ap comp gov: list of key terms

8/17/2019 AP Comp Gov: List of Key Terms

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AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT & POLITICS CONCEPTUAL REVIEWSILVERMAN/FALL 2013** This list is by no means the only thing yo shol! st!y in "#e"a#ation $o# the A% E&am' (e s#e to )no all +om"a#ati,systems- as ell as +ont#y.s"e+i+ $eat#es' T#y to anti+i"ate the ty"es o$ +om"a#isons yo ill be as)e! to ma)e'

Advanced Democracies• In!st#ialie! emo+#a+ies- #able emo+#ati+ Regimes- Ea#ly e,elo"e#s 4$o#mally Fi#st

5o#l!6

• 5hen atho#s o# te&t #ite#s se these te#ms they a#e sally tal)ing abot #i+h- 5este#n +ont#ies i

#elati,ely long histo#ies o$ "oliti+al !e,elo"ment

• These +ont#ies ha,e some $o#m o$ #e"#esentati,e !emo+#a+y

Au!oriarian Ru"e#Re$imeA system o$ #le in hi+h "oe# !e"en!s not on "o"la# legitima+y bt on the +oe#+i,e $o#+e o$ the "oliti+alatho#ities

Au!ori%The legal #ight to e&e#+ise "oe# on behal$ o$ the so+iety an!/o# go,e#nment

on%ads7asi."#i,ate $on!ations an! #eligios en!oments that a#e +ha#ge! ith ai!ing the "oo# by managing manstate.one! ente#"#ises 4I#an6

ureaucrac%A hie#a#+hi+ally st#+t#e! o#ganiation +ha#ge! ith +a##ying ot "oli+ies !ete#mine! by those ith "oliti+alatho#ity

Camari""aA +om"le& o#ganiation o$ "at#onage ty"i+ally lea! by the "#esi!ent he#e yo ha,e to sho loyalty to a high#an)ing to +##y $a,o# 4Me&i+o6

Cac! A"" Par%A "oliti+al "a#ty hose aim is to gathe# s""o#t $#om a b#oa! #ange o$ +itiens th#ogh a !e.em"hasis o$i!eology an! an em"hasis on "#agmatism- +ha#ismati+ lea!e#shi"- an! ma#)eting

C!arismaic Au!ori%

A style o$ lea!e#shi" base! on the lea!e#8s e&+e"tional "e#sonal 9alities

C!ec's and a"ancesA go,e#nmental system o$ !i,i!e! atho#ity in hi+h +oe9al b#an+hes +an #est#ain ea+h othe#:s a+tions

Civi" Li(eries%oliti+al #ights an! $#ee!oms

Civi" ServiceA system o$ +a#e$lly !es+#ibing tas)s in,ol,e! in "e#$o#ming go,e#nment ;obs- e,alating a""li+ants $o# thos;obs 4+i,il se#,i+e e&ams6- an! hi#ing "eo"le $#om among those a""li+ants base! on s)ills an! e&"e#ien+e #aththan "oliti+al $a+to#s

Civi" Socie%Re$e#s to the s"a+e o++"ie! by ,olnta#y asso+iations otsi!e o$ the state

C"eava$esFa+to#s that se"a#ate g#o"s ithin a so+iety 4ethni+ity- #eligion- so+ial +lass- #egion- et+6

C"iene"ism )a"so Paron#C"ien Po"iics*• An e&+hange system in hi+h +lients o


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La base! on #itten #les/+o!es o$ la 4=hina- Me&i+o- Rssia6

Command Econom%An e+onomi+/"oliti+al system in hi+h go,e#nment !e+isions #athe# than ma#)ets !ete#mine #eso#+e se an!ot"t 4+ent#al "lanning6

Common La+• La base! on t#a!ition- "ast "#a+ti+es- an! legal "#e+e!ents set by the +o#ts th#ogh inte#"#etations

stattes- legal legislation- an! "ast #lings 4(#itain6

• In sho#t- one a""li+ation !ete#mines the ne&t a""li+ation o$ the la

CommunismA system o$ so+ial o#ganiation base! on the +ommon one#shi" an! +oo#!ination o$ "#o!+tion

Com,araive Economic Secors )E!e" Wood* Primar% Secor )a$ricu"ure*

o The "a#t o$ the e+onomy that !#as #a mate#ials $#om the nat#al en,i#onment

o Ag#i+lt#e- #aising animals- shing- $o#est#y- an! mining

o Is la#gest in lo.in+ome- "#e.in!st#ial nations

Secondar% Secor )indusr%*o The "a#t o$ the e+onomy that t#ans$o#ms #a mate#ials into man$a+t#e! goo!s

o This se+to# g#os 9i+)ly as so+ieties in!st#ialie

Teriar% Secor )services*o The "a#t o$ the e+onomy that in,ol,es se#,i+es #athe# than goo!so This se+to# g#os ith in!st#ialiation an! +omes to !ominate "ost.in!st#ial so+ieties- o#

