Eating-evening 10Mountain-morning 18House-help 19Black-darkMutton-mitten 10Comfort-come 10Hand-handsome 10Short-email 1Fruit-first 10Butterfly-butter 10Smooth--sooth 10Command-comeChair-air 10Sweet-good 1Whistle-musicWoman-wonder 19Cold-freezingSlow-snow 10Wish-wind 10River-riffle 3White-wait 10Beautiful-handsome ...

Window-lightRough-harshCitizen-cityFoot-walkSpider-creep

Needle-needless 10Red-colorSleep-sleet 10Anger-roughCarpet-carpenter 10Girl-going 19High-airWorking-toilingSour-shower 10Earth-eating 19Trouble-loneliness 17Soldier-solid 10Cabbage-carrying 19Hard-hardly SEagle-eating 10Stomach-starch 10Stem-step 2Lamp-glassDream-drearyYellow-yonder 12Bread-bed 10Justice-juice 10Boy-ballLight-likeness 10Health-help 10Bible-bookMemory-memorial 2Sheep-sleepBath-battle 10Cottage-cotton 10Swift-fastBlue-blind 10Hungry-hurry 10Priest-prince 10

ever been suspected ininsane. Sound reactions.

Ocean-over 12Head-large 1Stove-stone 10Long-heavy 19Religion-goodness IWhiskey-strongChild-small 1Bitter-butter 10Hammer-hardThirsty-thrifty 10City-seeing 10Square-&juirrel 10Butter-bitter 10Doctor-dark 10Loud-noisyThief-stealingLion-eatingJoy-joyous SBed-sleepHeavy-welghtful 4Tobacco-cocoa 10Baby-boy 2Moon-moo 3Scissors-successors 10Quiet-easyGreen-grassSalt-simmer 19Street-steep 10King-kingdomCheese-squeeze 10Blossom-bloomingAfraid-Africa 10


CONSECUTIVE No. 314.-School teacher. Efficient ; described as verysilent. Unclassified reactions, due mostly to distraction.

CONSECUTIVE No. 216.-State hospital attendant. Incompetent, dull.Numerous non-specific reactions.

Table-cat 19Dark-no 12Music-will 19Sickness-chair 19Man-table 6Deep-floor 14Soft-paper 6Eating-wood 19Mountain-chair 15House-windowBlack-wallMutton-sky 19Comfort-sir 18Hand-tableShort-paper 6Fruit-sweeping 19Butterfly-room 18Smooth-working 2Command-stone 19Chair-machine 19Sweet-radiator 19Whistle-clock 19Woman-cane 19Cold-flower 19Slow-cord 19Wish-marrIage 2River-chimney 19White-wheel 19Beautiful-cane 15Window-pot 19Rough-grass 19Citizen-paperFoot-closet 19Spider-awning 19

Needle-gOOd 9Red-bad 9Sleep-hinge 19Anger-will 15Carpet-paper 6Girl-chair isHigh-table 6Working-cane 15Sour-floor 15

Earth-ceilIng 18Trouble-chain 19Soldier-desk 19Cabbage-paperHard-tableEagle-flower 15Stomach-match 19Stem-matchlamp-tableDream-chair 14Yellow-cane 18Bread-flourJustice-peaceBoy-window 15Light-wall 18Health-floor 18Bible-house 18Memory-paper 6Sheep-dress 19Bath-clothes 18Cottage-earth 19Swift-sky 18Blue-trees 19Hungry-leaves 18Priest-bark 18

Ocean-boatHead-hatStove-ashes 17Long-shortReligion-peaceWhiskey-bottleChild-dressBitter-sourHammer-teeth 19Thirsty-dryCity-good 1Square-woodButter-best 10Doctor-shoes 19Loud-musicThief-notes 2Lion-strings 19Joy-happy 1Bed-wish 13Heavy-leadTobacco-plantBaby-good 1Moon-paper 6Sclseors#{149}-straw 19Quiet-hoop 19Green-rope 19Salt-dishStreet-dirtKing-bucket 19Cheese-plateBlossom-plantAfraid-sweeping 15

Table-rollIng 19Dark-swim 19Music-playingSickness-riding 19Man-walkDeep-singing 19Soft-light , ...

Eating-sleepMountain-lowHouse-small 1Black-darkMutton-lean 19Comfort-good 1Hand-small 1Short-small 1Fruit-tasteButterfly-beautiful . . . 1Smooth-long 6Command-Immediate . . 2Chair-small 6Sweet-clear 19Whistle-longWoman-small 1Cold-long 6Slow-write 2Wish-quick 10River-longWhite-cleanBeautiful-nice 1Window-big 19Rough-bad 1Citizen-short 19Foot-small 1Spider-sinai! 1

Needle-small 1Red-darkSleep-easyAnger-bad 1c�arpet-#{149}small 1Girl-short isHigh-longWorking-good 1Sour-bad 1Earth-large 1Trouble-bad 1Soldier-good 1Oabbage-snisfl 6Hard-applesEagle-small 6Stomach-good 1Stem-shortLamp-brightDream-good 1Yellow-lightBread-good 1Justice-good 1Boy-small 1Light-clearHealth-good 1Bible-true

Memory-good 1Sheep-manyBath-good 1Cottage--large 1Swift-fastBlue-darkHungry-long 6Priest-true 19

Ocean-wide . .

