aromatic compounds from sugar · h ydr oxy-ar omati cs i n many cases ar e chemi cal l y di f f i...
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Aromatic Compounds from Sugar
Jan de Bont
28th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals April 30 - May 3, 2006, Nashville, Tennessee
Aromatic Compounds from Sugar Jan Wery
Harald Ruijssenaars
Hendrik Ballerstedt
Rita Volkers
Karin Nijkamp
Nick Wierckx
Maaike Westerhof
Luaine Bandounas
Suzanne Verhoef
Jean-Paul Meijnen
Frank Koopman
Corjan van der Berg
Jan-Harm Urbanus
Louise Heerema
Hugo van Buijsen
Dorien Wijte
Marijke Mol
Nicole van Luijk
Jan de Bont
TNO
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Or Christian Koolloos present at this meeting
SPONSORS OF WORK PRESENTED
B-Basic
Summary
H2N CH C
CH2
OH
O
OH
O
H
HO
H
HO
H
OH
OHHH
OH
OH
R
SUGARTYROSINE
Target compounds
Solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida as production host for hydroxylated aromatics
Hydroxy-aromatics in many cases are chemically difficult to synthesize- Compounds find many applications.- For instance as monomers in the production of various polymers including liquid crystal polymers.- Prices of biologically-produced compounds may go down to $5/kg or less.
Overproduction of tyrosine
Genomics approach
Introduction of genes
Downstreamprocessing
PURE AROMATICCOMPOUND
Often Dirty
Chemistry
Toxicity Issues
Pseudomonas putida S12
• Able to grow on many compounds including glucose,
also in the presence of a separate phase of either
toluene or octanol
• Toluene and octanol are very toxic for any normal
microorganism
Efflux Pump in Pseudomonas putida S12
Solvent tolerance of Pseudomonads: A new degree of freedom in biocatalysis Jan Wery and Jan de Bont, Pseudomonas, Volume 3, Edited By J-L Ramos
Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 2004.
OUT
IN
MEMBRANE
Efflux system
removes many,
chemically unrelated
compounds
Hydrolysate from Wheat Straw
• Acid pretreatment
• pH adjusted to 7
• Cellulase hydrolysis
• Supernatant used as growth medium
Compounds Present in Wheat Straw Hydrolysate
Compound Concentration (g/l)
cellobiose 1.7
glucose 26.9
xylose 6.8
arabinose 1.3
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 0.1
furfural 0.6
acetic acid 2.7
Growth in Wheat Straw Hydrolysate
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
0 20 40 60 80
Time (h)
CO
2 (
%)
E. Coli
P. Putida S12
Strategy:
• Compare wild type under various growth conditions
• Create diversity in solvent tolerant phenotypes by directed
evolution
• Assess cellular response of various phenotypes by
proteomics and transcriptomics
• Pinpoint relevant mechanisms
Mechanisms Other than Efflux System
and
Regulatory Networks?
Effect of Exposure to Toluene as Analyzed by
Comparative Proteomics
Chemostat experiments under 4 conditions:
•Either carbon or nitrogen limitation
•With or without 5 mM toluene
Technology:
2-D Fluorescence Difference in Gel Electrophoresis
(DIGE)
Advantages:
•Effective way to overcome gel to gel variation because
each protein spot has its own internal standard
•High sensitivity due to fluorescent labeling
Cy3 Cy5
Cy5
Cy3
Effect Toluene on Yield
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Dilution Rate (1/h)
Pro
tein
(g
/l)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Glu
cose
(g
/l)
P. putida S12 was grown in a glucose-limited chemostat
in the absence or presence of 6.2 mM toluene
Presence
Absence
Protein
Protein
Glucose
Glucose
Compensation required for H+ leakage and pumping activity
H+
H+ leakage
+
H+
ATPase
--
H+
Solvent pump
+
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Fumarase
TCA cycle
H+ H+
+
Rita Volkers et al; In Press
Production of Aromatic Compounds
Efflux system
Overproduction of an aromatic
amino acid
Aromatic
product
SUGAR
AROMATIC PRODUCT
P. Putida S12
General Approach
• Introduce relevant gene(s)
• Create mutants in random procedures
• Screen for producing mutants
• Proteomics and Transcriptomics analyses of mutants
• Targeted knocking out, or overexpressing of genes
• Cultivate selected mutants in fed-batch and remove
product during fermentation (in situ product recovery)
Target Compounds
Via phenylalanine:
• Cinnamic acid
• 1 other compound
Via tyrosine:
• Phenol
• 4 other compounds
Mutagenesis and High-throughput Screening
Transcriptomics
Affymetrix NimbleExpress Custom Array
based on P. putida KT2440
Sequence of P. putida S12 available soon
O
H
HO
H
HO
H
OH
OHH
H
OH
SUGAR
Overproduction of phenylalaninein P. putida S12 Introduction of PAL
NH2
O OH O OH
PHENYLALANINE CINNAMIC ACID
Karin Nijkamp et al.; Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2005) 69: 170-177
O
HO OH
HO OH
HO
glucose
H2N
O
OH
phenylalanine
HO
HO
HO
O
O-
shikimate
NH2
OHO
HO
tyrosine
O
HO
cinnamic acid
O
HO
cinnamic acid
PAL
6 enzymes
2 enzymes
13 transport-associated
proteins
50 genes > 1.8 upregulated
16 unknown function
22 clearly related to the process
12 unclear relation
P. putida S12TPL
Glucose
Phenol
Phenol
Tyrosine
Tyrosine phenol lyase
Efflux system
Product recovery
• Introduction of tpl enables phenol production.