+ont#ies he#e most "eo"le a#e no longe# em"loye! in in!st#y

Com,araive Po"iicsFiel! ithin "oliti+al s+ien+e that $o+ses on !omesti+ "oliti+s 4inte#nal6 an! analyes "atte#ns o$ simila#ity an!i


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Cou, d./aA $o#+e$l #e"la+ement o$ a #egime o# a go,e#nment by a small elite g#o" o# g#o"sDemocrac%A system o$ go,e#nment by the hole "o"lation o# all the eligible membe#s o$ a state- ty"i+ally th#oghele+te! #e"#esentati,es

Democraic De0ciA !emo+#ati+ !e+it o++#s hen ostensibly !emo+#ati+ o#ganiations o# instittions in $a+t $all sho#t o$ $lllihat a#e belie,e! to be the "#in+i"les o$ !emo+#a+y

Democrai1aionThe s"#ea! o$ #e"#esentati,e go,e#nments to mo#e +ont#ies an! the "#o+ess o$ ma)ing go,e#nments mo#e#e"#esentati,e

Deve"o,ed CounriesNation.states hi+h ha,e in!st#ial an! "ost.in!st#ial e+onomies

Deve"o,in$ CounriesNation.states hi+h a#e in!st#ialiing

Deve"o,menA s"e+ie! state o$ g#oth o# a!,an+ement

Devo"uionA "#o+ess in a nita#y system o$ !elegating some !e+ision ma)ing to lo+al "bli+ bo!ies

Economic Deve"o,men T!eories

Moderni1aion T!eor%#Weserni1aion Mode"o The +o"y (#itain mo!el@

o Any +ont#y that ants its e+onomy to g#o shol! st!y the "aths ta)en by the in!st#ial

nations- an! logi+ally they too +an #ea" the benets o$ mo!e#niation- o# 5este#niation

De,endenc% T!eor%o ol!s that the e+onomi+ !e,elo"ment o$ many +ont#ies is blo+)e! by that the $a+t that

in!st#ialie! nations e&"loit themo >tg#oth o$ Ma#&ism

o Bo,e#nments ha,e #es"on!e! by e&"e#imenting ith $o#ms o$ so+ialism ith the intent o$

nationaliing in!st#y an! na##oing the ga" beteen the #i+h an! the "oo#

Economic Li(era"i1aion%#o+ess o$ limiting the "oe# o$ the state o,e# "#i,ate "#o"e#ty an! ma#)et $o#+es

E"ecora" S%semA legal system $o# ma)ing !emo+#ati+ +hoi+es

E"ie RecruimenThe "#o+ess by hi+h "eo"le a#e en+o#age! o# +hosen to be+ome membe#s o$ the elite ithin a "oliti+alsystem o# state

Em,irica" Daa

Resea#+h/!ata base! on $a+tal statements an! statisti+s

E2ecuiveThe e&e+ti,e oC+e +a##ies ot the las an! "oli+ies o$ the state

E2racionBo,e#nment e


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A state ithin hi+h the go,e#nment has lost the ability to "#o,i!e the most basi+ o$ "bli+ se#,i+es o#im"lement its "oli+ies

3edera" S%semA system o$ go,e#nan+e in hi+h "oliti+al atho#ity is sha#e! beteen the national go,e#nment an! #egional ostate go,e#nments

3irs4,as4!e4,os )a"so ,"ura"i%#+inner4a'es4a""*An ele+to#al system in hi+h inne#s a#e !ete#mine! by hi+h +an!i!ate #e+ei,es the la#gest nmbe# o$ ,otes4#ega#!less o$ hethe# o# not a ma;o#ity is #e+ei,e!6

3ra$menaionThe "#o+ess o# state o$ b#ea)ing o# being b#o)en into small o# se"a#ate "a#ts

3ree Mar'e Econom%A system in hi+h go,e#nment #eglation o$ the e+onomy is absent o# limite!