Head-large 1Stove-blackLong-wideReligion-good 1Whiskey-strongChild-small 1Bitter-bad 1Hammer-small 1Thirsty-bad 1City-bigSquare-longButter-good 1Doctor-good 1Loud-hearty 19Thief-bad 1Lion-bad 5Joy-happy 1Bed-easyHeavy-stoneTobacco-strongBaby-small 1Moon-large 1ScIssors-sharpQuiet-babyGreen-darkSalt-strong 10Street-wideKing-highCheese-good 1Blossom-applesAfraid-he 12

- �- - � � � - �


CONSECUTIVE No. 318.-School boy. Non-specific reactions.

Table-boardDark-nightMusic-soundSickness-pleasantness . . 9Man-people 1Deep-riverSoft-cat 2Eating-pleasanthess . 1Mountain-highHouae-bomeBlack-darkMutton-good 1Comfort-pleasure 1Hand-footShort-littleFruit-good 1Butterfly-pretty 1Smooth-softCommand-goChair-sitSweet-good 1Whistle-noiseWoman-pretty 1Cold-bad 1Slow-quickWish-good 1River-deepWhite-snowBeautiful-pretty 1Window-lookRough-evenCitizen-good 1Foot-handSpider-bite

Needle-sharpRed-crimsonSleep-wakeAnger-madCarpet-floorGirl-good 1High-tallWorking-sleepSour-bad 1Earth-groundTrouble-bad 1Soldier-good 1Cabbage-bad 6Hard-softEagle-birdStomach-acheStem-slenderLamp-lightDream-� 1Yellow-pretty 1Bread-good 1Justice-good 1Boy-funLight-seeHealth-happiness 1Bible-good 1Memory-good 1Sheep-pretty 1Bath-good 1Cottage-pretty 1Swift-quickBlue-yellowHungry-eatPriest-good 1

Ocean-bigHead-little 15Stove-hotLong-distanceReligIon-good 1Whiskey-bad 1Child-cuteBitter-good 1Hammer-hardThirsty-hard 5City-good 6Square-roundButter-softDoctor-good 1Loud-noisyThief-good 6Lion-bigJoy-good 1Bed-comfortableHeavy-lightTobacco-bad 1Baby-pretty 1Moon-cute 13Sclors-sharpQuiet-loudGreen-pretty 1Salt-good 1Street-narrowKing-good 6Cheese-good IBlossom-pretty 1Afrald-ecaved

CONSECUTIVE No. 234.-School boy. Non-specific reactions.

Table-chairDark-coldMusic-sweetSickness-hardMan-wise 19Deep-darkSoft-sweetEating-drinkingMountain-snowHouse-great aBlack-horseMutton-good 1Comfort-healthHand-footShort-fatFruit-good 1Butterfly-pretty 1Smooth-hardCommand-generalChair-softSweet-good 1Whistle-loudWoman-large 1Cold-drearySlow-hardWish-fairyRiver-large 1White-snowBeautiful-woman 1Window-large 1Rough-hardCitizen-good 1Foot-small 1Spider-ugly

Needle-thickRed-cow 17Sleep-dreamsAnger-very 12carpet-pretty 1Girl-small 1High-treeWorking-hardSour-bitterEarth-great 1Trouble-hardSoldier-bravecabbage-good 1Hard-stoneEagle-great 9Stomach-weakStem-watchLamp-pretty 9Dream-sweetYellow-buttercupBread-flourJustice-man 1Boy-gunLight-brightHealth-care 2Bible-holyMemory-poorSheep-pretty 1Bath-nice 1Cottage-lowSwift-streamBlue-bluebird 2Hungry-tIredPriest-church

Ocean-waterHead-large 1Stove-fireLong-snakeReligion-JesusWhiskey-temperance .

Child-healthy 19BItter-appleHammer-nailThirsty-waterCity-housesSquare-deskButter-yellowDoctor-medicineLoud-harshThief-wickedLion-fierceJoy-happiness 1Bed-restHeavy-stoneTobacco-dirtyBaby-small 1Moon-skyScizsors-sba�Quiet-lonelyGreen-sourSalt-cows 19Street-people 1King-rich 19Cheese-yellowBlossom-pretty . . . .. . . . 1Afraid-fear


CoNsacuTiv� No. 8o�.-Lawyer. �8 individual reactions, of which 14 areclassed as normal ; io are unclassified, most of which are also obviously

