apwh ch 8 mesoamerica - weebly · mesoamerica key - understand basics of each culture + compare and...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World Civilizations The Global Experience
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Americas before invasion in 1492
Corresponds with Ch 11
8
I. Big Picture Mesoamerica
Key - Understand basics of each culture + compare and contrast each
1. Agriculture Based - Maize
2. Religion - Polytheistic Nature basis
3. No large animals = slavery
4. Wheel!? - Not utilized
5. Mostly City-States
Similarities?
II. The Aztec Rise to Power
• Aztecs (Mexica) rise over time 1300 & dominate region by 1420s
– Aztec - tough, fanatically sacrificial, societal outcasts, disliked by many
III. Aztec Religion
1. Polytheistic- Hundreds of Gods - Nature Basis
2. Sacrificial based - Why? A. Religious Necessity - Gods required it B. External Expansion - need more! C. Internal Control - don’t be next!
3. Leadership - Rulers Gods on Earth (Like China)
4. Continuous Rituals - year-round sacrifices to 128 gods
IV. Aztec Ag and Economy
• Agriculture – Chinampas, man-made floating islands
! High yield - 7 yearly harvests!!!
• Markets • All markets and ag regulated by state for
redistribution - very centralized (Byzantine!)
V. Social Divide
Stratified (Separated) classes (Caste-like) develop -(India!)
-1. Great Leader -2. Military/Religious Class -3. Merchant Class (Important Status) -4. Peasants -5. Slaves/Outsiders
Montezuma - Great Leader
VI. Expansion & Control - Tribute
Based
Tenochtitlan
Give - Tribute - taxes, slaves, to-be sacrificed, & technology
Get - local control, do not have to change culture
Aztec Roads Like Romans....
Trade/Connection for tax and tribute
VII. 5 points of Aztecs
1. Sophistication! Education for all, laws, agriculture, architecture.
2. Religion & Military Ties - military existed to support religion to exact tribute.
3. Conquered Autonomy - Conquered to retain local customs - UNcentralized
4. Network - Roads throughout empire for trade and commerce
5. Popularity - disliked by numerous groups near them.
VIII. 5 Points of the Incas
• A. Religion - Sun God reigns supreme ! Represented by Inca on earth ! Cuzco - Capitol
– Little sacrifice – Religion less of a focal pt than Aztecs – Short-lived….rose to power early 1400s!
Sun God
B. Split Inheritance
Problem!
Inca - KingSplit Inheritance
Land & wealth conquered stays in dead Inca’s family for tribute to his afterlife
Political power to next Inca - oldest son
1. Forces perpetual expansion More wealth and land gained in a life makes better afterlife
2. Creates families controlling regions next to each other having rivalry & hatred….
Conquer, Expand, Include - (Opposite of Aztecs)
-Mita - conquered peoples worked for Inca several months of year - not tribute, but part of inclusion and control process
-Incan Socialism - be self-sufficient locally, if surplus, Incas take for “self-redistribution”
More Assimilation!- become apart of us - Sons of conquered peoples sent
to Capitol for “training”
C. Incan Inclusion
D. Inca and Gender
• Some Gender cooperation - better than most • less technology creates more work for women
– 5 to 1 - 5 hours in America, 1 hour in Europe
E. Inca Cultural
AchievementsKnotted strings - quipu – Accounting for taxation
• Organized! - Grouping people for taxes, enlistments, work details
Trails & Bridges & tambos - stop stations w/ food and places for army to sleep
Machu Picchu is an Incan city at 8000 feet.
IX. Aztecs v. Incas• 4 Similarities
– 1. Hierarchy Society - Haves/Nots – 2. Sedentary Ag basis – 3. Redistributive Economies – 4. Road builders
• 4 Differences – 1. Incas more centralized government – 2. Expanded for differing reasons
! Aztecs for tribute/slavery ! Incas- Split Inheritance & mita
– 3. Written Language Aztec - Y Inca - N – 4. Integration into Society - Aztec - N Inca - Y
10. 4 Global Comparisons
– Americas vs. Rest of World ! A. Mummies, pyramids - Incas and Ancient Egyptian
- SIM ! B. No LARGE animals - NO Horse!! - DIFF ! C. Technologically inferior to rest of world (haunts
future...) weapons, use of wheel - DIFF ! D. Many more people now believed in Mesoamerica
before 1492…hard to gauge with death rates!