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APWH ch 29.notebook 1 April 03, 2014 Chapters 34 and 36 Russia under the Bolsheviks became the Soviet Union or USSR after the Whites were defeated and the Civil War had ended. Lenin died in 1924 and was replaced by Joseph Stalin, who eventually eliminated his rivals in the communist party. The USSR was a totalitarian dictatorship which controlled every aspect of daily life. No private property or private enterprise, education, the press, and culture were controlled by the party, food, housing, and jobs were provided by the state, the secret police monitored and punished all criticism or dissent, and a cult of personality was established for the dictator. Stalin successfully industrialized the USSR through central planning, which decided all prices, wages, and production levels. All farmland was confiscated by the state and agriculture was collectivized. Millions were sent to slave labor camps known as gulags if they opposed or criticized any aspect of life under Stalin. Fascism started in Italy and spread across Europe in the interwar years. Fascism arose out of fear of communism and embraced extreme nationalism. It opposed liberal democracy and stressed national unity as opposed to class conflict. It hated national enemies (internal or external) and could be racist and/or antiSemitic. It was militaristic and believed national strength was achieved through military force. Fascism respected private property but believed the economy was to be directed by the state.

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Page 1: APWH ch 29.notebook › ourpages › auto › 2014 › 2... · 2014-04-03 · APWH ch 29.notebook 7 April 03, 2014 •Japan suffered during the Great Depression because of the collapse

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Chapters 34 and 36• Russia under the Bolsheviks became the Soviet Union or USSR after the Whites were defeated and the Civil War had ended. Lenin died in 1924 and was replaced by Joseph Stalin, who eventually eliminated his rivals in the communist party.• The USSR was a totalitarian dictatorship which controlled every aspect of daily life. No private property or private enterprise, education, the press, and culture were controlled by the party, food, housing, and jobs were provided by the state, the secret police monitored and punished all criticism or dissent, and a cult of personality was established for the dictator.• Stalin successfully industrialized the USSR through central planning, which decided all prices, wages, and production levels. All farmland was confiscated by the state and agriculture was collectivized. Millions were sent to slave labor camps known as gulags if they opposed or criticized any aspect of life under Stalin.• Fascism started in Italy and spread across Europe in the interwar years. Fascism arose out of fear of communism and embraced extreme nationalism. It opposed liberal democracy and stressed national unity as opposed to class conflict. It hated national enemies (internal or external) and could be racist and/or anti­Semitic. It was militaristic and believed national strength was achieved through military force. Fascism respected private property but believed the economy was to be directed by the state.

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• Benito Mussolini's Italian fascists were both a party and a paramilitary group. They used violence and intimidation against opponents and Italy's democracy. Fascists were frustrated by Italy's ineffective democratic government, feared a communist revolution, and their nationalism was aggravated by the disappointing results of the Paris Peace Conference. Mussolini came to power legally in 1922 but he soon established a dictatorship.• A similar movement arose in Germany after the end of World War I, the national socialist or Nazi Party. Germany had been frustrated at losing the war, humiliated at Versailles, there was a great fear of communism, and a severe economic crisis due to hyperinflation.• Adolf Hitler, a war veteran, became the leader of the Nazi Party and led a failed coup in 1923. While in jail he wrote his autobiography, Mein Kampf (my struggle). In it he expressed his anti­Semitism, anti­communism, and belief in German racial superiority and Germany's need for "living space" in Eastern Europe. • The Great Depression started after the New York stock market crash of 1929. Bank lending to Germany ended, protectionism hurt world trade, and there was massive unemployment. With the Great Depression, the Nazis became quite popular. Hitler blamed Germany's problems on Versailles and the Jews and promised to restore Germany's greatness.

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• January 1933: Hitler was appointed chancellor. Although he came to power legally, he soon established a totalitarian dictatorship, ending civil liberties, banning opposition parties, and passing anti­Semitic laws. Germany emerged from the Great Depression through spending on public works and rearmament.• Britain and France did not respond to Hitler's violations of the Treaty of Versailles. They practiced appeasement. They gave in to his demands because they could not imagine another devastating war and were suffering from the Depression.• March 1938: Germany peacefully annexed Austria. Austria was entirely German­speaking and had many Nazis.• Hitler then began making territorial demands on Czechoslovakia, which had a large German­speaking minority. At the Munich Conference (September 1938) Hitler met with Mussolini and the British and French prime ministers. They appeased Hitler in order to preserve peace and forced Czechoslovakia to cede territory to Germany. Hitler promised that this was his last territorial demand.• March 1939: Germany occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia. Only then did Britain and France give up appeasing Hitler.• August 1939: Nazi­Soviet pact: Germany needed Soviet cooperation in order to take Poland. Hitler and Stalin agreed on a non­aggression pact and secretly agreed to divide Europe between them.• September 1, 1939 World War II began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland. France and Britain then declared war on Germany. The USSR occupied eastern Poland.

