Animalia ChordataAnimalia Chordata

By: By:

Josh, JeremyJosh, Jeremy and Zach

Definition of ChordataDefinition of Chordata

Chordates are animals which are Chordates are animals which are either vertebrates or closely related either vertebrates or closely related invertebrates. They are connected by invertebrates. They are connected by having, a notochord, a hollow dorsal having, a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and a nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail at least some point in post-anal tail at least some point in their life cycle. their life cycle.

These features may only be present These features may only be present in the embryo.in the embryo.

All Chordata Have..All Chordata Have.. pharyngeal slitspharyngeal slits - A series of openings - A series of openings

that connect the inside of the throat to the that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the "neck". These are often, but outside of the "neck". These are often, but not always, used as gills. not always, used as gills.

dorsal nerve corddorsal nerve cord - A bundle of nerve - A bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the "back". It fibers which runs down the "back". It connects the brain with the muscles and connects the brain with the muscles and other organs. other organs.

notochordnotochord - Cartilage rod, and it’s - Cartilage rod, and it’s supporting the nerve cord. supporting the nerve cord.

post-anal tailpost-anal tail - An extension of the body - An extension of the body past the anal opening.past the anal opening.

DiagramDiagram

SubphylaSubphyla

Chordates are broken up into three Chordates are broken up into three subphyla, subphyla,

1. Vertebrata 1. Vertebrata 2. Urochordata 2. Urochordata 3. Cephalochordata3. Cephalochordata

ExamplesExamples Example of a Example of Example of a Example of

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Cephalochordate Cephalochordate Urochordate Urochordate

TunicatesLancelet

For today’s presentation we will only look at Vertebrates

VertebratesVertebrates

The five categories of Vertebrates The five categories of Vertebrates are:are:

1. Mammals – Example, Grizzly Bear.1. Mammals – Example, Grizzly Bear. 2. Amphibians – Example, Frogs. 2. Amphibians – Example, Frogs. 3. Reptiles – Example, Crocodile. 3. Reptiles – Example, Crocodile. 4. Birds – Example, Bald Eagle. 4. Birds – Example, Bald Eagle. 5. Fish – Example, Pink Salmon.5. Fish – Example, Pink Salmon.

Grizzly BearGrizzly Bear(Mammal)(Mammal)

Grizzly bears are up to 7 feet long and weigh up to 1, Grizzly bears are up to 7 feet long and weigh up to 1, 500 pounds. 500 pounds.

Females are about 2/3 the size of males. Females are about 2/3 the size of males. They have dense fur close to the skin. They have dense fur close to the skin. They also have long, coarse guard hairs that become They also have long, coarse guard hairs that become

silver tipped as the bears age. silver tipped as the bears age. They have a big head, a long muzzle, and a large They have a big head, a long muzzle, and a large

hump on their shoulder. The large hump is a mass of hump on their shoulder. The large hump is a mass of muscles that give the front legs extra strength. muscles that give the front legs extra strength.

The grizzly bear is the second largest land carnivore in The grizzly bear is the second largest land carnivore in North America. North America.

The grizzly bear has been known to run at speeds of The grizzly bear has been known to run at speeds of 55 kilometres per hour. 55 kilometres per hour.

It has developed senses of smell and hearing that It has developed senses of smell and hearing that compensates for its poor eyesight. compensates for its poor eyesight.

Diagram Diagram

FrogFrog(Amphibian)(Amphibian)

The Anatomy of a Frog is similar to a humans since The Anatomy of a Frog is similar to a humans since they have the same kinds of organs and the same they have the same kinds of organs and the same organ systems. organ systems.

A frogs body can be divided into three parts, the A frogs body can be divided into three parts, the head, short neck and trunk. head, short neck and trunk.

They have short rigid neck which gives it limited They have short rigid neck which gives it limited head movement head movement

They have a coelom, which is a single body cavity They have a coelom, which is a single body cavity where all organs are located. where all organs are located.

Frogs have short front legs and long hind legs Frogs have short front legs and long hind legs which is idle for jumping. which is idle for jumping.

There are 5,250 described frog species in the There are 5,250 described frog species in the world.world.

DiagramDiagram

CrocodileCrocodile(Reptile)(Reptile)

They can grow up to 15 feet long. They can grow up to 15 feet long. They have a 66 teeth and their lower jaw is They have a 66 teeth and their lower jaw is

exposed. exposed. Their back has ridged and bony scales while their Their back has ridged and bony scales while their

belly has smooth scales. belly has smooth scales. They cover their eyes with a special membrane They cover their eyes with a special membrane

that is transparent and protects their eyes from that is transparent and protects their eyes from damage while swimming underwater.damage while swimming underwater.

