AP Review

75 Multiple Choice Questions: 60 minutes

3 FRQs 75 minutes

Unit 1 Geography its Nature

and Perspective

5-10% of Questions

Vocab may be in FRQ but has never

been the focus of an FRQ

1. Site vs Situation

• What’s the difference?

• Absolute Location

• Define Myrtle Beach by

each of the following:

– Site

– Situation

– Absolute Location

2. Scale

• How does scale affect detail?

3. Define Modern Mapping Tools

• GPS

• GIS

• Remote Sensing

4. Places

• Defined by site and situation

• Change over time

• Relate to and interact with other places

• Physically and Culturally defined

• Can be grouped into regions

5. Regions

Define:

• Formal (uniform)

– Ex: French Speaking Canada; Dairy region of NAmerica; Political Boundaries; Climates

• Functional (nodal)

– Ex: Metropolitan areas; Banks; Stores

• Vernacular (Perceptual)

– Ex: “The South (Dixie)” “Bible Belt” “Rust Belt”

6. Diffusion

Define

• Relocation – Ex: Christianity to New World

• Hierarchical – Ex: English in India under British rule

• Contagious – Ex: Spread of Christianity by missionaries

word of mouth throughout Europe

• Stimulus – Ex: Written language in Native Americans-

use European alphabet still same language/ Judaism to Christianity to Islam

7. Theories

• Define provide an agriculture example

– Environmental Determinism

– Environmental Possibilism

Skills

• When presented with a map, chart, graph,

data READ EVERYTHING- titles, keys,

notes, ABSOLUTELY EVERYTHING!!!!

• Application

Population

13-17%

1. Demographic Transition Model

• Stage 1 Slow Growth – Causes

• Stage 2 High Growth – Causes

• Stage 3 Moderate Growth – Causes

• Stage 4 Low Growth – Causes

• Stage 5 Negative Growth – Causes

2. Population

Pyramid

• Define

• Predicts: level of development; needs for social services; schools; work force; dependency ratio.

• Identify stages and information about each

3. Characteristics of Migrants

• Internationally: young single men

• Internally: females

• Move rural-urban

• Usually move short distances

– Push/Pull factors:

• Forced Migration

• Voluntary Migration

4. Major Migration Patterns

• Define and examples

– Chain Migration

– Distance Decay

– Core-Periphery

– Rural-Urban

– Urban-Suburban

• Why?

– Rust-Belt to Sun-Belt

• Why?

Culture

15-17%

1. Vocab General

• Assimilation vs Acculturation Difference?

• Cultural Hearths: – Egypt; Mesopotamia; Indus River Valley; West

Africa

• Ethnocentrism

• Folk Culture – Ex: Amish

• Popular Culture

• Placelessness

• Cultural Landscape (Built Environment):

2. Vocab: Language

• Lingua Franca

• Isolate Language

• Dialect

• Creole

3. Protecting Minority Languages

• Education in

schools Example?

• Governments

make them official

Example?

• Increased

Technology

Example?

4. Vocab: Religion

• Universalizing Religion

• Ethnic Religion

• Sequent Occupence

• Secularism

5. Religious Architecture

• Match Religion with picture

and provide an explanation

– Hinduism

– Buddhism

– Islam

– Christianity: Catholic

– Christianity: Protestantism

– Christianity: Mega Church

– Judaism

6. Where is each clustered:

• Christianity: Catholicism

• Christianity: Eastern Orthodox

• Christianity: Protestantism

• Christianity: Mormonism

• Islam-Sunni

• Islam-Shiite

• Judaism

• Buddhism

• Hinduism

• Confucianism

• Animism

• Shintoism

• Sikhism

7. Religious Disputes

• Northern Ireland – Protestants: Stay with UK slight majority

– Catholics: Unite with Republic of Ireland

– Neighborhoods and schools often segregated

– History of violence (terrorist bombings, riots)

– Murals indicate what?