1 Diagnostik und Prognostik der Geisteskrankheiten, p. 93. Leipzig, i�o3.

normal.Table-chair -

Dark-candle #{149} 17Music-girlSickness-doctorMan-woman 1Deep-swimming 19Soft-handEating-Relsenweber . . .17MountaIn-Kipling 19House-mortgage 17Black-spectrum 19Mutton-pigComfort-chairHand-ringShort-tallFruit-bananaButterfly-colorSmooth-sphere 17Command-soldierChair-teacher 10Sweet-appleWhistle-policemanWoman-hatCold-thermometer 19Slow-invalidWish-millionRiver-HudsonWhite-Broadway 19Beautiful-girlWindow-schoolRough-ball 19Citizen-justiceFoot-shoeSpider--Insect

Needle-tailor 17Red-flannelSleep-

potassium bromide. .17Anger-teacherCarpet-tackGirl-belt 17High-poleWorking-laborerSour-appleEarth-ColumbusTrouble-lawyer 19Soldier-gunCabbage-plantation . . . 2Hard-brickEagle-feathersStomach-juice 17Stem-leafLamp-lightDream-pillow 17Yellow-lemonBread-crustJustice-judgeBoy-pantsLight-gasHealth-medicineBible-Jacob 17MemoryrainSheep-woolBath-soapCottage-rod 19Swift-ballBlue-skyHungry-I

Priest-surpliceOcean-shipHead-hairStove--shovel 17Long-poleReligion-Abraham 19Whiskey-Kentucky . . . .17Child-babyBitter-pepperHammer-nailThirsty-lemonadeCity-Manhattan 17Square-Washington . .

Butter-saltDoctor-nurseLoud-hammerThief-jewelryLion-Androcles 19Joy-automobileBed-shoes 15Heavy-Flannigan 19Tobacco-pipeBaby-wifeMoon-man 1Scissors-cutQuiet-demureGreen-eyesSalt-cellarStreet-Wall 17King-EdwardCbeese-RoquefortBlossom-fieldAfraid-burglar

§ 9- NUMBER OF DIFFERENT Woiws GIVEN AS Ri�cTIoNs.

It has been suggested by ma’ that the number of dif-

ferent words given in response to one hundred selected stimulus

words may be used as “ a fairly reliable measure of the intel-

ligence and degree of education of a patient.” The test accord-

ing to Fuhrmann is applied twice in every case, the interval be-

tween the two sittings being at least four weeks. “ In very

intelligent and well educated persons every ioo stimulus words

almost always evokes in the first test 95-100 different associa-

lions ; in the less intelligent and in the feeble-minded the same

associations are more frequently repeated. In the second test

with the same stimulus words-which is really much more im-

portant than the first, since even persons or inferior intelligence

may reach higher numbers in the first test-the difference in the

wealth of the stock of representations becomes plainly evident:


the man of intelligence will not need to draw on the associations

which he gave in the first test, but will produce new ones ; the

feeble-minded subject will, on the contrary, repeat to a greater or

lesser extent the associations of the first test.” “ In general the

associational capacity of an adult person may be taken to be from

8o per cent to �o per cent. Should tile number sink below 70 per

cent the suspicion of a pathological condition must then arise;

and the higher the subject’s degree of education the stronger is

this suspicion. In the case of an associational c.apacity of 6o per

cent or less no doubt of its pathological significance can remain

any longer.”

Our results are not strictly comparable with Fuhrmann’s, be-

cause we have obtained but one test record from each subject ; it

may be said, however, that the results of a single test in each case

do not show any considerable differences, corresponding to educa-

tion or age, in the variety of responses. Further, dementing psy-

choses, with the exception of epilepsy, show on the whole no

diminution in the number of different reactions, although in in-

dividual cases this number falls considerably below the general

average ; and in such cases the diminution may be dependent upon

stereotypy or perseveration, and not necessarily upon reduction

in the stock of representations.

It would appear from our results that pathological mental

states are apt to manifest themselves by a tendency to give re-

actions belonging to types of inferior values rather than by

diminished variety of responses.

We show in Table VI. the numbers of different responses given

by our groups of normal and insane subjects, expressed in figures

giving for each group the median and the average.

TABLE VLMed. Av.

86 normal subjects. common school education; records containing not over

10 individual reactions 85 84.5

66 normal subjects, collegIate education; records containing not over 10

individual reactIons 87 86.548 normal subjects, school children ; records containing not over 10 In.

dividual reactions 87 84.9

53 normal subjects; records containing not under 15 individual reactions. . 90 88.7

108 cases of dementia prwcox 87 84.2

33 cases of paranoic conditions 89 86.5

24 cases of epilepsy 78I,� 75.882 cases of general paresis 84� 82.4

32 cases of manic-depressive insanity 87 85.4


§ io. CO-OPERATION OF THE SUBJECT.

In our work with insane subjects we encountered many cases

in which we were unable to obtain satisfactory test records owing

to lack of proper co-operation. Some subjects seemed to he either

too confused or too demented to be capable of understanding and

following the instructions given them. Others were for one

reason or another unwilling to co-operate. It is important to dis-

tinguish inability from unwillingness to co-operate, since the

former indicates in itself an abnormal state of the mind, while

the latter is quite often shown by normal persons.