They have a long slender snout with tremendous They have a long slender snout with tremendous biting power.biting power.

They can only maintain strenuous activity for They can only maintain strenuous activity for short periods of time short periods of time

DiagramDiagram

Bald EagleBald Eagle(Bird)(Bird)

Bald eaglesBald eagles have a long, downward-curved have a long, downward-curved yellow bill, and large eyes.yellow bill, and large eyes.

The feet have knife-like talons. The feet have knife-like talons. Eagles have about 7,000 feathers Eagles have about 7,000 feathers Adult eagles have a 7 foot wingspan and Adult eagles have a 7 foot wingspan and

can reach 3 feet in height, but they only can reach 3 feet in height, but they only weigh between 9 to 14 pounds.weigh between 9 to 14 pounds.

The females are 30% larger than the males. The females are 30% larger than the males. Eagles have a super sense of vision, they Eagles have a super sense of vision, they

can see four to seven times farther than can see four to seven times farther than humans. humans.

DiagramDiagram

Grizzly Bear Grizzly Bear (Mammal)(Mammal)

Grizzly bears walk with plantigrade Grizzly bears walk with plantigrade locomotion, meaning they walk with locomotion, meaning they walk with the soles of their feet flat on the the soles of their feet flat on the ground.  Like humans, bears first ground.  Like humans, bears first strike the ground with their heels and strike the ground with their heels and then go off of the balls of the feet then go off of the balls of the feet and the toes.  and the toes.  

FrogsFrogs(Amphibians)(Amphibians)

Frogs have salutatory locomotion. Frogs have salutatory locomotion. This means that their primary This means that their primary method of locomotion is hopping, method of locomotion is hopping, jumping, or leaping. The front legs of jumping, or leaping. The front legs of a frog are like the arms of human a frog are like the arms of human since they are weak for jumping. The since they are weak for jumping. The frog has hind legs which are frog has hind legs which are especially designed for leaping. especially designed for leaping.

Tadpoles, which do not have arms or Tadpoles, which do not have arms or legs use their tails to move. legs use their tails to move.

CrocodileCrocodile(Reptile)(Reptile)

They can propel themselves through They can propel themselves through the water with great force by using the water with great force by using their tails and also with their webbed their tails and also with their webbed feet. feet.

They can launch themselves out of They can launch themselves out of the water for over half their body the water for over half their body length or more. length or more.

Most crocodiles can achieve speeds of Most crocodiles can achieve speeds of around 12 to 14 kph for short periods around 12 to 14 kph for short periods of time. of time.

Bald Eagle Bald Eagle (Bird)(Bird)

A Bald Eagle moves with its wings in A Bald Eagle moves with its wings in a fast motion and can go as fast as a fast motion and can go as fast as 100 kilometres per hour when trying 100 kilometres per hour when trying to catch or fly away from an animalto catch or fly away from an animal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjDrGVkhdUwDrGVkhdUw

Grizzly BearGrizzly Bear(Mammal)(Mammal)

Obtaining Food Obtaining Food - They dig, kill or - They dig, kill or

scavenge for food.scavenge for food.- They will find food - They will find food

sources in leftover sources in leftover carcasses, dead carcasses, dead animals and waste animals and waste where other animals where other animals won't.won't.

- When food is scarce in - When food is scarce in the winter bears have the winter bears have been known to eat been known to eat their own fecal waste their own fecal waste as a food source as a food source

Diet Diet - 90% of its diet is 90% of its diet is

vegetation vegetation - They accumulate 200 They accumulate 200

kg of fat in order to kg of fat in order to survive the winter.survive the winter.

- They eat, insects, - They eat, insects, forbs, roots, tubers, forbs, roots, tubers, grasses, berries, small grasses, berries, small rodents, fish, carrion, rodents, fish, carrion, garbage and human garbage and human food.food.

FrogsFrogs(Amphibians)(Amphibians)

Obtaining Food Obtaining Food

- The frog has a long - The frog has a long sticky tongue fastened sticky tongue fastened at the front of its at the front of its mouth that flicks out mouth that flicks out to catch food. to catch food.

- Frogs have tiny teeth - Frogs have tiny teeth on the top and bottom on the top and bottom of their mouth of their mouth designed to hold prey.designed to hold prey.

Diet Diet - Crickets are the most Crickets are the most

popular food. popular food. - Any insects, Any insects,

grasshoppers, crickets grasshoppers, crickets and roaches. and roaches.