• Israel – Sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christians

– Fighting between Jewish Israelis and Muslim Palestinians

– Jews: land given to them by God. Driven out during Diaspora by Romans

– Muslims: upset over building of Jewish Settlements in Palestinian West Bank

– Jerusalem holds most sacred spots for Jews (Western Wall) Christians (Church of Holy Sepulcher) and Muslims (Dome of the Rock)

– Wall built between Israel and Palestinian controlled areas of West Bank and Gaza Strip, Explain Effects of Wall and why:

Political Organizations of

Space

13-17%

1. General Vocab

Define and Example

• state vs nation

• Nation-state

• Forward Capital

• Irredentism

• Devolution

• Balkanization

• Supranational

• Centripetal Force

• Centrifugal Force

• Federal State

• Unitary State

• Gerrymandering

2. Ethnicities in the US

• Identify Where:

• Hispanic Americans: Chain Migration/ Distance Decay/ Low Skilled Agricultural Jobs

• Asian Americans: Chain Migration: Railroad Jobs, Friction of Distance, Brain Drain, Communism

• Native Americans: Forced Migration: Trail of Tears/ Reservations

• African Americans: Forced Migration-Great Migration; Sharecropping,

3. Shapes of States

Define/ Effect/Example/Match

• Compact

• Prorupted

• Elongated

• Fragmented

• Perforated

• Landlocked

4. Boundaries

• Physical Boundaries (3 systems- metes-and-bounds: mark boundary by physical feature/ rectangular-survey: Land Ordinance of 1785/ Long-lot: give water access-Linear rural settlement pattern) – Law of the Sea and Exclusive

Economic Zone • 12 miles of territory and exclusive

fishing

• 24 immigration and territory

• EEZ-200 miles natural resource exploitation

Boundaries

Define and Explain Examples to Right

• Antecedent (usually straight line)

• Subsequent/Consequent

• Superimposed

• Relic (no longer used but see remnants- N and S Vietnam/ Great Wall of China- Berlin Wall)

5. Effects on Viability

• (Briefly explain)Positive effects: – Economic Development (US)

– Homogenous Culture (Japan)

– Forward Capital (Brasilia Brazil)

– Physical Geography providing resources and protection (Pakistan)

• (Briefly explain) Negative effects: – Ethnic Conflict (any example)

– Bad Infrastructure (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

– Physical Geography that divides a country (Nepal)

– Morphology: Fragmented, Ladlocked, Perforated

Agriculture

13-17%

1. Vocab

• Hunting and Gathering

– Where today?

• Subsistence Agriculture (purpose technology)

• Commercial Agriculture

• Agribusiness (factory farm Industrial agriculture)

– Effects on farm size/ environment

• Desertification

2. Hearths of

Agriculture

• South East Asia: tropical

• North Western South America

• West Africa: Sahel

• Western India

• Northern China

• Ethiopia

• Southern Mexico (Mesoamerica)

• Peru

3. Subsistence Agricultural Regions

• Shifting Cultivation – Define

– Where

– Future Implications

• Pastoral Nomadism – Define

– Where

– Future Implications

• Intensive Subsistence – Define

– Where

– Types

Commercial Agricultural Regions

• Plantations – Define

– Where

• Mixed Crop and Livestock – Define

– Where

– Types (Corn Belt/Poultry)

• Dairy Farming – Define

– Where

– Types

– Effects of the following on Dairy: • Agribusiness

• Urbanization

• Mechanization

Commercial Agricultural Regions

• Grain – Define

– Where

– Types Where and Agribusiness owning farms in both areas Why

• Livestock Ranching – Define

– Where

– Effect of government and agribusiness

• Mediterranean Agriculture – Define

– Where

• Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming – Define

– Where

– Types: Truck Farming, Market Gardening, Specialty Farming Define

5. Von Thunen Model

• Define

• Two Considerations (use examples of agriculture) – Cost of Land

– Cost of Transportation

• 4 failures Explain – Different sites and situations

– Culture: taboos

– Government Zoning

– Technology

6. Problem of Commercial

Agriculture

• __________________?:

– Agricultural Goods not Substitute Goods

– Low Population Growth

• __________________?:

– Encourage not to farm

– Buy surplus crops

– Problems with _______:

• Destruction of rural life

• Encourages overproduction

• Goes to large agribusinesses

7. Organic/Sustainable Agriculture

• Define

• 3 Factors leading to growth in

Organic Farming

– Increased Demand

– Careful land use

– More Profitable for Small

Farmers

Problem with Subsistence

Agriculture

• _____________________?

– High to moderate population growth

– Poverty

• Lack of development and funds to purchase necessary agricultural machinery

• Green Revolution

– Define

• Shifts to commercial agriculture

• Requires fertilizers and machinery

• Positive for Asia and Mexico with development high enough to implement

• Not positive for Africa: culturally didn’t eat crops, poor soil, lack of money for fertilizers and machinery

Development and

Industrialization

13-17%

1. VOCAB

• Transnational Corporation

– Effects

• Human Developmental Index

• 4 Asian Tigers (Dragons)

• Self Sufficiency Model

• International Trade Model

• Fair Trade

• Globalization (List 4 effects)

2. Development World Wide:

• Highest Area

• Lowest Area

3. Regions of Development

• Anglo America: – Positives for Development

• Homogenous culture (exeptions?)