A subject may co-operate to the extent of giving a single word

in response to each stimulus word, and yet fail to co-operate in

some other particulars.

He may, instead of giving the first word suggested to him by

the stimulus, suppress the first word more or less systematically,

and give some other word which may seem to him more appro-

priate. This probably occurs very often, but does not seem to

render the results less serviceable for our purpose.

Further, a subject may react by words related not to the stim-

ulus words, but to each other, thus simulating perseveration ; or

he may react by naming objects within reach of the senses, thus

appearing to be distracted ; or he may give only sound reactions.

There is, in fact, no type of pathological reactions which a

normal person may not be able to produce more or less readily

at will, though in the case of incoherent reactions considerable

mental effort may be required, and the end may be attained only

by regularly rejecting the first and some subsequent words which

are suggested by the stimulus.

In view of these considerations we are led to conclude that the

association test, as applied by our method, could not be relied

upon as a means of detecting simulation of insanity in malingerers,

criminals, and the like.

§11. SUMMARY.

The normal range of reaction in response to any of our stimulus

words is largely confined within narrow limits.

The frequency tables compiled from test records given by one

thousand normal subjects comprise over ninety per cent of the

normal range in the average case.


With the aid of the frequency tables and the appendix normal

reactions, with a very few exceptions, can be sharply distinguished

from pathological ones.

The separation of pathological reactions from normal ones

simplifies the task of their analysis, and makes possible the appli-

cation of a classification based on objective criteria.

By the application of the association test, according to the

method here proposed, no sharp distinction can be drawn between

mental health and mental disease ; a large collection of material

shows a gradual and not an abrupt transition from the normal

state to pathological states.

In dementia pr�cox, some paranoic conditions, manic-depres-

sive insanity, general paresis, and epileptic dementia the test re-

veals some characteristic, though not pathognomonic, associational

tendencies.

. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

It is with pleasure that we acknowledge our indebtedness to the

many persons who have assisted us in collecting the data for this

work.

About two hundred tests upon normal subjects were made for

us by the following persons : Dr. Frederic Lyman Wells, Dr.

Jennie A. Dean, Miss Lillian Rosanoff, and Miss Madeleine

Wehie.

Dr. 0. M. Dewing, the late superintendent of the Long Island

State Hospital, and Dr. Chas. W. Pilgrim, superintendent of

the Hudson River State Hospital, have assisted the work by

kindly permitting the test to be made upon employees of these in-

stitutions, and we are especially indebted to Dr. F. W. Parsons

for personal assistance in securing the co-operation of many

subjects.

Professor R. S. Woodworth, of Columbia University, extended

to us the courtesy of the Psychological Laboratory during several

weeks of the summer session of � and gave us much assist-

ance in obtaining interviews with students ; we received assistance

also from several of the instructors of Teachers’ College, especially

Mr. Wm. H. Noyes.

25


We are indebted to Mr. F. C. Lewis and Mr. W. E. Stark, of

the Ethical Culture School, New York, for permitting us to make

the test upon the pupils of that school.

In the work of compiling the tables we have been assisted by

Dr. N. W. Bartram, Dr. Jennie A. Dean, Mrs. H. M. Kent, and

others.

We wish, finally, to express our thanks to Dr. Wm. Austin

Macy, superintendent of this hospital, to whom we are indebted

for the opportunity of undertaking this work.

APPENDIX TO THE FREQUENCY TABLES

General Rules.

I. Any word combination which is to be found in the frequency

tables, but only in the reverse order from that in which it occurs

in a test record under consideration, is to be classed as a normal

reaction.

2. Any reaction word which is a synonym or an antonym of

the corresponding stimulus word is to be classed as normal.

1. TABLE

Any food or meal.Any room or apartment.Any article of table linen, china, silver, or furnishings.Word designating any special variety of tables.Any word pertaining to appetite.

2. DARK

Any source of illumination.Any enclosure from which light is wholly or in a large measure excluded.Word referring to physiological pigmentation of tissues exposed to view.

Any division of the diurnal cycle.Any color or coloring materiaLAnything which obscures light.

3. MUSIC

Any musical instrument.Name of any composer or musician.Special or general name of any musical composition.Term designating rhythm, tempo, loudness, or pitch.Name of any dance.Term expressing subjective effect of music.

1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A J. ROSANOFF 375

4. SICKNESS

Term designating any disease, symptom, injury, or physiological function.Any cause of disease.Any means or measure of treatment of disease.Any anatomical organ or region.Word denoting mode of termination, results, consequences, or indirect

effects of disease.Any term of prognostic import.Common or proper name of any person.

5. MAN

Word denoting or implying age of a person.

Any of the well-known male sexual characteristics.Occupation or profession more or less peculiarly masculine.Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization.

Word pertaining to sexual relationships ; any word denoting the oppositesex

The proper name of any male person.Any article of male apparel.

6. DEEP

Any vessel or container.Any natural or artificial body of water.Any depression of surface.Any object naturally situated or often artificially placed at a comparatively

great distance below the surface.Any act of progress from surface to depth.