3uncionsThe things go,e#nments a+tally !o

3usion o- Po+ersA system o$ go,e#nan+e in hi+h atho#ity o$ go,e#nment is +on+ent#ate! in one bo!y=ommon "atte#n in "a#liamenta#y systems

Gini Inde2• This in!e& meas#es the !eg#ee o$ ine9ality in the !ist#ibtion o$ $amily in+ome in a +ont#y

• Meas#es #elati,e !eg#ee o$ e+onomi+ ine9ality ithin a +ont#y

• The higher the number the more unequal a country’s income distribution

G"asnosBo#ba+he,:s "oli+y o$ o"enness o# "bli+ity- hi+h in,ol,e! an easing o$ +ont#ols on the me!ia- a#ts- an!"bli+ !is+ssion- lea!ing to an otb#st o$ "bli+ !ebate an! +#iti+ism +o,e#ing most as"e+ts o$ So,iet histo#+lt#e- an! "oli+y

G"o(a"i1aionThe in+#easing inte#+onne+te!ness an! inte#!e"en!en+e o$ "eo"le- +lt#es- e+onomies- an! nation.states

$a+ilitate! by te+hnology- t#a!e- an! +lt#al !i


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5uman Deve"o,men Inde2 )5DI*Meas#es the ell.being o$ a +ont#y:s "eo"le by $a+to#ing in a!lt lite#a+y- li$e e&"e+tan+y- an! e!+ationalen#ollment- as ell as B%

5%,o!esis• S"e+lati,e statement abot a #elationshi" beteen to o# mo#e ,a#iables

I""i(era" Democrac% )a"so ,rocedura" democrac%*• A "#o+e!#al !emo+#ati+ #egime he#e the +itien#y !oes not benet $#om the $ll a##ay o$ #ights an!

$#ee!oms that one ol! e&"e+t in a !emo+#a+y

•

E&am"le +om"etiti,e ele+tions bt la+) o$ +i,il libe#ty an! #ights

Im,or Su(siuion Indusria"i1aionEm"loys high ta#i


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Mi"iar% Ru"eMilita#y +ont#ol o$ the go,e#nment by a#me! $o#+es

Minimum Winnin$ T!res!o"dThe minimm "e#+entage o$ ,otes a "a#ty mst #e+ei,e in o#!e# to be seate! in a legislat#e

Mi2ed Presidenia" Par"iamenar% S%sem• A !emo+#a+y that has some +ha#a+te#isti+s o$ a "#esi!ential system an! some +ha#a+te#isti+s o$ a

"a#liamenta#y system

• Also #e$e##e! to as semi."#esi!ential

Moderni1aion• The ma;o# +lt#al t#en! that has t#ans$o#me! the o#l! is mo!e#niation

• 5o#l!i!e mo#e "eo"le a#e mo,ing to +ities an! a#e e&"ose! to mo!e#n "oliti+al +lt#es- hi+h ha,e

im"a+t on +itiens: attit!es

Mu"i,ar% S%semA "a#ty system ith se,e#al im"o#tant "oliti+al "a#ties- none o$ hi+h gene#ally gains a ma;o#ity o$ the seats the national legislat#e

NaionA g#o" o$ "eo"le ho i!enti$y themsel,es as belonging togethe# be+ase o$ +lt#al- geog#a"hi+- o# lingistities

Naion4SaeAn in!e"en!ent state that e&ists $o# a single nation? it is the ltimate goal o$ most nationalists

Neo"i(era"ism• A te#m se! to !es+#ibe go,e#nment "oli+ies aiming to "#omote $#ee +om"etition among bsiness #m

ithin the ma#)et

• In+l!es "#i,atiation- #e!+ing t#a!e ba##ie#s- balan+ing go,e#nment b!gets- an! #e!+ing so+ial

s"en!ing

Ne+"% Indusria"i1ed Counries )NICs*• A te#m se! to !es+#ibe a g#o" o$ +ont#ies that a+hie,e! #a"i! e+onomi+ !e,elo"ment beginning in

the 1GH0s- la#gely stimlate! by #obst inte#national t#a!e 4e&"o#ts6 an! gi!e! by go,e#nment "oli+ie

• =o#e NI=s Taian- Soth o#ea- ong ong- Singa"o#e• Also A#gentina- (#ail- Malaysia- Me&i+o- an! Thailan!