• Resources

• Advanced Technology and Exports Entertainment

– Negatives for Development • Loss of Manufacturing

• Western Europe – Postives for Development

• Nationstates (migration of Hindus and Muslims)

• European Union: markets free trade

– Negatives • Periphery (Spain Portugal Italy, Greece financial issues)

• High payment of social welfare services: good for health and welfare hurts economic development

Regions of Development

• Eastern Europe – Positives

• Border countries to Western Europe developing fast, becoming member of the European Union

– Negatives • Legacy of Communism: Inefficient factories, pollution clean up and effects on

health and economy, unemployment, gap between rich and poor

• Ethnic Disputes (Balkanization)

• Japan – Positives

• Advanced Technology,

• Equal distribution of wealth

– Negatives • Few natural resources

• South Pacific – Positives

• Cultural connection to Europe

• Resources (food exports)

– Negatives • Far from large European and US Markets

Regions of Development

• Latin America – Positives

• Religiously and linguistically connected

• Close to US markets

– Negatives • Large gap between rich and poor

• East Asia – Positives

• Large Population Cheap Labor (China)

– Negatives • Wealth and development higher in coastal industrial cities

• Rural Poor

• Consumption of scarce resources (large population)

• Increased pollution

• Middle East – Positives

• Oil trade surplus –migration from India/Pakistan for oil jobs

– Negatives • Lack of Political Freedom

• Female development low

• Lack of other resources in desert climate

Regions of Development

• Southeast Asia – Positives

• Cheap labor for textile industry

• Singapore: high development

– Negatives • War in 20th century-Vietnam, Myanmar

• Population explosion

• Climate: tropical typhoons volcanoes tsunamis

• South Asia – Positives

• High in resources: fertile soil of Indus and Ganges Valleys

• India: tertiary jobs of call centers

– Negatives • Hard to sustain large population ( 500 mill just along the Ganges)

• Sub Saharan Africa: – Positives

• South Africa: only developed economy

• High in resources

– Negatives (legacy of colonization) • Usually export resources not utilize

• Superimposed boundaries

– Negatives • Many landlocked states

• Climate: tropical or dry

4. Gender and Development

• How does a high

Gender Empowerment

Measure and Gender

Related Index relate to

development? (explain)

– Increase education

– Lowers fertility rate

– More disposable income

– Utilizes entire labor

force: increase

production

5. Economic Geo Intro: Sectors of

the Economy

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

– Unskilled Tertiary:

– Quaternary

– Quinary

6. Rostow’s Model-Name where each

is in the world • Traditional: primary sector/ religion and military funding

– No investment from Transnational Corporations and risk of loans from World Bank: afraid money will be spent on religion or military or stolen

• Transitional: secure leader, infrastructure: primary sector – Transnational Corporations will invest in country with infrastructure

• Take-off: 1-2 industries develop (secondary sector) rest in primary

• Drive to Maturity: increased technology, lots of industries in secondary sector

• High Mass Consumption: – world’s consumers/

– tertiary sector, high

skilled labor

7. Weber Model

• Define: – Close to Raw Materials:

• Bulk reducing (Example?)

– Close to Markets • Bulk Gaining (Example?)

• Perishable (Example?))

– Agglomeration • Lowers transportation costs

• Attracts Consumers

• Attracts banks willing to invest in technology and capital for companies

• Attracts High Skilled labor – Explain Examples: Silicon Valley/ Research Triangle North Carolina/ Health Care industry

• Labor Intensive Industries (Textiles) – Asia for abundance of cheap labor

• Energy Intensive Industries (Aluminum) – Near water for Hydro Electric Power

8. Industrial Belt

• Eastern North America (Rust Belt) – Large Markets; Resources; High Skilled Labor;

Technology;

– Movement to Sun Belt- Carolinas to Georgia and Texas/Oklahoma

– Movement to Suburbs: more cheap space

• Western and Central Europe – Large Markets (European Union); High Skilled

Labor; Technology

• Russia and Ukraine – Access to European Markets; High resources of

coal, iron, etc.