- Larger frogs can eat Larger frogs can eat Mice or even smaller Mice or even smaller frogs. frogs.

CrocodileCrocodile(Reptile)(Reptile)

Obtaining Food Obtaining Food - Crocodiles sit Crocodiles sit

camouflaged and camouflaged and motionless in the motionless in the water waiting for prey water waiting for prey to come to them.to come to them.

- Once the prey is a Once the prey is a close a crocodile will close a crocodile will quickly snap its jaws quickly snap its jaws around the prey and around the prey and drag it under the drag it under the water to drown and water to drown and eat it. eat it.

Diet Diet - They are known to eat They are known to eat

anything that comes anything that comes close to the river close to the river bank. bank.

- Including, rabbits, Including, rabbits, dogs, cats, deer, frogs, dogs, cats, deer, frogs, fish, turtles, birds and fish, turtles, birds and other small mammals. other small mammals.

Bald EagleBald Eagle(Bird)(Bird)

Obtaining Food Obtaining Food

- It will approach in a - It will approach in a shallow glide to snatch shallow glide to snatch the fish out of the the fish out of the water with a quick water with a quick swipe of its talons. swipe of its talons.

Diet Diet - They feed on fish, They feed on fish,

ducks, coots, ducks, coots, muskrats, turtles, muskrats, turtles, rabbits, and snakes rabbits, and snakes and dead animals and dead animals occasionally.occasionally.

- 90% of diet is fish.90% of diet is fish.- They will eat They will eat

whatever is available whatever is available and easiest to get. and easiest to get.

Grizzly BearGrizzly Bear(Mammal)(Mammal)

Digestion Digestion - Grizzly bears have Grizzly bears have

a simple intestinal a simple intestinal tract. tract.

- The Long intestine The Long intestine is very long for the is very long for the winter months of winter months of hibernation. hibernation.

- Do not digest Do not digest starches well. starches well.

Excretion Excretion - They do not They do not

defecate or urinate defecate or urinate during hibernation. during hibernation.

- They excrete waste They excrete waste through digestive through digestive track and through track and through the anus.the anus.

FrogFrog(Amphibian)(Amphibian)

Digestion Digestion - The small intestine is The small intestine is

where most digestion where most digestion occurs. occurs.

- Frogs carry pancreatic Frogs carry pancreatic juice from the juice from the pancreas, and bile pancreas, and bile through the gallbladder through the gallbladder from the liver to the from the liver to the small intestine where small intestine where the fluids digest the the fluids digest the food and extract the food and extract the nutrients. nutrients.

Excretion Excretion - Nitrogen waste is Nitrogen waste is

excreted as urine. excreted as urine. - The urine is mainly a The urine is mainly a

way to get rid of way to get rid of excess water in the excess water in the Frog. Frog.

- Adult frogs excrete Adult frogs excrete ammonia mainly ammonia mainly through the gills through the gills

CrocodileCrocodile(Reptile)(Reptile)

Digestion Digestion - The crocodile’s digestive The crocodile’s digestive

system is the most acidic system is the most acidic of any animal’s and that’s of any animal’s and that’s why it can digest bones, why it can digest bones, shells and hooves. shells and hooves.

- Crocodiles digest food just Crocodiles digest food just like we do.  The only like we do.  The only difference is that they difference is that they can't chew up their food.  can't chew up their food.  They have a special They have a special digestive tract to process digestive tract to process large pieces of food.  This large pieces of food.  This helps them when they helps them when they swallow things whole.swallow things whole.

Excretion Excretion - - Crocodiles get rid of Crocodiles get rid of

waste in their body as waste in their body as ammonia. They drink ammonia. They drink lots of water which lots of water which helps them weaken helps them weaken the ammonia so they the ammonia so they can get it out of their can get it out of their body. If they didn't body. If they didn't drink lots of water the drink lots of water the ammonia would harm ammonia would harm their body. Their their body. Their kidneys help with this. kidneys help with this.

Bald Eagle Bald Eagle (Bird)(Bird)

Digestion Digestion - Eagles have a high Eagles have a high

metabolism rate. metabolism rate. - Part of their stomach Part of their stomach

has turned into a place has turned into a place which food is ground which food is ground into a fine consistency into a fine consistency to help rapid digestion. to help rapid digestion.

- This is also a place This is also a place where pellets of where pellets of formed for when the formed for when the bird can’t digest bird can’t digest bones, fur, feathers bones, fur, feathers and other materials.and other materials.