7. SOFT

Any article of food.Any fabric.

S. EATING

Any article of table linen, china, or silver.Any organ of digestion ; any function of nutrition.

Any article of food ; any meaLAny private or public eating place.Word denoting taste.

9. MOUNTAIN

Name of any mountain, mountain range, or mountainous country.Word pertaining to shape, geological composition, fauna, or flora of moun-

tains or mountainous regions.Any term of physical geography.

I


. 10. HOUSE

Any place of house location., Any part of a house.

Any material used in the construction of a house.Any part of the process of construction of a house.

Laborer or mechanic having to do with the construction of a house.Any commercial term pertaining to ownership, taxes, mortgages, sale, rent-

ing, or occupancy of a house.Any article of furniture.

11. BLACK

Any object or substance that is always or often black or dark in color.

Any color.

Word denoting limitation or obscuration of light.Any word clearly related to the word Black used as a proper name.

12. MUTTON

Any article of food ; any meal.

Any animal, or class or group of animals, whose meat is used for humanconsumption as food.

Any article of table linen, china, silver ; any cooking utensiL

Word designating any person engaged in the preparation of meats forconsumption.

Word denoting any process employed in the preparation of meats forconsumptiorL

�L3. COMFORT

Any agreeable or disagreeable subj ective state.

Any object, act, or condition that contributes to comfort or produces dis-

comfort.

14. HAND

Any simple function of the hand ; work requiring special manipulation.

Word denoting skill or any degree of skilL

Any part or any tissue of the body.

15. SHORT

Any word involving the concept of duration.

Common or proper name of any person.Any word denoting shape, relative or absolute dimension, or distance.

Any object in which characteristically one dimension exceeds any other.


16. FRUIT


Any process employed in the cultivation of fruits or in their preparationfor consumption.

Word designating any person engaged in the cultivation of fruits or intheir preparation for consumption.

Any article of table linen, china, or silver.

17. BUTTERFLY

Any bird, worm, or insect.

Any flower.Any color.

is. SMOOTH

Any object possessing a smooth surface as a characteristic feature.

Any fabric.

19. COMMAND

Word denoting any means of influence of one mind upon another intendedto pi�oduce acquiescence.

Word denoting or implying acquiescence or lack of it.Term applied to any commanding officer or to any person in authority.

20. CHAIR

Any article of furniture.

Any room or apartment.

21. SWEET

Any substance having a sweet taste.

Common or proper name of a child or woman.

22. WHISTLE

Any instrument or any animal producing a shrill musical sound.

23. WOMAN

Word denoting or implying age of a person.Any of the well-known female sexual characteristics.Occupation or profession more or less peculiarly feminine.Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization.Word pertaining to sexual relationships ; any word denoting the opposite

sex.Name of any female person.Any article of female apparel.


24. COLD

Name of any location characterized by low temperature.

Any illness or symptom which may be caused by exposure to cold.

Any division of the annual cycle.Any food that is always or often served cold.Any means or measure of protection against cold.

Any state of the natural elements causing a sensation of cold.Word denoting subjective characterization of or reaction to cold.

25. SLOW

Any means or manner of locomotion.Any word involving the concept of rate of progress with reference either

to time or to intensity of action.Common or proper name of any person.

20. WISH

Word implying fulfillment of a wish either by achievement or throughacquiescence.

Word implying non-fulfillment of a wish.Word denoting any state of longing or anticipation.Word denoting any state free from longing or anticipation.Word denoting a prayer or request.

Word denoting a state of happiness.

2T. RIVER

Any body of water.Any part of a river.Any plant or animal living in rivers.Any term of physical geography.Any vessel or contrivance for navigation.

28. WHiTE

Any object or substance that is always or often white or very light in color.Any color.Any word clearly related to the word White used as a proper name.

�. BEAUTIFUL

Any word denoting aesthetic pleasure.Name or any female person.Any product of the fine arts or of decorative handicraft.Any decorative plant or flower.Any article of attire.

Natural scenery.Any division of the diurnal cycle.


80. WINDOW

Any word pertaining to illumination.

Word pertaining to movements of air.Any attachment to a window for the control of transmission of light or air.Any building or apartment.

81. ROUGH

Any object or substance which is characteristically rough to the touch.

Word denoting or implying irregularity of surface.Any skin lesion which may impart to the skin the quality of roughness.Any word implying carelessness, lack of consideration, or crudeness ; any

word used to designate action or conduct which may be characterizedas careless, inconsiderate, or crude.

82. CITIZEN

Any word pertaining to political organization, or to factors either favorable

or unfavorable to it.

Any term or proper name of political geography.Common or proper name of any male person.

33. FOOT

Any means or manner of locomotion involving the use of the feet.Any part or any tissue of the animal body.Any article of foot-wear.Any way constructed or used for walking.

Any unit of linear measure.

34. SPIDER

Word employed to designate subj ective characterization of or reaction toan object of dislike.

Any insect.Word pertaining to the characteristic habits of spiders, with reference

either to location and construction of nest, or to manner of catchingprey.