• Eastern Asia – Cheap labor: innovation of ideas in Core produce

ideas in periphery

– Japan –technology, high skilled labor

– Four Asian Tigers

• Latin America – Maquiladoras in Mexico result of NAFTA/ compete

with China (Define)

9. Effects of International

Division of Labor

• Outsourcing – Manufacturing dispersed

– Jobs to lowest Bidder

• MDC effects – Unemployment-deindustrialization- Reeducation

– Part Time Retail Jobs: Low Skill, Low Benefits, Low Pay

– Increased Consumerism

– Regional Migration (Rust Belt to Sun Belt)

• LDC effects – Increased Employment and Regional Migration

– Rising Incomes/Economic Development

– Environmental Degradation

– Westernization

Cities

13-17%

1. Vocab

• Clustered Rural

• Dispersed Rural

• Urban Area

• Metropolitan Statistical Area

• Megalopolis

• Edge City

• Urbanization: Defined in LDC; Defined in MDC

• Rank size Rule

• Primate City Rule

• Range

• Threshold

• World City: historically near waterways- First in Greece, India, China, Mesoamerica, and Mesopotamia

• Basic Industry

• Non Basic Industry

2. Models of Cities • Match each picture with the following

statements/ names

• Hoyt Model

• Concentric Zone:

• High Income clusters of Female heads: divorce, rising women in the workforce, older women-higher life expectancies

• Shows edge cities in suburbs

• Burgess Model

• Best to show effect of Bid Rent: Rent near city, own in suburbs

• Low Income clusters of Female heads: close to jobs around industrial sector, amenities, low income housing, and other women for support

• Best to show neighborhoods by income

• Multiple Nuclei Model:

• Sector Model:

• Best for ethnic enclaves

3. European City Model

• Older Historic

• Pedestrian Friendly: preserves parks plazas, historic sites

• High income in the city

• Low income High Density apartments in suburbs: crime, poor schools,

• Less distinct Ethnic Enclaves than US: older cities already established prior to migration, US-Chain Migration into certain areas that developed around ethnic groups in newer cities

4. Latin American City Model

• Followed by most LDC megacities (Primate Cities)

• CBD: historic has central religious temple (Catholic in Latin America)

• Wealthy cluster around spine of services from CBD

• Periphery: Squatter Settlements – Caused by Urbanization (Machinery

replacing agricultural jobs move to city for work) AND

– High Population Growth leading to lack of adequate housing and jobs leading to unemployment and slums

– Full of Crime-Drug lords run areas due to lack of public services: education and police-no taxes to support these services

– Full of unsanitary conditions causing disease, health issues,

5. Central Place

Theory

• Shows a services market area (hinterland or functional region)

• Size of hexagon shows the range of a service and the size of the urban area (hamlet-smallest settlement everyday items; village; town; to largest city with specialty items

• Large Cities are getting closer together due to ease of transportation and technology-making them become reliant upon each other for certain types of services

City Growth due to Business

• Not Good for Growth – Nonbasic Industries: benefit locally but do not

spur large scale growth/ develop as a result of growth/ • Ex: Megastores- inexpensive products but homogenize

the landscape and take little interest in local community closing locally owned stores

– Call Centers (Back Office Jobs): • CBD-Sun Belt : why? 4 reasons

• Little Spin off; Low sill; and footloose industry

• Good for Growth – Basic Industries: Flood economy, cause

population growth and spin off development, Historically in Primary and Secondary Sectors now are Research, Development, Technology, and Biotechnology firms of tertiary sector

7. Urban Migration Patterns Related

to Transportation

• 1850’s – Cities along Railway lines like Chicago exploded others fell

• Economic Growth spread services out of city center

• 1950’s + – Suburbanization

• Causes – Interstate Highway Act; GI Bill loans; Cheap Land; Prefabricated Homes; Yards, less congestion, less

pollution, Ranch Style Home fad; Baby Boom: better schools, White Flight

• Effects – Edge Cities

– Lack of taxes for central city caused decline in public services :education police rise in unemployment and crime

– Urban Sprawl: lack of farmland, increased pollution from dependency on automobiles

– Legal Segregation: zoning in suburbs put low income in apartments and inner-city often minorities

• 1980 + – Urban Renewal

• Gentrification: Homes in former low income ghettos renovated by government to bring Low income families back these neighborhoods but attracted Young Urban Professionals because:

– Larger cheaper than suburbs

– Less transportation costs to central city

– Close to city amenities and services

– Childless do not care about condition of schools

FRQ Prep! • Expectations

– Each question holds the same weight (each worth 20 pts towards the total)

