SMALL INTESTINE&

APPLIED ANATOMY

NIKITA KAJLAROLL NUMBER 49

CONTENTSIntroduct ionDuodenumJe junumI leumFunct ions Of Intest ineIntest ina l DisordersPept ic U lcersCel iac DiseaseCrohn’s DiseaseDivert icu lar is isMesentr ic Ischemia

SMALL INTESTINEOne of the most important organs for immune defense

Largest endocrine organ of the body

Starts from the pylorus and ends at the caecum

3 parts

Duodenum

Jejunum

Illeum

DUODENUMFirst section of the small intestine in most higher

vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

Protects the jejunum and ileum and is the shortest path of small intestine

Most digestion takes place here

25-38cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum

Divided into 4 parts

Compound tubular or submucosal glandsMain function to produce a mucus rich alkaline secretionDistinguishing feature

JEJUNUMSecond part of the small intestine

Interior surface covered in finger like projections of mucosa, called villi.

Ph- usually between 7 and 9

Large circular folds present in its submucosa called plicae circulares

Main function:- specialized for absorption by enterocytes.

Also involved in Magnesium absorption

IleumFinal and longest section of the small

intestine

Responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion

Usually 2-4m long

Ileum has abundant Peyer’s patches.

Main function is to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and products not absorbed in

jejunum

Have relatively abundant goblet cells

FUNCTIONS OF SMALL INTESTINEDIGESTIONThe small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct.

ABSORBPTIONDigested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed.IMMUNOLOGICAL

The small intestine supports the body's immune system. The presence of probiotic gut flora appear to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system.

SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS

BleedingCeliac diseaseCrohn's diseaseInfectionsIntestinal cancerIntestinal obstructionUlcers, such as peptic ulcer

PEPTIC ULCERS

PEPTIC ULCERSPeptic ulcer

disease (PUD), also known as a peptic ulcer or stomach

ulcer, is a break in the lining of the stomach, first part of the small

intestine, or occasionally the lower esophagus

An ulcer in the first part

of the intestines is

known as a duodenal

ulcer.

CAUSESH.pylori

NSAIDS

Stress

CELIAC DISEASE

Also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy

-- is a digestive and autoimmune

disorder that results in damage to the lining of the small intestine when foods

with gluten are eaten.

SYMPTOMSDigestive problems (abdominal bloating, pain, gas, diarrhea, pale stools, and weight loss)A severe skin rash called dermatitis herpetiformisIron deficiency anemia (low blood count)Musculoskeletal problems (muscle cramps, joint and bone pain)Growth problems and failure to thrive (in children)SeizuresTingling sensation in the legs (caused by nerve damage and low calcium)Aphthous ulcers (sores in the mouth)Missed menstrual periods

Inflammatory Diseases: Crohn

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract.

Diverticular Disease

Diverticulosis is the formation of numerous

tiny pockets, or diverticula, in the

lining of the bowel. Diverticula, which can range from pea-size to

much larger, are formed by increased

pressure on weakened spots of the intestinal walls by gas, waste, or

liquid.

Diverticulectomy

Mesenteric ischemia

Mesenteric ischemia is a medical condition in

which injury of the small intestine occurs due to not

enough blood supply. It can come on suddenly,

known as acute mesenteric ischemia, or

gradually, known as chronic mesenteric

ischemia.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS•HYPER ACTIVE STAGE

•PARALYTIC PHASE

•SHOCK PHASE

BIBLIOGRAPHYBD CHAURASIAGRAY’S ANATOMYCLASS NOTESVISHRAM SINGH CLINICAL ANATOMY

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