35. NEEDLE

Any material used in making clothes.Any special sewing operation ; any occupation in which sewing constitutes

part of the work.

Any special kind of needles.

Any instrument which is used in connection with a needle in any opera-

tion, or of which a needle forms a part.


86. RED

Word which may be used to express subjective characterization of the red

color.Any obj ect or substance which is always or often red in color.

Anything which is by convention or common usage connected with the redcolor.

Any organ, tissue, or lesion, exposed to view, which may have a red colorimparted to it by the blood or by physiological pigment.

Any color or coloring materiaLAny word implying light through incandescence.

37. SLEEt’

Word denoting somnolence or a state of lowered consciousness ; anything

which is a cause of somnolence or of lowered consciousness ; anythingwhich induces a desire to sleep.

Word denoting a state of active consciousness or a transition from loweredto more active consciousness.

Any division of the diurnal cycle.Any word more or less c#{231}mmonly used to characterize sleep in any way.

Any article of bedding, bed-linen, or night-clothes.Any article of furniture used for sitting or lying.

38. ANGER

Any affective state ; any common demonstration of emotion.Any common cause or provocation of anger.Action or conduct caused by anger ; word used to characterize such action

or conduct.

89. CARPET

Any material of which carpets are made.

Any article of house furniture, hangings, or decorations.Word denoting home, house, or any part of a house.

Word pertaining to the manufacture or care of carpets, or denoting a per-son engaged in the manufacture, sale, or care of carpets.

Any country especially noted for the manufacture of carpets or rugs.

Any color.

40. GIRL


Any of the well-known female sexual characteristics.Occupation or profession more or less peculiarly feminine.Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization.

Word pertaining to sexual relationships ; any word denoting the oppositesex.

Name of any female person.

Any part of a person’s body.

Any article of female apparel.

I91oJ GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J ROSANOFF 381

41. HIGH

Any word denoting or implying skill, training, achievement, or position.Any word denoting or implying valuation.Any architectural structure.Any object of which the vertical dimension characteristically exceeds any

other.Any act of progress from a lower to a higher leveLName of any mountain or mountain range.Anything characteristically situated at a high level.

Anything characteristically variable in height.

42. WORKING

Any occupation, profession, art, or labor.Direct results or consequences of work.Any place of employment.Rest, recreation, inaction, or disinclination to work.Word denoting energy, material, capital, equipment.

43. SOUR

Any substance or object which is always or often sour in taste.

Any word denoting a taste or flavor quality.

44. EARTH

Any substance which enters into the composition of soiLWord pertaining to the utilization or cultivation of natural resources ; any

product of agriculture.

Any term of physical geography, geology, mineralogy, meteorology, orastronomy.

45. TROUBLE

Any affective state.Any general cause of active emotional states.Any common manifestation of emotion.Word denoting or implying defeat.Word denoting or implying caution or lack of it.

Any task.

46. SOLDIER

Word pertaining to military organization.Word pertaining to any military operation.Word pertaining to military discipline or to military decoration.Any article of military or naval equipment or attire.Common or proper name of any male person.Name of any country.

Word pertaining to political organization.


47. CABBAGE

Any article of food ; any meal.Any article of table linen, china, silver ; any cooking utensil.

Any process of cooking.Word used to designate any person engaged in the cultivation of cabbages

or in their preparation for consumption.

48. HARD

Any solid article of food.Word denoting or implying impact.

Any task or labor.Any substance which is hard or unyielding.Any agency or process by which a substance is solidified or hardened.Any article of furniture used for sitting or lying.Any trait of disposition characterized by lack of readiness to yield or lack

of consideration for others.

49. EAGLE

Any bird.Any piece of currency.

Anything in connection with which the word eagle is used in a symbolicsense.

50. STOMACH

Any anatomical organ or region.Any article of food ; any meaL

Word pertaining to ingestion and assimilation of food.Term denoting health or disease ; any medicament.

51. STEM

Any object which has a stem.Any part of a plantAny object which is long, slender, and more or less rigid.

52. LAMP

Any means or source of illumination.Word denoting or implying illumination.

53. DREAM

Any product of imagination.Any psychical phenomenon ; any part of the psychical organ.Word denoting or implying unreality or uselessness.Word denoting or implying mystery or occultism.

Any division of the diurnal cycle.Any article of bedding, bed-linen or night-clothes.

Any article of furniture used for sitting or lying.

Any narcotic substance.


54. YELLOW

Word which may be used to denote subjective characterization of theyellow color.

Any object or substance which is always or often yellow in color.Any color or coloring material.

55. BREAD

Any article of food ; any meal.Any article of table linen, china, or silver ; any cooking utensiL

Any private or public eating place.Word pertaining to ingestion and assimilation of food.

Any ceremony in connection with which bread is used.

56. JUSTICE

Any word implying crime or tendency to crime, legal trial, retribution orlack of it, or repentance.

Any officer of the law.Word pertaining to judiciary organization.Word denoting any kind of ethical relationship.