• I#an +ol! also be +onsi!e#e! he#e- bt not as !emo+#ati+

Nomen'"aura• A system o$ "e#sonnel sele+tion n!e# hi+h the =ommnist %a#ty maintaine! +ont#ol o,e# the

a""ointment o$ im"o#tant oC+ials in all s"he#es o$ so+ial- e+onomi+- an! "oliti+al li$e

• The te#m is also se! to !es+#ibe in!i,i!als +hosen th#ogh this system an! ths #e$e#s mo#e b#oa!ly

the "#i,ilege! +i#+les in the So,iet nion an! =hina

Non4Governmen Or$ani1aion )NGO*%#i,ate g#o" that "#ses sel$.!ene! goals otsi!e o$ go,e#nment

Normaive Researc!#SaemensResea#+h an! !ata is se! to ma)e ,ale ;!gments

O"i$arc!%A system o$ go,e#nan+e !ominate! by a small "oe#$l an! ealthy g#o" in a state

One4Par% Dominan S%semA "a#ty system in hi+h one la#ge "a#ty !i#e+ts the "oliti+al system- bt small "a#ties e&ist an! may +om"ete ele+tions 4Rssia6

One4Par% S%semA "a#ty system in hi+h one "oliti+al "a#ty +ont#ols the go,e#nment an! ,ote#s ha,e no o"inion to +hoose ano""osition "a#ty 4=hina6


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Parasaa"A go,e#nment.one! +o#"o#ation to +om"ensate $o# the la+) o$ e+onomi+ !e,elo"ment o# to ens#e +om"letan! e9itable se#,i+e to the hole +ont#y 4+an be anything $#om a national ai#line o# #ail#oa! to a "ostalsystem o# man$a+t#ing an! ma#)eting o"e#ations6

Par"iamenar% S%sem• A system o$ go,e#nan+e in hi+h the hea! o$ go,e#nment is +hosen by an! se#,es at the "leas#e o$ th

legislat#e'

• The legislat#e #les o,e# allJ

•

%#ime Ministe# is N>T !i#e+tly ele+te! by "eo"le- bt by the legislat#e'• (e+ase the "#ime ministe# an! the +abinet a#e also lea!e#s o$ the ma;o#ity "a#ty in the legislat#e- no

se"a#ation o$ "oe#s e&ists beteen e&e+ti,e an! legislati,e b#an+hesKinstea! they a#e $se!togethe#'

• Fsion o$ %oe#J

• E&e+ti,e "oe# is se"a#ate! beteen ea! o$ Bo,e#nment 4%M6 an! the ea! o$ State 4#oyalty-"#esi!ent6

• %a#liamenta#y system stan!s in +ont#ast to a "#esi!ential system- in hi+h the +hie$ e&e+ti,e is ele+tein a national ballot an! is in!e"en!ent o$ the legislati,e b#an+h

• C!aracerisicso igh %a#ty is+i"line

o Ma;o#ity "a#ty almost alays gets its "oli+ies im"lemente!

o =abinet is VER "oe#$lKinitiates legislation an! ma)es "oli+y

Par% S%semA label base! on the nmbe# o$ "#ominent "oliti+al "a#ties in a +ont#y

Paron4C"ien Ne+or's• A sally in$o#mal allian+e beteen a "e#son hol!ing "oe# an! less "oe#$l o# loe# stats "eo"le

• The "oe#$l "at#on "#o,i!es "oe#- stats- ;obs- lan!- goo!s- an!/o# "#ote+tion in e&+hange $o# loyalt

an! "oliti+al s""o#t

Peresroi'a• The e+onomi+ "oli+y o$ #est#+t#ing emba#)e! on by Bo#ba+he, in 1G

• Initially- the "oli+y em"hasie! !e+ent#aliation o$ e+onomi+ !e+ision ma)ing - in+#ease! ente#"#ise

atonomy- e&"an!e! "bli+ !is+ssion o$ "oli+y isses- an! a #e!+tion in the inte#national isolation othe So,iet e+onomy

P"ura"ismA "oliti+al theo#y o# system o$ "oe# sha#ing among a nmbe# o$ "oliti+al "a#ties

P"ura"is Ineres Grou, S%sems• Mlti"le g#o"s may #e"#esent a single so+iety inte#est

• B#o" membe#shi" is ,olnta#y an! limite!

• B#o"s o$ten ha,e a loose o# !e+ent#alie! o#ganiational st#+t#e

• The#e is a +lea# se"a#ation beteen inte#est g#o"s an! the go,e#nment

P"ura"i%

The nmbe# o$ ,otes +ast $o# a +an!i!ate ho #e+ei,es mo#e than any othe# +an!i!ate bt !oes not #e+ei,e aabsolte ma;o#ity

Po"i(uroThe "#in+i"al "oli+yma)ing +ommittee o$ the =ommnist %a#ty

Po"iica" Cu"ureThe +olle+tion o$ histo#y- ,ales- belie$s- assm"tions- attit!es- t#a!itions- an! symbols that !ene an!inOen+e "oliti+al beha,io# ithin a nation.state

