ap gov federalism part ii

7/27/2019 AP Gov Federalism Part II

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AP Government: Federalism

Chapter 3: Part II


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Federalism and Democracy

Federalism contributes todemocracy by increasing

access to the

government at all levels,

but it also createsdisadvantages due to

differences in the

resources of individual

states.

These differences can

lead to inequities among

states in areas such as

education.

What are some public services that

the state of Iowa provides?

What are some inequities among

states? Local communities?


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Do federal politicianscorrupt the system or doesthe system corrupt them?

Does disagreement equal disloyalty?


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**Intergovernmental Relations Today

DUAL FEDERALISM:Each level ofgovernment has distinct

responsibilities that do

not overlap. States are

sovereign.

COOPERATIVEFEDERALISM:

Levels of

government share

responsibilities


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Layered Cake vs. Marble Cake

Layered Cake Existed Prior to the New

Deal

Each level of

government had its owndistinct role -- national,state & local

**Marbled Cake Cooperative Federalism:

Elements of national and stateinfluence swirl around eachother, without clear boundaries

Where does Federalgovernment end and Statebegin?

Growth of cooperative federalism

v. dual federalism because federalgovernment began to subsidizestate and local activities in hopesof encouraging national goals


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Intergovernmental Relations Today

Shared Administration:

Though programs mustadhere to basic federalguidelines, they areadministered according tothe states directives.

Shared costs: To receivefederal aid, states must pay for part

of a program.

Federal guidelines: Toreceive funding, state programsmust follow federal rules and

regulations.


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4 Point QuizThis is so Fun!

1. If the allocation of power under dual federalism were compared to a

cake it would be most like

A. A marbled cake where the flavors blend together

B. An angel food cakefluffy with little substance

C. New York Cheesecakeheavy and crushing under its own weightD. A layer cake with two distinct layers

E. A cupcake

2. If the allocation of power in a cooperative federal system were

compared to a cake it would be most likeA. A layer cake with two distinct layers

B. A single layer cake

C. A cake walk; who gets what is random

D. Fifty marbled cupcakes

E. A layer cake with many layers


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3. In Cooperative Federalism

A. States and national government remain supreme within their

own spheres

B. Responsibilities are mingles and distinctions are blurred between the

levels of government

C. Powers and policy assignments of the layers of government are

distinct

D. States are supreme over national government

E. Both A and B

4. Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually

changed from

A. Cooperative to dual federalism

B. State domination to national domination

C. Dual to cooperative

D. Unitary to federal

E. Federal to unitary


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Fiscal FederalismFederal Government holds purse

strings.

The system ofdistributing federal

money to state

governments.

The power of thenational government

to influence state

policies through

grants About a quarter of

states fiscal spending

is derived from federal

aid


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Money & Federalism

Despite national supremacy, you still need individual

votes from individual congress people from variousstatesso how do you get the support?

Example: Federal government allocate and give to statesto spend as they want/need (GRANTS-IN-AID)

If money is available, states go for it - spending increases! By 60s, feds want to know how money is spent - becomes

harder to get

Feds say programs had to benefit whole country (poor,

crime, pollution) - not as easy to get money - leads togrowth of lobbyists and interest groups.


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**Federal Grant: (Grants-in-aid)given to states for specific

purposes. These grants not only supply funds, but

influence states by stipulating programs and goals that the

federal government wants to achieve.

Grants-in-aid are federal funds allocated to states and local governments.

Reasons for grants: Abundant National Government Resources; Local Provision

Inter-Governmental

Revenue

Revenue distributed by

one level of

government to

another.

Comes in the form of:


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3. **Block Grant: Large grant of money that can be used for a general

purpose such as public health or crime control. Allows states more

discretionary spending. (Small federal government)

Block grants slow down because:

A) State agencies dont want to share money with each other

B) Feds like control over categorical grant

C) Flaws in system from bad census reports, etc - demographic qualification key to get money


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DevolutionTransferring

responsibility of policies from

federal to state and local

governments

3 Types of Block Grant a) operational (run programs)

b) capital (buildings/services) c) entitlementsto poor/needy/AFDC & Medicaid)

Republicans want to devolve these so states run ownprograms

Welfare signals devolution Pro - end dependency on government & promote self-

sufficiency

Con - create more poverty & hurt disadvantaged


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Why Has Devolution Grown?