Any deity.The name of any justice or judge.Any function of a judicial authority.Any word denoting or implying equality.

57’. BOY


Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization.Word pertaining to sexual relationships ; any word denoting the opposite

sex.Common or proper name of any male person.Any part of a person’s body.Any article of male apparel.Any common boys’ toy or game.Word pertaining to educational organization.

58. LIGHT

Any source, apparatus, or means of illumination.Any color or coloring material.

Word implying light through incandescence.Any term of optics ; any optical phenomenon.Any object or substance which is characteristically light in weight.


59. HEALTH

Any emotion ; any common manifestation of emotion.

Any disease or symptom.Word pertaining to prevention or treatment of disease.Word pertaining to any normal bodily function.Word pertaining to the preservation of health.Word denoting or implying a state of health.Any athletic sport or form of exercise.Any anatomical organ or region.

00. BIBLE

Name of any personage mentioned in the Bible.

Any religion or religious denomination.Any name or attribute employed in reference to the Deity.Any article or act of religious ritual.Word denoting or implying belief, disbelief, or doubt.Any term of theology.

61. MEMORY

Word pertaining to operations, faculties, endowment, training, or conditiot

of the mind.

Word denoting any degree of accuracy.Word denoting the cranium ; any part of the psychical organ.

Word pertaining to the past.Any word implying transiency.Any subject of study involving the exercise of memory.Any method or means for the reinforcement of memory.Any of the senses.Word denoting retention.

62. SHEEP

Any animal raised or hunted for clothing material, for food, or for itsservices as a beast of burden.

Any product manufactured from the skin or wool of sheep.Any of the more or less � distinctive characteristics of sheep.Any food product derived from sheep.

63. BATH

Word denoting or implying an effect of bathing on the body.Any body of water.Any kind of bath ; any part of bath, lavatory, or toilet equipment.Any material of which a bathing equipment is largely made.Word denoting a state of partial or complete undress.Any beach or bathing resort.Any aquatic feat of gymnastics.


04. COTTAGE

Word pertaining to landscape gardening.Any place of cottage location.Any part of a house ; any color.

Any material used in the construction of a cottage.Any laborer or mechanic having to do with the construction of a cottage.Any part of the process of construction of a cottage.Any commercial term pertaining to ownership, taxes, mortgages, sale, rent-

ing, or occupancy of a cottage.

Any article of furniture.

65. SWiFT

Any means or manner of locomotion.Word denoting or implying motion or rate of motion.Any animal or familiar object characterized by rapid locomotion.

Any word clearly related to the word Swift used as a proper name.

60. BLUE

Word which may be used to express subjective characterization of theblue color.

Any object or substance which is always or often blue in color.Anything which is by convention or common usage connected with the blue

color.Any organ, tissue, or lesion, exposed to view, which may have a blue color

imparted to it by the blood or by physiological pigment.

Any color or coloring material.

67. HUNGRY

Any animal.Any article of food ; any meal.

Word denoting taste or flavor.Word denoting or implying privation or torture.Any article of table linen, china, or silver.Any private or public eating place.

Any organ of digestion ; any function of nutrition.

Word designating any person engaged in the preparation or sale of foods.

68. PRIEST

Any religion or denomination.Any article or act of religious ritual.Any term of theology.Word denoting or implying sanctity.Word denoting or implying belief, disbelief, or doubt.

Word pertaining to church organization.Proper name of any priest.

Any article of clerical attire.Any profession more or less peculiarly masculine.


09. OCEAN

Any body of water.Any plant or animal living in the ocean.Any term of physical geography.Any vessel or contrivance for navigation.Word pertaining to navigation ; any nautical term.

Common or proper name of any place bordering on the ocean.Any aquatic feat of gymnastics.

�O. HEAD

Any organization which has a person occupying the highest office.Word denoting or implying the highest office of any organization.

Any intellectual faculty, quality, or operation.Any part of the head.Any pathological condition affecting the head.

Ti. STOVE

Any part of a stove.

Any kitchen utensil.

Any artificial heating apparatus ; any fueLAny manner of cooking ; any person engaged in cooking food.Any article of household furniture.

72 LONG

Any word involving the concept of duration.Word denoting shape, relative or absolute dimension, or distance.Any object in which characteristically one dimension exceeds any other.

73. RELIGION

Any religion or denomination ; the name of any race or nation.Any term of theology.

Any branch of metaphysical philosophy.

74. WHISKEY

Any beverage ; the name of any brand of whiskey.Any material of which whiskey is made.

Word denoting taste or flavor.Any occasion or ceremony commonly associated with the use of alcoholic

beverages.Word denoting a state of lowered consciousness.Any physiological or pathological effect of alcohol ; also any well known

indirect effect.

75. CHILD

Word denoting or implying age of a person.Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization.Name of any person.


Any part of a person’s body.

Any article of a child’s apparel.Any common child’s toy or game.