Excretion Excretion - Eagles also excrete Eagles also excrete

nitrogen through their nitrogen through their urine. urine.

- They excrete the They excrete the pellets of left over pellets of left over materials after they materials after they have absorbed all the have absorbed all the nutrients they can, nutrients they can,

Grizzly BearGrizzly Bear(Mammal)(Mammal)

Circulation Circulation

- The normal heart rate of - The normal heart rate of bears is 40 - 50 beats bears is 40 - 50 beats per minute. per minute.

- All mammals have a - All mammals have a closed circulatory closed circulatory system meaning the system meaning the oxygen goes in the oxygen goes in the nose into the lungs nose into the lungs from lungs moved from lungs moved around body without around body without any breaks in the chain.any breaks in the chain.

Respiration Respiration

- Bears have a set of - Bears have a set of lungs that they use to lungs that they use to breathe, the oxygen is breathe, the oxygen is feed to the blood feed to the blood stream through the stream through the lungslungs

Frogs Frogs (Amphibians)(Amphibians)

Circulation Circulation - Amphibians have a 3 Amphibians have a 3

chambered heart with chambered heart with two atria and one two atria and one ventricle ventricle

- The advantage of the The advantage of the system is that there is system is that there is high pressure in high pressure in vessels that lead to vessels that lead to both the lungs and both the lungs and body body

Respiration Respiration - Frogs skin has a large Frogs skin has a large

network of blood network of blood vessels running to it vessels running to it which help with which help with respiration. respiration.

- Oxygen can pass Oxygen can pass through the skin, through the skin, entering directly into entering directly into the blood. When a frog the blood. When a frog submerges beneath the submerges beneath the water all its respiration water all its respiration takes place through the takes place through the skin. Oxygen is skin. Oxygen is obtained directly from obtained directly from the water. the water.

CrocodileCrocodile(Reptile)(Reptile)

Circulation Circulation - Crocodiles have a four - Crocodiles have a four

chambered heart; unlike chambered heart; unlike mammals, oxygenated and mammals, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can deoxygenated blood can be mixed. be mixed.

- The right ventricle has two - The right ventricle has two arteries leaving it; a arteries leaving it; a pulmonary artery, which pulmonary artery, which goes to the lungs, and the goes to the lungs, and the left aortic arch, which goes left aortic arch, which goes to the body.to the body.

Respiration Respiration - They breath oxygen from - They breath oxygen from

the air with their lungs. the air with their lungs. When they are underwater When they are underwater they hold their breath. they hold their breath. They do not breath water They do not breath water with gills like fish.with gills like fish.

- They have special part of - They have special part of the tongue called the the tongue called the palatal valve that closes off palatal valve that closes off their respiratory system their respiratory system when they are underwater. when they are underwater. This lets them open their This lets them open their mouths underwater mouths underwater without chokingwithout choking

Bald EagleBald Eagle(Bird)(Bird)

Circulation Circulation - Have a 4 chambered heart - Have a 4 chambered heart

with complete separation with complete separation of oxygenated and de-of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. The oxygenated blood. The right ventricle pumps right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the blood to the rest of the body. Circulation also plays body. Circulation also plays an important role in an important role in maintaining a bird's body maintaining a bird's body temperature. temperature.

Respiration Respiration - Eagles have an external - Eagles have an external

naris on both sides of their naris on both sides of their beak. A bald eagle never beak. A bald eagle never reaches speeds that would reaches speeds that would interfere with normal interfere with normal breathing. An eagle's breathing. An eagle's lungs and air sac system lungs and air sac system are adequate for its size. are adequate for its size. Air moves in through the Air moves in through the lungs and on into the air lungs and on into the air sacs before moving back sacs before moving back through the lungs and out through the lungs and out again. Air passes through again. Air passes through the lungs twice with each the lungs twice with each breathing cycle.breathing cycle.

http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=169622

Life CycleLife Cycle

Most animals including fish, mammals, Most animals including fish, mammals, reptiles and birds have very simple life reptiles and birds have very simple life cycles:cycles:

1. They are born (either alive from their 1. They are born (either alive from their mother or hatched from eggs)mother or hatched from eggs)

2. They grow up2. They grow up 3. They mate and reproduce offspring. 3. They mate and reproduce offspring. These animals have three stages -- before These animals have three stages -- before

birth, young and adult. .  The young slowly birth, young and adult. .  The young slowly "grow" to become adults."grow" to become adults.

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Thank you for your time, we hope you enjoyed our presentation!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Peace from Zach