– Many will mix ideas from 2 or more units

• Over all you should spend 25 minutes per question, however you can identify questions worth more points

– Identifications, and Definitions always earns 1 pt. There are no half points

– Explanations always earn 1 pt. If you don’t usually use all your time, spend a moment figuring out how many points a question is worth. One whose rubric is 6 pts, means that towards your AP score, each point is really worth 3.3333 points, where as one whose rubric is 9 points will only be 2.2222. So perhaps do the 6 pt one first if you are familiar with the topic. If you aren’t, do the one you are most comfortable with first

– ALWAYS TRY TO ANSWER, the graders are asked to give you the benefit of the doubt, you may be able to get a point, plus effort is looked favorably as they grade your other FRQs- they put no responses as / marks and responses with no points as a 0, and usually the 0’s do better, indicating that readers are more willing to give points later where they may have been back and forth on answers

FRQ Prep!

• Reading the question

– Look for KEY words Identify, Describe, Explain, and hints about what they are asking

– If you are given a map, read every part of the map, the key, the title, information within it, usually the answer to Part A is right there in the map if you look close enough.

• Outlining your Response (Spend a few minutes)

– Pin Point the unit or units it is looking for: Population, Culture, Politics, Agriculture, Development/Industrialization, or Cities. If worse comes to worse, if you can at least identify the unit: you can tell about things you know from this unit, hopefully getting some pity points somewhere…you might come across an answer. BUT DO NOT FACT DUMP • Jot down key vocabulary words to use

• Any models/ theories that would apply: Malthus, Von Thunen, Rostow, City Models, Weber

• Jot down real world examples you could use to support response

FRQ Prep!

• Writing the FRQ

– Always Identify your idea first to make this point clear. Identifications can be done in 1-2 sentences

– If the question asks for 2 examples, the first 2 examples will be graded. Feel free to add a 3rd for explanation if it applies to the first ones without contradicting. Make sure your best example is first.

– If you finish an FRQ but want to add more to a certain point, put it at the end and draw an arrow to where it should go.

– NEVER USE PERSONAL PRONOUNS, I , We, US, You… This isn’t a personal opinion piece, this is about other people’s work and trends, not you

– Do not use Local Examples…the readers do not know what River Hills or Poplar are.

Multiple Choice Strategies

• 75 Multiple Choice Questions – 60 minutes (25 questions every 20 minutes)

• Worth 50% of your score

• Use your time WISELY

• DO NOT LEAVE ANY ANWERS BLANK – You are not penalized for wrong answers.

– You receive about .8108 towards your final score for each correct answer (You need about 45 points out of a possible 120 to pass the exam, meaning you can technically pass the exam without the FRQ portion if you can get about 60 out of 75 questions correct)

• 2 methods: – My preferable method: Answer all the questions in order,

question by question and mark those you want to go back to if you have time

– Answer all the questions you know, skip the ones you don’t, then go back

Multiple Choice Strategies

• Use what you know to answer questions, do not let unfamiliar material confuse you.

• The AP exam is given to students all over the world, thus they know each class will use different real world examples to explain concepts. All these real world examples will become distracter choices. The Answer will almost always be a common example all classes would use: Like from The United States, India, China, etc. (So when you do not know an answer, pick one that comes from a country we commonly discussed- this isn’t a sure thing, but it’s a better guess)

• Best to not change your answer unless you misread a question. Go with first instinct

• Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering as an activity? A. It has led to the depletion of natural resources

B. It is prevalent where resources are rich and climate conditions are not extreme

C. It is pursued by less than 1% of the contemporary population

D. It is limited to tropical areas

E. It does not have a gender-based division of labor

• The multiple-nuclei model of city structure tends to be most applicable to

A. Small cities

B. Traditional cities

C. Latin American cities

D. Newer, fast-growing cities

E. Cities with homogenous land use

• All of the following experienced sharp, sustained economic growth in the early 1900s EXCEPT A. Vietnam