Ideology - Republicans like it - Distrust big govt Cut deficit (programs) - reduce spending

American negativity towards entitlements


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4. **Mandates: Formal order given by a higher authority (federal

government) telling the state and local governments what

programs to implement. Most of these are unfunded and states

have to come up with their own money.Mandates can create economic hardships for states when Congress

creates financial obligations for the states without providing

funding for those obligations

--Can cause states to have to spend (prisons, schools, discrimination)--To get money, states must comply with conditions of aid (lower drinking

age)

--Unfounded & Unclear Criticisms - what does equal access mean? What is

a disability?

--Free money is not free because it signals federal power - conditions of

aid make it hard to get moneyCivil Rights Act 1964

Voting Rights Act 1965

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)(1990)

No Child Left Behind Act (2002) -- note the inclusion of mandatory

military recruiters on high school campusesClean Air Act


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5. Conditions of Aid:

Federal government will

give states money IF they

meet the conditions

given to receive the aid.Requires states to spend grant

money in certain way in they

want to receive federal

funding.

--(Examples: Government

will give money to states if

they lower drunk driving

limit, speed limits, etc. )


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3. Grants that are given more or less automatically to states or communities which

have discretion how to spend the money are called

A. Project grants

B. Discretionary funds

C. Formula grants

D. Categorical grants

E. Block grants

3. Programs such as Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children,

where people automatically qualify for aid if they meet the requirements are

examples of

A. Dual federalism

B. Project grants

C. Formula grants

D. Block grants

E. Welfare


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Welfare Reform & the States

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

(AFDC) was established under the Social Act of

1935.

An entitlement program for children in poor, mostlyfemale-headed, families

Eligibility rules and funding came from national

government, while the states administered the

program


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Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity

Reconciliation Act (1996)

This act was a major overhaul of welfare,

requiring work rather than government

assistance, directly affected many Americans.

gave the states much wider latitude to createtheir own welfare programs

continued federal funding of welfare programs

*It was also passed by a Republican Congress andsigned by a Democratic president, Bill Clinton,

thus signaling the bipartisan abandonment of the

ideas that undergirded President Lyndon

Johnsons Great Society.


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**American with Disabilities Act, 1990

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) isthe most comprehensive federal civil-rights

statute protecting the rights of people with

disabilities.

It affects access to employment; state and

local government programs and services;access to places of public accommodation such

as businesses, transportation, and non-profit

service providers; and telecommunications.

"The ADA is a mandate for equality. Any person

who's discriminated against by an employerbecause of a real disability -- or because the

employer regards the person as being

disabled, whether they are or not -- should be

entitled to the law's protection


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**Gun Free School Zones Act (1990)

This laws significance comes not from its passage, but from its being declared

unconstitutional.

In United States v Lopez (1995) (Alfonso Lopez, Jr. was a 12th grade student at EdisonHigh School in San Antonio, Texas. On March 10, 1992 he carried a concealed .38 caliber

revolver, along with five cartridges, into the school. He was confronted by school authorities

and admitted to having the weapon. Eventually he was charged with violation of the federal

Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 (the "Act")

Government argued that guns in school would lead to violent crimes and inhibit

learning and since schools affected interstate commerce economically, they could

regulate them.

Court looked at question, if the federal government could regulate any activity

that lead to violent crimes and economic commerce, where would it end?

The Supreme Court threw out the law as an unconstitutional exercise of power

under the Constitutions Commerce Clause, thus curbing the long-exercised federal

power to regulate interstate commerce

Possession of a gun near school is not an economic activity that has a substantial

effect on interstate commerce. A lawprohibiting guns near schools is a criminal

statute that does not relate to commerce or any sort of economic activity..


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So is Federal or State Government

Stronger?

Federal Government - there are more

strings for money now


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AP Free Response Question

1. The Constitution designed a system in whichvarious types of Powers were assigned to differentlevels of government. Those types of powers arevariously described as:

A. Enumerated powers

B. Reserved powersC. Concurrent powers

D. Inherent powers

E. Implied powers

Select THREE and define each of the types of powers andexplain how each of those types of powers affects thedistribution of powers between national and stategovernments.


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2. Cooperative federalism is a term often used todescribe the complex fiscal relationship betweenthe national and state governments. In youressay, do the following:

a. Discuss the concept of categorical grants

b. Explain an advantage and a disadvantage ofcategorical grants

c. Discuss the concept of block grantsd. Explain an advantage and a disadvantage of block

grants.


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A. Define cooperative federalism as it applies to the United States

today.

B. Discuss ways that the federal government financially links itself

to the states.

C. Select one of the following policy areas and explain why a state

may not wish to accept federal funding to help support thatconcern.

Education

Highways

Disabled Americans

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