Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata

Subphylum VertebrataClass Mammalia

SZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the

geological history of Earth.

Mammals evolved from synapsid reptiles

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Primitive Chordate

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FishTwo Chambered Heart

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Amphibian Heart-

3 Chambers

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Reptilian Heart – 3 chambersCrocodile- incomplete 4

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Fig. 48.28

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Synapsids

•Animals with one skull opening behind eye socket•Located in the temporal region

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Pelycosaurs

• Synapsid reptiles from Pennsylvanian and Permian – 300-245 MYA

• Body close to ground• Legs away from body• Canine like teeth

Dimetron

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Therapsids

• Before dinosaurs• Evidence suggests

Mammals evolved from therapsids

• Body raised off the ground

• Limbs more under the body

• Teeth differentiated into 3 types

Lystrosaurus

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Cynodonts “dog tooth”

• Lumbar ribs reduced or absent

• Well developed secondary palate

• Lower jaw reduced to one bone

Cynognathus

Thrinaxodon

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Transitional FossilThrinaxodon

250-245 myaBody divided into lumbar and thoracic regions

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Transitional FossilCynognathus

245-230 myaMay have been endothermic and gave birth to live youngSmaller than a wolf

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MammalsCynodonts

Therapsids

Pelycosaurs

Canine like teeth

Limbs under body

Reduced ribs, 1 jaw bone

Molars, hair, glands

Synapsid reptiles

Cladogram of Synapsids

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Early Mammals

• Triassic– 220 MYA

• Small• Hair• Mammary glands• Skin glands• Molar teeth

Megazostrodon

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Repenomamus robustusAte Dinosaurs

Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass Mammalia1. Have fur/hair2. mammary glands3. Viviparous- Give birth to live young (except

monotremes)4. Length of time in uterus - gestation period5. Extended parental care6. 4 chambered heart7. endothermic

1. Muscular Diaphragm2. Specialized teeth3. Seven cervical(neck)vertebrae4. Outer ear5. Well developed brain- Largest

cerebrum6. Sweat glands7. Diphyodont teeth

Two sets8. Heterodont teeth

Different shapes and functions

Mammalian Anatomical Adaptations

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Basic Mammal

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Lion

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Rhinoceros

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Gorilla

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Chimpanzee

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Chimp and Human

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Bat

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Same bones, different stance

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Incissors

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Canine

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Premolars

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Molars

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Mammal Circulation

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Fig. 31.12

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Monotremes

• Lay eggs• Incubate 12 days• Lick milk from mothers

fur• Transitional species

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Marsupials

• Pouched mammals• Birth to tiny embryo• Embryo attaches to

mother’s nipple to complete development

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Placental Mammals

• Placenta nourishes embryo

• Long gestation period– 22 months for elephant

• Most successful group of mammals

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Placental Mammals

• Competitive advantage over monotremes and marsupials– Better nutrition from

placenta– Less vulnerable to

predators• More advanced at birth

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Marsupials and Monotremes in Australia

• Triassic Period– Mammals evolved– Pangea

• Jurassic Period– Monotremes and

marsupials migrated to southern pangea

• Cretaceous Period– Pangea breaks up

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Evolution of Placenta from Amniotic EggReptile • Chorion

– Oxygen from air• Amnion

– Provides private pond• Yolk Sac

– Food for embryo• Allantois

– Store urinary waste

• Mammal• Chorion

– Form placenta to get oxygen & food from mothers blood

• Amnion– Provides private pond

• Yolk sac– Temporarily make RBCs

• Allantois– Form umbilical cord

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Mammal Classification

• 14 major orders• Over 4,000 species• About half are rodents

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Order Monotremata

• Lays eggs• Young lick milk from

mothers fur

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Order Marsupiallia

• Pouch•

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Placental: Order Insectivora

• Sharp-snout• Small• Burrow underground• Eat insects

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Order Chiroptera• Only Flying mammals• Elongated fingers• Echolocation• Ex. batsImportance-• Seed dispersal• Pollination• Control insects

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Echolocation

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Smallest Mammal

• Kitti’s hog-nosed Bat• Bumble bee size• 1.5 grams

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Order Xenarthra

• Toothless or peg like teeth

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Order Carnivora

• Large canine teeth• Teeth adapted to shear

flesh

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Order Rodentia

• Chisel-like incisor teeth• Continuously grow• Largest order

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Order Cetacea

• Front limbs modified into flippers

• No hind limbs• Marine

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Whales

• Blue whale• 100 feet long, 120 tons

– 9 story building• Loudest animal– 188 dB• Sound travels 100’s of miles

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Blue Whale

• Baleen whale• Eats krill– Tiny crustaceans– 400 pounds/day

• Heart weighs 1000 pounds– Size of a Volkswagen

• Endangered species

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Grey Whale

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Migrates 12,500 miles

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Grey Whale

• 50 feet long• 35 tons• Baleen whale– Sift mud

• Endangered species

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Killer Whale

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Breaching

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Killer Whale

• 12,000 pounds• Eat fish, squid, seals and

whales– 200 pounds/day

• Swim 30 mph

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Humpback Whale

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Order Pinnipedia

• “fin feet”• Limbs modified for

swimming• Marine carnivores• Seals, sea lions, walrus

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Order Proboscidea

• Tusks• Largest living land

mammal

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Order Artiodactyla

• “even toe”• Two or four toes• Giraffes, impalas,

moose, bison, cows

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Order Perissodactyla

• “odd toed”• One or three toes• Horses • rhinos

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Order Primates

• Opposable thumb• Binocular vision• Fingernails usually• Mammary glands

reduced to one thoracic pair

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The End

Evolution

• Change over time• Which Chordate class do you think has more

advantages/adaptations to survive changing times?

• Which classes have disadvantages?

• Which Chordate classes can you see evolutionary similarities in so far?