B. South Korea

C. Taiwan

D. Singapore

E. Hong Kong

• Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants because they

A. Were interested in varying the diets of their families

B. Were engaged in collecting plant resources

C. Were agile climbers on the hillsides of the Fertile Crescent

D. Knew hoe to achieve control over their environment

E. Traveled long distances from their home base

• The “Why of Where” refers to

A. Geography’s emphasis on landscape features

B. Spatial patterns on the landscape

C. A definition of geography that is simply locational

D. The idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial

E. The depiction of a region’s physical features

• In the Canadian prairies, barns were first built with

A. Logs

B. Plywood

C. Stones

D. Fossilized shellfish cement

E. Sod and thatch

• A student who lives in Minneapolis chooses to spend her spring break in Florida rather than in Jamaica because Florida is closer and the plane fare is cheaper. This type of decision –making best illustrates the concept of A. Human capital

B. Time space compression

C. Intervening opportunity

D. The rank size rule

E. Central place theory

• The number of functions in a central place is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT the

A. Population of the central place

B. Population of the market area

C. Size of the market area

D. Distance to a place with similar functions

E. Total number of central places in the urban system

• During the last quarter of the 20th century, the birth rate has fallen most significantly in which of the following? A. The United States

B. India

C. Iran

D. China

E. France

• Which of the following refers to the size and functional complexity of cities?

A. Multiplier effect

B. Urban hierarchy

C. Basic-nonbasic ratio

D. Threshold ratio

E. The Sector model

• A formal culture region differs from other regions in that it A. Has a focal point or node

B. Is one that people believe exists

C. Has a selected feature or internal uniformity

D. Does not contain gradations such as core, domain, and sphere

E. Applies only to linguistic and religion regions

• Which of the following correctly sequences the continuum from language family to dialect

A. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic, Berber

B. Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic, Mandarin, Chinese

C. Indo-European, Baltic-Slavic, Russian, Ukrainian

D. Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern

E. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Hindi, Bengali

• Which of the following sets of maps would help explain how scale of inquiry affects truth? A. Maps showing the area of France before and after surveying

B. Maps of Hudson Bay drawn by Native Americans and by the earliest European travelers

C. Maps showing Michigan’s population density by counties and the United States population density by state

D. Maps showing the number of auto thefts per block in Seattle in the decades before and after the Great Depression

E. Maps of gang graffiti in Philadelphia

• Swahili in East Africa and English in global commerce are examples of

A. Pidgin languages

B. Lingua franca

C. Standard language

D. Creole language

E. Official language

• Which of the following is a true statement about classic models of city structure? A. The concentric zone model does not have a transitional area

B. The sector model is highly influences by transportation patterns

C. The central business district has the most dominant position in the multiple nuclei model

D. The multiple nuclei model and the sector model are similar in that they both have only one core

E. The interaction between the central city and the suburbs is greatest in the urban realm model

• All of the following are correct statements about time zones EXCEPT

A. The People’s Republic of China has only one time zone

B. Standard time zones were established in the US in 1883 to accommodate internal railroad travel

C. International time zones were established in 1884 to facilitate international communication

D. Time zones were established to facilitate the planting and harvesting of crops

E. Most time zones are areas about 15* degrees wide

• Which of the following does NOT act as a centrifugal force for a state? A. Uneven development

B. Substate nationalism

C. Linguistic homogeneity

D. A fragmented territorial base

E. A strong tradition of local governance

• In Latin America, data for employment in many large urban areas are most likely to be incomplete because

A. Employment is growing too rapidly

B. Most people are unemployed

C. People change jobs regularly

D. Records are kept mainly for male workers

E. Many people work in the informal sector

• The clearing of tropical rain forest for agriculture frequently results in A. Long term productive farmland

B. A shift to animal raising

C. An increase in the size of the ozone hole

D. Better-managed commercial forests

E. Large-scale immigration

• Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by A. Production facilities that are generally located as close as

possible to the sites of raw material production

B. Strong unions and localized involvement in all facets of the production process

C. Spatial disaggregation of the production process

D. Reliance on highly skilled labor at all phases of the production process

E. Production facilities located close to railroads

• Which of the following is positively correlated with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita? A. Infant mortality rate

B. Carbon dioxide emission per capita

C. Rate of natural increase

D. Rice production per capita

E. Distance from the Greenwich meridian

• In the United States and Canada, which areal unit best approximates a city neighborhood in size?

A. Census tract

B. County

C. Municipality

D. Congressional district

E. Metropolitan area

• Today the greatest number of urban

dwellers is found in

A. North America

B. South America

C. Africa

D. Europe

E. Asia

Which of the following pieces of national territory could NOT have been classified as an exclave?

• A East Pakistan in 1947

• B West Berlin in 1970

• C Singapore in 1985

• D Alaska in 1992

• E Kaliningrad in 1996