Word pertaining to educational organization.Any word descriptive of the natural physical or mental make-up of a

child, or of the rate or degree of physical or mental development.Word pertaining to any custom or ceremony connected with the birth or

rearing of children.Any term of obstetrics.Any word clearly related to the word Child used as a proper name.

76. BITTER

Any substance having a bitter, sour, sweet, or salt taste, or a complex taste

quality which may be characterized as strong.

Word denoting a taste or flavor quality.Any organ of taste.Any word in connection with which the word bitter may be used in the

sense of poignant.

7�’. HAMMER

Any tool or weapon.Any trade involving the use of a hammer.

78. THIRSTY

Any beverage.

Any animaLWord denoting taste or taste quality.

Any part of the tipper end of the digestive tract.Any drinking place ; any container of a beverage.Any fruit ; �xiy dessert.Any food ingredient commonly known to excite thirst.

79. CITY

Name of any division of political geography.Any architectural structure.

Any part of a city.

Word pertaining to the political organization of a city.

80. SQUARE

The name of any city.The name of any square in a city or town.Any geometrical figure or part of one.

Any object that is always or often square in shape.Any device used in the arts for measuring angles, arcs, or distances be-

tween points.Any part of a carpenter’s or draughtsman’s square.

Any trade involving the use of the square.


81. BUTTER

Any article of food ; any meal.Any article of table linen, china, or silver ; any cooking utensil.Any process of cooking.

82. DOCTOR

The name of any physician.Any medical speciality or practice.Any medical or surgical procedure.

Any therapeutic remedy or method.Any organization for the treatment of disease.Name of any injury or disease.

83. LOUD

Any sound or sound quality.

Any part of the human vocal apparatus.Any act of vocalization.

Any musical instrument.Any apparatus for making sound signals.Word denoting renown or commendation.

84. THIEF

Word denoting crime or wrongdoing.

Word denoting any circumstance propitious for theft.Any common measure for the prevention or punishment of crime.Any judicial, police, or penal authority.Any readily portable article of value.Word denoting renown.

85. LION

Word denoting or implying fear.Any animaL *

86. JOY

Word denoting a state, quality, faculty, or function of the mind.

Any common manifestation of emotion.

Any occasion, act, or means of recreation or of pleasurable excitement.

ST. BED

Any article of bedding, bed linen, or night-clothes.Any article of furniture.Any living room, apartment, or building.Any part of a room.Any division of the diurnal cycle.Any material of which beds are made.Word pertaining to sleep or rest.

I1910] GRACE HELEN KENT AND A. J. ROSANOFF 389

sS. HEAVY

Word denoting or implying weight or lightness.Any object or substance which characteristically possesses the quality of

either great weight or marked lightness.

Any means of support or suspension.Any fabric ; any article of clothing or bedding.Word denoting something to be carried or transferred.Any painful emotion.

Word denoting a state of lowered consciousness.

89. TOBACCO

The name of any brand or variety of tobacco.Term denoting any common quality of tobacco.

Any physiological or pathological effect of tobacco.

Any word which expresses subjective characterization of tobacco.

90. BABY

Word denoting or implying age or size of a person.

Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization.Name of any person.

Any part of a person’s body.Any article of a child’s apparel.

Any common child’s toy or game.Word pertaining to any custom or ceremony connected with the birth or

rearing of children.

Any term of obstetrics.

91. MOON

Any term of astronomy.Word denoting or implying illumination or obscuration of light.Any division of the diurnal cycle.

92. SCISSORS

Any operation or handicraft involving the use of scissors.Any fabric ; any article of clothing.

Any metal of which scissors are made.

Any tool for cutting, piercing, or sharpening.

Any operation of cutting, piercing, or sharpening.

98. QUIET

Any place where silence usually prevails or is enforced.

Word denoting or implying a state of lowered psychical activity or ofpsychical inhibition.

Word denoting heightened psychical activity.Any word pertaining to the emotions.

26


D4. GREEN

Word which may be used to express subjective characterization of the

green color.Any object or substance which is always or often green in color.

Anything which is by convention or common usage connected with the

green color.

Any color or coloring material.Any plant, collection of plants, or part of a plant.Any word clearly related to the word Green used as a proper name.

05. SALT

Any article of food that is usually seasoned with salt ; any seasoning ; anyrelish.


Any process of cooking.

Any term of chemistry.

96. STREET

Name of any street or city.

Any part of a street.

Any building.

Any manner or means of locomotion commonly employed in traveling

through streets.

97. KING

Any name of the Deity.

The proper or common name of any ruler of a nation or of a smaller

municipality.

Any nation or ccuntry.Any title -of nobility.Any word clearly related to the word King used as a proper name.

98. CHEESE


Word denoting any variety of cheese.Word pertaining to taste, flavor, or odor.

Word pertaining to appetite.


99. BLOSSOM

Any plant, collection of plants, or part of a plant.

Any term of botany.

Any division of the annual cycle.

too. AFRAID

Any affective state ; any common demonstration of emotion.Any common object of fear.

Word denoting or implying danger, courage ; any means of defense or pro-

tection against danger.

astudy ofassociation ininsanity

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