APWHYear In Review

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KEY CONCEPT 1Pre-History and the Rise of Civilization

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Key Concept 1.1Big Geography and the Peopling of the

Earth

THE PALEOLITHIC AGE

◦ Known as the “old stone age”

◦ Paleolithic man adapted to his environment and created tools from stone and bones.

◦ Used to scrape animal hides, hunt, fish, and sew.

◦ Paleolithic tools found in Bernifal cave in Meyrals, Dordogne, France, estimated to be 12,000 - 10,000 years old. Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

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THE PALEOLITHIC AGE

◦ Hunting-foraging bands migrated from East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.

◦ Examine map on next slide. ◦ Where did the first humans originate

according to the map?

◦ Where did those early groups first migrate to?

◦ What routes did they take to get to the Americas?

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THE PALEOLITHIC AGE

◦ Paleo man adapted to the new climates

◦ fire-allowed the brain to enlarge; people developed language and shared stories over fires

◦ Paleo man also developed religion and produced art. (see images on following slides).

◦ Lived in small groups that structured social, economic, and political activity. These bands exchanged people, ideas, and goods.

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Reproduction of a bison illustration nearly 14,000 years old, from the Cave of Altamira located near Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain. The cave was first re-discovered in

1868 Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

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Venus of Willendorf, c. 24,000-22,000 B.C.E.,

limestone 11.1 cm high (Naturhistorisches

Museum, Vienna). Josef Szombathy, an

Austro-Hungarian archaeologist,

discovered this work in 1908 outside the small

Austrian village of Willendorf.

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Key Concept 1.2The Neolithic Revolution and Early

Agricultural Societies

THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

◦ Began about 10,000 years ago.

◦ Some groups adopted agriculture and became sedentary (others continued to live pastoral lifestyles).

◦ Look at the map on the next 2 slides to see where agriculture emerged first.

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Agriculture began in multiple places around the same time.

Traditionally, the Middle East (Mesopotamia) is considered the area where humans first settled and established civilization as a result of agriculture, but agriculture was also established in China (rice & millet) and Africa (gourds) around 8000 B.C.E. as well..

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THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

◦ Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production, drastically affecting environmental diversity.

◦ People in each region domesticated locally available plants and animals.

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THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

◦ Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population and led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors and the development of elites.

◦ See hierarchical pyramid showing classes in Egypt on the next slide.

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The hierarchy in ancient Egypt provided for more mobility than many other civilizations at this time.

For example, it was nearly impossible for an individual to move out of their caste in the Indian caste system.

THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

◦ Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation.

◦ Patriarchal forms of social organization developed in both pastoralist and agrarian societies.

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Late Minoan Palace Style VaseNeopalatial Period (1700-1425 BCE)Note the all-over decoration.

Detail of wheeled transport on the Standard of Ur, ca. 2500 BC.

Key Concept 1.3The Development and Early Agricultural,

Pastoral, and Urban Societies

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys

19Ziggurat in Mesopotamia Cuneiform

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Egypt in the Nile River Valley

20Book of the Dead Cuneiform

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley

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Mohenjo-DaroClick image for video

Planned cities Seals used for trade items

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Shang in the Yellow River (Huange He) Valley

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Oracle bones Bronze vessel

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Olmec in Mesoamerica

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Large stone heads

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Chavin in Andean South America

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URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Rulers of early states often claimed divine connections to power. Rulers also relied on the support of the military, religious, or aristocratic elites.

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The Zhou Dynasty in China justified their

rule with the Mandate of Heaven

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations, enabling them to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states.

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URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations (composite bows, iron weapons, chariots, horseback riding).

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Hittites were the first to manufacture iron and made advanced weapons to conquer their neighbors.

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

◦ Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning.

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Uruk in ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia) is one of the world's oldest known walled cities.

Computer rendering of the Ishtar Gate in Ancient Babylon.

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

◦ Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and writing and record keeping subsequently spread.

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Script from the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley

Phoenician alphabet translated to Greek

and Latin.

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

◦ States developed legal codes that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people.

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Law code created by King Hammurabi of Babylon.

Ur-Nammu law code, from Ur in Summer- the earliest

known code.

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

◦ New religious beliefs that developed in this period--including the Vedic religion, Hebrew monotheism, and Zoroastrianism--continued to have strong influences in later periods.

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The Torah-1st 5 books of Hebrew Bible

Ancient Vedic scripts that were used to develop Hinduism

Zoroastrianism- Persian religion of the god Ahura

Mazda

URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

◦ Interregional cultural and technological exchanges grew as a result of expanding trade networks and large-scale population movements, such as the Indo-European and Bantu migrations.

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URBAN SOCIETIES

◦ Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

◦ Social hierarchies, including patriarchy, intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied.

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