anthraquinone glycosides (3)

7/27/2019 anthraquinone glycosides (3)

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PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF

CRUDE DRUGS CONTAINING

AJAYM.Pharm

A.U College of pharmaceutical sciences


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CONTENTS:

Definition of Anthraquinone Glycosides.Different Anthracene moieties .

Mechanism of action .

Crude drugs

Commercial productsConclusion.


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DEFINITION:

Anthracene glycosides are the organic compounds

from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic

or acid hydrolysis gives one or more glycones

(sugar moieties) along with aglycone.

Chemically these are the ACETALS or SUGAR

ETHERS formed by the interaction ofOH group

each of anthraquinone moiety and sugar ,with a

loss of water molecule.


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Anthracene (Anthraquinone) Glycosides

1

4

9

10

8

5

Anthraquinone

Reduction

Oxidation

OxanthroneAnthrone

O

O

O

OHH

O

HH

Oxidation

Anthranol

OH

tautomerization

Reduction


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OH OH

CH 3HO

O

O

OH OH

CH 2OH

O

O

OH OH

CH 3

O

O

OH OH

COO H

O

O

RheinChrysophanolEmodin Aloe-emodin


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MECHANISM OF ACTION:

Anthracenosides are PURGATIVE because of theirirritating action on large intestine.

They stimulate the muscular structure i.e.., smooth musclesof large intestine through which peristalitic and large

intestinal movements gets accelerated results in evacuationof intestinal contents.

Simultaneously the mucus secretion is stimulated andwater absorption is hindered and soft stools will be formed.

Action starts after 8-12 hrs.

Activity is due to anthranols ,anthrones and dianthrones.


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CRUDE DRUGS CONTAINING

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

Senna

Senna pods

Aloes

Rhubarb Cascara


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SENNA:

INDIAN SENNA:(senna folium ,senna-ki-patti,tinnevelly senna ,cassia senna.)

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE :It is obtained from dried leaflets ofCassiaangus t i fo l ia Vahlbelongs to family LEGUMINOSAE.

CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION OF INDIAN SENNA:

Soil-RED loamy/coarse gravelly soil.

1st sowing - feb-march.

2nd sowing - oct-november.

1st harvesting when leafs turn to thick ,fully grown and greenish.

2nd harvesting- after 4-6 weeks of 1st harvesting.

3rd harvesting- after 2weeks of 2nd harvesting.

Heavy irrigation and water logging are avoided.

ALEXANDRIAN SENNA(folia sennae alexandrinae,)

Bological source :It is obtained from dried leaflets of

Cassia acutif ol ia Deli lebelong Family LEGUMINOSAE.


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MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:

INDIAN SENNA ALEXANDRIAN SENNA YELLOWISH-GREEN PALE-GREYISH GREEN.

7-8mm width and25 -60mm length 2-4cm long and 7-12mm wide.

Lanceolate,Asymetrical leaflets. Ovate- lanceolate, margin is curved

and Asymmetrical base.


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Microscopic of senna characters Epidermis : unicelllular ,conical, thick walled warty trichomes.

stomata: paracytic or rubiaceous. Palisade tisssue on both sides (iso bilateral leaf lets).

Calcium oxalate crystals are present.

Spongy mesophyll, patch of sclerenchyma, cluster sheath and

presence of collenchyma are the characteristics of senna.

Indian senna Alexandrian senna

Vein-islet no 19.5 - 22.5 25 - 29.5

Stomatal index 17 20 11.4 13.3

Palisade ratio 7.5(u) 9.5(u)

5.1(L) 7(L)


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ADULTERANTS:

Tinnevelly senna and alexandrian senna are adulterated with

DOG SENNA (papillose cells in lower epidermis)

PALTHE SENNA (No Anthraquinone glycosides)

MECCA and ARABIANSENNA (brown-green colour ,elongated)

SENNA PODS :

(senna legumes ,sennae fructus, senna fruit.)Biological source : Dried nearly ripe fruits ofCass ia acut i fo l ia

Delile and Cass ia angus t i fo l ia Vahlbelongs to leguminosae.

Collection and preparation:Pods are collected and dried .

By sifting separate pods manually segregated into differentqualities

Inferior quality used for preparation of galenicals.


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Macroscopic characters:

Pale green-brown colour,4-5cm long

2-2.5cm width.

Pods are flat ,thin and oblong shape.

Commercial products :


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ALOES: (ALOE,MUSSABBAR,KUMARI.)

Biological source:

Dried juice of leaves ofAloe barbadensis Mil ler(curacao aloes),Aloe perry i Baker(socotrine aloes),

Aloe ferox Mil ler ,

Alo e afr icana Mil lerand

Aloe sp icata Baker(cape aloes)

belonging to family Liliaceae.

Cultivation and collection:Cultivated by root suckers.

No water logging.

Juice is collected by a cut at leaf base.

Preparation of Aloes:Curacao aloes: Place the leaves in kerosene tins and kept in tilted position to

drain out all the juice and boil on large copper pans and pour in metalcontainers.

Cape Aloes :They are placed in ground in basin shaped depression which islined by goat skin /canvas for 5-6 hrs.

Socotrine and Zanzibar Aloes: juice is collected in goat skin and solidify.


