ARTICULATIONS

• Joints between bones• Hold bones firmly to each other• Permit movement• Classified by degree of movement

(range of motion) and type of substance between bones

1. SYNARTHROSES

• Immovable• Bound together by dense, fibrous connective

tissue (ligaments) or bony fusions• 4 types:

– Sutures (fibrous)– Gomphoses - tooth root + alveolar processes of

mandible or maxillae (fibrous)– Synostosis – bony fusion – epiphyseal line, metopic

sutures– Synchondroses (joint between ribs and sternum;

epiphyseal plate) (hyaline cartilage)

2. AMPHIARTHROSES

• Slight movement• Cartilaginous• 2 types:

– Symphysis (located along midline of body) (fibrocartilage)

– Syndesmoses (radius + ulna; tibia + fibula)

3. DIARTHROSES

• Freely moveable joints• Most mobile and complex• Synovial joints• See drawing• 6 kinds:

– Hinge, pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

A. HINGE JOINTS

• Movement in one plane• Flexion (decrease angle between 2

bones)• Extension (increase angle between

2 bones)• Elbow, knee, ankle, occipital

condyles and atlas, interphalangeal

B. PIVOT JOINTS

• Rotational movement in one plane• A projection of one bone

articulates with a ring or notch of another bone

• C1 and C2, head of radius and radial notch of ulna

C. GLIDING JOINTS

• Side to side movements (slight movement)

• Flat surfaces slide over each other• Carpals, tarsals, clavicles and

sternum, articular facets of vertebrae

D. CONDYLOID

• Movement in two planes (biaxial)• Permits flexion, extension,

abduction, adduction, circumduction

• Interphalangeal joints, carpo-metacarpal joints (wrist)

E. SADDLE

• Carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb

• One convex face, one concave face

F. BALL AND SOCKET

• Movement in all planes

• Shoulder and hip joints

MOVEMENT AT DIARTHROTIC JOINTS

• Depends upon shape of articulating surfaces of bones, position of ligaments, muscles and tendons

ANGULAR MOVEMENTS

• Flexion• Extension• Hyperextension• Plantarflexion• Dorsiflexion• Abduction• Adduction

CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS

• Rotation• Circumduction• Supination• Pronation

SPECIAL MOVEMENTS

• Inversion• Eversion• Protraction• Retraction• Elevation• Depression• Gliding (simplest; no circular or angular)

HUMEROSCAPULAR JOINT

• Glenoid labrum• Superior, medial and inferior

glenohumeral ligaments• Rotator cuff

HIP JOINT

• Less movement than shoulder• One of strongest• Ileofemoral, ischiofemoral and

pubofemoral ligaments

KNEE JOINT

• Largest, one of most complex and most frequently injured

• Medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage pads)

• Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

• MCL and LCL• 13 bursae• Patellar ligament

VERTEBRAL JOINTS

• Herniated discs

WHAT AM I???

• Osteoarthritis• Bursitis• Rheumatoid arthritis• Gout• Osgood-Schlatter Disease• Arthroscopy