Po"iica" E7cac%• %oliti+al eC+a+y is a +itien:s belie$ that he o# she +an n!e#stan! an! inOen+e go,e#nment o# "oliti+

a


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• It in!i+ates a +itiens8 $aith an! t#st in go,e#nment an! thei# on belie$ that they +an n!e#stan! an!

inOen+e "oliti+al a


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A gene#al ,ote by the ele+to#ate on a single "oliti+al 9estion that has been #e$e##e! to them $o# a !i#e+t!e+ision

Re$ime• A "oliti+al system ith a s"e+i+ "atte#n o$ #elationshi" beteen the state- so+iety- ma#)ets- an! the

o#l! at la#ge'

• A "atte#n o$ o#ganiation $o# a go,e#nment 4o$ten !es+#ibe! in a +onstittion o# s"#eme la6

• En!#e beyon! go,e#nments o# lea!e#s

Renier Sae

A +ont#y that obtains m+h o$ its #e,ene $#om the e&"o#t o$ oil o# othe# nat#al #eso#+es

Ren4see'in$The "#a+ti+e o$ "oliti+al lea!e#s ho- $o# the "#"oses o$ #emaining in a "osition o$ "oe#- #ent "bli+ a++es4#eso#+es o# ta& s""o#t se#,i+es6 to "at#ons ho "#ot $#om those "bli+ assets

Revo"uionA "#o+ess by hi+h a "oliti+al #egime is o,e#th#on an! #e"la+e! be+ase o$ a b#oa! "o"la# s""o#t an!"a#ti+i"ation in the "#o+essRu"e o- La+

• A go,e#nan+e system o"e#ating "#e!i+tably n!e# a )non an! t#ans"a#ent set o$ "#o+e!#al #les

4las6

• Also )no as- +onstittionalism

Second Wor"d Counries• =ommnist an! Fo#me# =ommnist Regimes- Mi!!le e,elo"e#s

• Most o$ the +ont#ies in this +atego#y sha#e atho#ita#ian/totalita#ian "oliti+al histo#ies'

• These +ont#ies also sha#e! +omman! e+onomies

Se,araion o- Po+er• An o#ganiation o$ "oliti+al instittions ithin the state in hi+h the e&e+ti,e- legislat#e- an! ;!i+ia#

ha,e atonomos "oe#s an! no b#an+h !ominates the othe#s

• =ommon "atte#n in "#esi!ential systems

S!oc' T!era,%• A ,a#iant o$ ma#)et #e$o#m that in,ol,es the state simltaneosly im"osing a i!e #ange o$ #a!i+al

e+onomi+ +hanges- ith the "#"ose o$ sho+)ing the e+onomy into a ne mo!e o$ o"e#ation

• Sho+) the#a"y +an be +ont#aste! ith a mo#e g#a!al a""#oa+h to ma#)et #e$o#m

Sin$"e Mem(er Disrics• An ele+to#al system in hi+h ,ote#s +hoose an in!i,i!al #nning $o# oC+e in ea+h legislati,e !ist#i+t

4also +alle! #st "ast the "ost i$ the inne# is +hosen by "l#ality6

• An ele+to#al system in hi+h +an!i!ates #n $o# a single seat $#om a s"e+i+ geog#a"hi+ !ist#i+t

• The inne# is the "e#son ho #e+ei,es the most ,otes- hethe# o# not that is a ma;o#ity

• In+#ease the li)elihoo! o$ a to."a#ty state

Socia"is Mar'e Econom%• The te#m se! by the go,e#nment o$ =hina to #e$e# to the +ont#y:s +##ent e+onomi+ system

• Meant to +on,ey a mi& o$ state +ont#ol 4so+ialism6 an! ma#)et $o#+es 4+a"italism6 that =hina is no$olloing

Soverei$n%• In!e"en!ent legal atho#ity o,e# a "o"lation in a "a#ti+la# "la+e?

• The !eg#ee in hi+h a state +ont#ols its on te##ito#y an! +an in!e"en!ently ma)e an! +a##y ot "oli+y

SaeA "oliti+al system that has so,e#eignty 4"oliti+al "oe#6 e&e#+ise! o,e# a "o"lation in a !ene! geog#a"hi+te##ito#y th#ogh a set o$ "bli+ instittions

Sron$ Sae


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A state ith e&tensi,e +a"a+ity to +a##y ot "oli+ies a!o"te! o# a state in hi+h the#e a#e $e limitations on tha+tions o$ one o# mo#e "a#ts o$ the state

Srucura" Ad8usmen Pro$rams5o#l! (an) "#og#ams hi+h o

ap comp gov: list of key terms

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