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MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:

CURACAO CAPE SOCOTRINE ZANZIBAR

SRONG ODOUR NAUSEOUS NAuSEOUS -

BROWNISH-BLACK BROWNISH-GREEN BROWNISH-YELLLOW LIVER BROWNOPAQUE MASS MASSES OPAQUE PASTY MASS

BITTER TASTE BITTER TASTE BITTER TASTE -

UNEVEN FRACTURED GLASSY FRACTURED CONCHOIDAL EVEN

FRACTURED

MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS

In leaf cuticle, epidermis, palisade, tissue, parenchymatousmesophyll.(mucilagenous )

. Mesophyll encloses vascular bundles which are covered with peri-cyclic layer.

Aloeitic cells contains Aloe gel.

Calcium oxalate crystals in parenchyma.

Aloepowder: In lactophenol reagent.

CURACAO CAPE SACOTRINE ZANZIBAR Small needles transparent,brown large prism groups/ IRREGULAR

or slender prisms angular/irregular dispersed LUMPS

fragments

Crystalline amorphous ---- - --- --


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Substituents & Adulterants Socotrine, zanzibar, Natal aloes ,Mocha aloes with BLACK CATECHU.

Natal: Dry extract of aloe candelabra for cape aloes.

Mocha: Brownish black glossy fragments interior varieties.

Curacao aloes with BLACK CATECHU ,IRON,STONES.

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS:


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RHUBARB:(Radix rheum , Revandchini , Rheum )

Biological source :Dried rhizomes ofRheum emod i Wal l ich,Rheumpalmatum Linn ,Rheum webbianum Royleof family

polygonaceae.

Collection and preparation:Drug obtained from wild plants which are draught resistant .

Propagated by seeds ,rhizomes.

Harvested in spring season and the rhizomes are collected and

cleaned & de-corticated ,dried and packed in wooden boxes.


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COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS:


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CASCARA:(Cascara segrada ,Sacred bark,Chittem

bark,Cortex Rhamnipurshianae)

Biological source: Dried bark ofRhamnuspu rshiana De cando l leof family

Rhamnaceae.

Collection: it is collected in between april-

august when it is readily separates fromwood.

By longitudinal incission of 5-10cm.

MACROSCOPY:

Externally purplish brown an internallyreddish brown.

Nauseous odour, bitter taste .

1-4mm thick in size.

Broken pieces small and flat occurs as

quills/channels.

Internally longitudinal striations.


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R.Emodi , R.webianum R.officinale , R.palmatum


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MICROSCOPY: Contains cortex , sclerides , primary & secondary phloem

Cork has several layers of cells with yellowish brown substance.

Cortex with collenchyma. Parenchyma is cellulosoic.

Calcium oxalate crystals are present.

Phloem fibres, sieve tubes are present.

Substituents and adulterants: Barks of R. californica ,R.fallax and frangula bark are substituted for cascara.

Former bark has more uniform coat of lichens and wide medullary

rays than original species.

COMMECIAL

PRODUCTS :

DRUG CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS CHEMICAL TEST USES


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DRUG CHEMICALCONSTITUENTS CHEMICAL TEST USES

SENNA SENNOSIDES A

SENNOSIDES B

SENNOSIDES C

SENNOSIDES D

BORNTRAGERS TEST PURGATIVE,

COUNTERACTG

RIPPING EFFECT

SENNA PODS 2.5-4.5% SENNOSIDE A&B ,SENIDIN,

8,8Di-GLUCOSIDE

BORNTRAGERS TEST PURGATIVE,

ALOES BARBALOIN ,

ISOBARBALOIN ,

ALOESONE ,

ALOETIC ACID

BROMINE WATER TEST,

BORAX TEST(SCHOENTENS TEST),

MODIFIED BORNTRAGERS TEST.

PURGATIVE,

COMPONENT IN

COMPOUND

BENZOINTINCTURE,

ANTI-

INFLAMMATORY,

IN PAINS &

ITCHING,

ULCERS.

RHUBARB PALMIDIN-A,B,C BORNTRAGERS TEST

&

SAMPLE +ALKALI-------RED

BITTERSTOMACHIC ,

IN DIARRHOEA

AND PURGATIVE

CASCARA CASCAROSIDE A,B,C MODIFIED BORNTRAGERS TEST

&

SAMPLE+5%KOH------RED

BITTER TONIC,

STOMACHICH,

EMETIC,PURGAIVE

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS


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O O

H

COOH

OH

O OH

COOH

O

H

2

35

6

7 9

10 4

8 1

Gl

Gl

Sennosides A&B

Sennosides C&D

O O

H

COOH

OH

O OH

CH2OH

O

H

2

3

5

6

7 9

10 4

8 1

Gl

Gl

OH OH

CH2OH

O

H Gl

O OH

CH2OH

O

H Gl

Gl

Barbaloin Cascaroside A& B

OH OH

CH3

O

H Gl

O OH

CH3

O

H Gl

Gl

Chrysaloin Cascaroside C & D

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS


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REFERANCES:

PHARMACOGNOSY BY

C.K.KOKATE,A.P.PUROHIT,S.B.GOKHA

LE.

PHARMACOGNOSY BY W.C. EVANS

anthraquinone glycosides (3)

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