arun kumar ppt on indian railway

7/27/2019 Arun Kumar Ppt on Indian Railway

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ONINDIAN RAILWAYS

PRESENTED BY: Arun Kumar YadavBRANCH: ECE(B)

ROLLNO-100103064


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CONTENT:

5. Microwave Communication


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1853 First railway train journeyed distance of 22 miles

between Bombay and Thana.

It runs 14300 trains every day

It carry 1.4 crore passengers & 16 lakh tonnes ofgoods every day

Daily earnings Rs120 cr


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8000 engines

40,000 coaches about 2.5 lakh of wagons 7000 stations 1 lakh km of track

17 lakh employee worked under one organizationand there is no strike since last 30 years.


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RAILWAY SIGNALLING:-Railway signalling is a system used to control railwaytraffic safely, essentially to prevent trains fromcolliding.

Mainly there are two types of signals:-Mechanical signals:- Older forms of signal displayedtheir different aspects by their physical position.

Colour light signals:-On most modern railways,colour light signals have largely replacedmechanical ones.


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These signals are controlled by panel which issituated in ASM office

Controlling of signals:-


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Description Code Colour RemarksMain Signal Button S-5 RED Entrance Button

Track /Route Button S-6 GREY Exit Button

Level Crossing Button S-7 BLUE Operated with S-6

Group Slot Button S-8 GREEN For giving group slot

Point Group Button S-9 WHITE To point out location

Emergency Button S-10 R+G In emergency

Some keys of panel:-


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All over the world Railway transportation isincreasingly used, as this mode of transport is moreenergy efficient and environmentally friendly thanroad transportation.

Trains move on steel rail tracks and wheels of therailway vehicle are also flanged Steel wheels. Henceleast friction occurs at the point of contact betweenthe track & wheels.

Therefore trains carry more loads resulting in highertraffic capacity since trains move on specific tracks

called rails, their path is to be fully guided and thereis no arrangement of steering.


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Clear of obstruction as available with roadtransportation, so there is a need to provide control onthe movement of trains in the form of Railway signalswhich indicate to the drivers to stop or move and alsothe speed at which they can pass a signal

Since the load carried by the trains and the speed whichthe trains can attain are high, they need more brakingdistance before coming to the stop from full speed.Without signal to be available on the route to constantlyguide the driver accidents will take place due tocollisions


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"An arrangement of signals and signal appliances inthe manner that they switch the tracks to send the trainin particular direction.


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Solid State Interlocking is a data-driven signalcontrol system designed for use throughoutthe British railway system.

SSI is a replacement for electromechanicalinterlocking's which are based on highlyreliable relay technology.

SSI is a multicomputer system with two panelprocessors, a diagnostic processor, and threecentral interlocking processors which operatein repairable triple modular redundancy.


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MICROWAVE

COMMUNICATION


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Microwaves are radio waves with wavelengths rangingfrom as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter,

or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz(0.3 Ghz) and 300 Ghz. this broad definition includesboth uhf and ehf .

Various sources use different boundaries.in all cases,

microwave includes the entire shf band (3 to 30 ghz, or10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering oftenputting the lower boundary at 1 ghz (30 cm), and theupper around 100 ghz (3 mm).


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microwaves, one generated, propagate in a straightline in all directions

there are mainly 3 modes of propagation possible,and the mode is decided based on distance and

terrain. LOS, Sky wave Propagation, Ground Reflection Path


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Line-of-sight propagation refersto electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wavepropagation. Electromagnetic transmissionincludes light emissions traveling in a straight line.

LOS (Line of Sight) is a visible straight linebetween the sender and the receiver.

LOS propagation

propagation of microwaves in astraight line free from any obstructions.


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Tower A TowerB


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Fresnel zone

elliptical area around the LOSbetween a sender and receiver.

Microwaves spread into this area once aregenerated by an antenna.

This area should be free of any obstacles:


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Because of high frequency, more data can besent through microwaves -> increasedbandwidth, higher speeds

Keep it as hop to hop connections.

Can make MESH connections with the help of

this.


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carrier waves in satellite communications

cellular communication

Bluetooth

wireless local area network

GPS (Global Positioning System)


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THANK

YOU

arun kumar ppt on indian railway

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