• Optimization is necessary.
Phenol Production in P. putida S12
Generation of a Phenol-producing Strain
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 10 20Time (hrs)
μM
ph
en
ol
S12TPLS12TPL1S12TPL2S12TPL3S12Tn1
NTG mutagenesis
fluoro-tyrosine selection
Transposon mutagenesis
aroF-1 overexpression
tpl overexpression
NTG mutagenesis
fluoro-phenylalanine selection
Negative control
Nick Wierckx et al. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. (2005) 71: 8221-8227
Chemostat culture: at steady state, add 1 mM tyrosine pulse
400
450
500
550
-30 70 170 270
T (min)
μM
ph
en
ol
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
OD
600
μM fenol
OD600
Phenol Production After a Tyrosine Pulse
+ 1 mM tyrosine
tyrosine, phenylalanine
glucose
dahp
3-dehydroshikimate
shikimate
phenylalanine
3-dehydroquinate
tyrosine
phenol
degradation via
protocatechuate
degradation via
homogentisate
phenol
Primary metabolism
Green: up-regulated
Red: down-regulated
Summary Transcriptomics Results
Interpretation of Transcriptomics Results
• Many hits in relevant pathways
• Results obtained for 7 aromatic compounds produced
• Results obtained for mutants generated independently
• Results from proteomics
Combining these results allow for selection of
relevant genes
Phenol Toxicity
and
Recovery of Phenol During Fermentations
• 5 mM phenol in the fermentor
completely inhibits production.
Fed-batch Phenol Production
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 10 20 30Time (hrs)
CD
W (
g/l
)
Ph
en
ol
(mM
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Am
mo
nia
(m
M)
NH4+
Phenol
CDW
Fermentor
Glucose feed
Culture
Phenol Toxicity
0
1
2
3
4
0 2 4 6 8 10
T (h)
OD
600
0 mM
3 mM
6 mM
9 mM
12 mM
Growing cells of P. putida S12TPL3 in the presence of phenol.
Phenol Inhibition at Enzyme Level
0
100
200
300
400
0 5 10 15T (min)
μM
Py
ruv
ate
0 mM phenol
0.25 mM phenol
1 mM phenol
Effect of phenol on activity in cell extract from P. putida
S12TPL3 of tyrosine phenol lyase (tyrosine phenol) activity.
Extractive Recovery of Phenol
via
Octanol
Fed-batch with 2nd Phase (20%) of Octanol
• Phenol no longer
inhibits its production.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (hrs)
Ph
en
ol
(mM
)
Am
mo
nia
(m
M)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
CO
2 (
%)
Phenol in Octanol
CO2 concentration
NH4+
Fermentor
Glucose feed
Culture
Octanol
Extractive Recovery of Phenol
via
Solvent-impregnated Resins (SIR’s)
Process Layout Involving SIR’s
Filter
Fermentor
Product
Recycle
aqueous
phase
Recycle
SIRS
SIR
Microstructure of a typical
macroporous polymer
SISCA versus Pertraction
• SISCA much larger area for extraction (particles vs fibres) = faster
extraction kinetics
• SISCA is potentially cheaper
SISCA = Extraction(/adsorption) + flotation
Status
•Principle proven
•Patent pending
Filter
Fermentor
Product
Recycle
aqueous
phase
Recycle
SIRS
SIR
Microstructure of a typical
macroporous polymer
SISCA versus Pertraction
• SISCA much larger area for extraction (particles vs fibres) = faster
extraction kinetics
• SISCA is potentially cheaper
SISCA = Extraction(/adsorption) + flotation
Status
•Principle proven
•Patent pending
Start End
How Solvent-impregnated Resins Operate
P. putida Fed-batch (2 L) Fermentations
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 20 40 60 80
Time (h)
Ph
en
ol in
aq
ueo
us p
hase (
mM
)
+50g Resin
+50g SIR
Control
+SIRs/Resin
Product release
Phenol Production?
• Production cost phenol via P. putida S12 5 $/kg
• Current phenol price 1.5 $/kg
Not Phenol
• Phenol is no option; just a model compound
• However, several 4-hydroxy-aromatic compounds
(produced via tyrosine) will be of interest
Goals in Time at TNO
Currently • Bioconversion of glucose into aromatic several compounds in the
host Pseudomonas putida S12 • Integration of production of aromatics and product recovery • Production of non-aromatics via other amino acids
Longer term: • Complex lignocellulosic biomass to aromatic compounds;
expansion of substrate profile of host - xylose, furfural - methanol obtained from biomass via syngas Collaborations: • Industrial partners and others