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• Japan suffered during the Great Depression because of the collapse in world trade. Its military saw imperial expansion as the solution. Emperor Hirohito (r. 1926­1989) and the government went along with the military's demands, until the military dominated the government.• Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and detached it from China, turning it into a puppet state. The League of Nations failed its first test, because nothing was done to stop Japan. (The League would also fail to stop aggression when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935).• Sino­Japanese War (1937­1945) Japan invaded the rest of China in 1937. It was a terribly brutal war, with Japan bombing cities, massacring civilians, and using prisoners of war as slave laborers and for experiments. Chiang Kai­shek's government resisted from the interior of China, but his army was corrupt and inept.• The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921 by Marxists who were inspired by both Lenin in the USSR and the nationalist May 4th Movement. The party's leader, Mao Zedong, believed in using peasants as a revolutionary force. Chiang's government tried to crush the communists, who fled from southern China northward on the Long March (1934­35). The communists survived as a guerrilla army and continued resisting Chiang's government. They would later also fight the Japanese invaders.• The communists' popularity was due to their nationalism, their resistance against the Japanese, and their support of the peasant majority. Chiang was identified with corruption, dictatorship, and abuse. Mao also favored women's rights and banned footbinding.

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• Blitzkrieg "lightning war" German army quickly conquered territory using aviation and tanks. Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, and Greece all fell within weeks of being invaded. • Britain was alone by June 1940. Its Prime Minister was Winston Churchill. British forces fought German and Italian forces in North Africa, and succeeded in preventing an Axis seizure of the Suez Canal.• June 1941 Germany invaded the USSR, fulfilling Hitler's dream. The fighting in the Soviet theater was the most destructive and bloodiest during World War II.• December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This was part of a larger Japanese plan to occupy British, Dutch, and U.S. colonies in Asia and the Pacific (Philippines, Guam, Hong Kong, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, Indonesia, New Guinea) in order to dominate the region.• Despite Japan's attacks, the United States and Britain agreed to make the defeat of Germany a priority. In 1942 U.S. forces landed in North Africa and defeated the Germans and Italians along with the British. Allied forces then landed in Italy in 1943.• 1943 The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war, and the Soviets were now on the offensive.• June 1944 D­Day U.S. and British forces invaded Normandy, France to open a western front against Germany.• In the Pacific the United States followed an island­hopping strategy to get ever closer to Japan. The Japanese also fought the Australians in New Guinea, the British in Burma, and against the Chinese.

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Allies

Axis

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• The Holocaust was the genocide of the Jews carried out by the Nazis. Before the war, the Nazi government passed discriminatory anti­Semitic laws, like the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. There were also episodes of violence and harassment (arbitrary arrests, beatings, murders, vandalism, arson, boycotts).• Once the war started, Jews in occupied Poland were confined to ghettoes and forced to wear yellow stars. In 1942 the ghettoes were emptied and extermination camps were set up. Some Jews were forced to work as slave laborers. Soviet Jews were executed as Nazi armies moved into the USSR. 

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• As Allied armies invaded Germany from east and west, U.S. and British bombers destroyed German cities. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 as Soviet forces entered Berlin. Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.• The Yalta Conference had already met in February 1945. President Franklin Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to replace the Nazi government with a four­power (US, USSR, Britain, France) occupation of both Germany and its capital, Berlin.• They also agreed to create the United Nations to replace the League of Nations. Its Charter was negotiated separately from any peace treaty. The UN was established to maintain international peace and security. The five principal allies (US, USSR, Britain, France, China) have veto power over any binding UN resolution. • The Japanese offered ferocious, suicidal resistance to the United States, even as U.S. bombers devastated Japanese cities. The Manhattan Project was the U.S. plan to invent and build an atomic bomb, which succeeded by 1945. The United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, and one on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Japan surrendered shortly afterward.• After Japan surrendered, it was occupied solely by U.S. forces. The United States allowed the Japanese emperor to keep his throne, but Japan became a parliamentary democracy. Japan's constitution, written under U.S. occupation, requires Japan to renounce war and be a pacifist state. Japan became a U.S. ally, and U.S. forces are responsible for its defense.

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• After Japan surrendered in 1945, the Chinese communists continued their civil war against the Guomindang (Nationalist) government of Chiang Kai­shek. Mao defeated Chiang in 1949 and established the communist People's Republic of China. Chiang's government fled to Taiwan, which had only been returned to China in 1945 upon Japan's surrender. Taiwan remains part of the Republic of China, which still claims to rule all of China, as does the People's Republic. Countries can only have diplomatic relations with one or the other. Taiwan eventually became democratic, but the People's Republic remains a communist dictatorship. 

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