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811.36=111(076) 81.2-922+74.268.1 99

, 946 09.08.2011 .

, 2012

:. . ,

162,-

. .99 ()..-/....:

,2012.288.

ISBN9789661780384 -

2012. , ;

.,..

811.36=111(076)81.2-922+74.268.1

..,,2009;,2011ISBN9789661780384 ,2012

2.www.e-ranok.com.ua

I

3 . www.e-ranok.com.ua

4

, .

- , :1) ( ,

, );2) ( );3) ( );4) (

).

:

(theNoun),(theAdjective),(the Verb),(the Adverb),(the Numeral),(the Pronoun),(the Preposition),(the Conjunction).

:

););).

:

-,,,;

(-,,,.);

;

(,).

:

-;

; ; ( -

).

:

,-;

; ; ( -

).

:(theNoun),(theAdjective),(theVerb),(theAdverb),-(theNumeral),(thePronoun).

: - (the Preposition), (theConjunction). - (the Article), -, , .

: (theInterjection).

(The NouN) , -:1) ;2)

, ;3) , ,

;

4) .

. -.

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5

, (). ,-:

dog , hand , toy .,

:teacher ,kingdom,

un em ploy ment. ()

(,):bedroom ,wallpaper,

mother-in-law.

1. (Classes of NouNs) -

(Proper Nouns) (CommonNouns).

(ProPer NouNs) ,

,:Ann,Spain,Westminster

Palace.

-:

Thecapitalof theUK isLondon..

My friend, George, comes from the UnitedStates.-.

(CommoN NouNs),

:table,peace,team.

2. (Grammar CateGories of NouNs) -

(Gender),(Number)(Case).

(GeNder)-

:,.

(masculine)(he) , -:

man,boy,son,uncle, he-wolf.

(feminine)( she ),--:

woman,girl,daughter,aunt, she-wolf.

: teacher , ; student , ; journalist , . : actor () actress (); bridegroom () bride (); emperor () empress (); hero () heroine (); prince () princess (); waiter () waitress ().

(neutral)(it):

1) : field , window ,

tree;2) ,

: cat,dog,goat;3) baby.

, ship () : Cutty Sark is a famous ship. She used to bring tea from China. . .

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(Number),,-

: (Singular Nouns) (Plural Nouns).-(Countable Nouns), (Uncountable Nouns) -.

-s,-es. .

-es

)-s,-ss,-sh,-ch,-x:bus()buses(),dress()dresses(),branch()branches(),box()boxes()

)-(-):baby()babies(),lady()ladies().-,:day()days(),toy()toys()

)-:hero()heroes(),mosquito()mosquitoes(),echo()echoes(),tomato()tomatoes(),potato()potatoes()

)-f,-fe:wolf()wolves(),wife()wives(),shelf()shelves(),life()lives().:cliff()cliffs(),roof()roofs(),chief()chiefs()

--s:

hat()hats();book()books();dog()dogs();pen()pens();pupil()pupils().

, s. : 3 3s (); b bs ( b); % %s ().

- -s, -es:

-s [z] -:

boy boys [b1z], bed beds [bedz], flower flowers [fla\3z];

-s [s]-:

book books [b\ks], bat bats [b0ts], map maps [m0ps];

-es [z] :

dress dresses [dresz], place places [plesz], box boxes [b5ksz].

1. , -

():

child()children(); man (, ) men (-

,); woman()women(); mouse()mice(); foot()feet(); tooth()teeth(); goose()geese(); louse()lice(). 2. -

, :

phenomenon () phenomena();

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datum()data(); stadium()stadia(); radius()radii(); criterion () criteria

(); bacterium () bacteria

(). 3.

().

() ,---s(-es):

schoolboy () schoolboys();

blackboard () blackboards()

:

postman()postmen(); fireman () firemen

().

() ,- , :

daughter-in-law () daughters-in-law();

passer-by () passers-by().

, (Pluralia tantum)

.:1) ,

: trousers , pyjamas ,

scissors , glasses ,binoculars ;

2) : clothes , goods ,

people , police ,cattle.

, (singularia tantum) ,

:

1) : bread , tea ,

milk;2) : love,advice;3) -ics: athletics ,

mathematics;4) , ,

-s: billiards,mumps;5) ,: weather , luggage ,

furniture , money ,news.

, - (Pluralia Tantum) (Singularia Tantum),(Uncountable Nouns),,.Pluralia Tantum, Singularia Tantum -/n; --some:

somemilk(/);

some bread (/ ).

- :

apieceofadvice;apieceoffurniture;apieceofnews ;aglassofwater;aloafofbread;akiloofmeat;akiloofsugar;akiloofflour.

, ,

.,:

deer,;sheep,;fish,;

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salmon,;trout,;works,;craft,;aircraft,;means,;series,.

, -ese -ss,:

Chinese(),;Japanese(),;Swiss (),

.

, ,

,:

army;audience;class;club;committee;company;council;crew;family;government;press;public;team.,-

,: ,

: Our teamwas thebest in thecountry. -;

, - : Ourteamwereallgivenmedals.-.

, , -

:people()peoples();

glass()glasses();wood()woods();hair()hairs().

(Case) , . -: - -, ; , . - : (Common Case) (Possessive Case).

(Common Case)-

.- - , ., I am drawingwithapencil Iamdrawingapencil, -,(withapencil),(apencil).

(Possessive Case),-

():

mysistershouse;Alexsbook;thedogsowner.

of: the picture of one of the most famous actors ; the assassinator of one of the most distinguished American presidents John Kennedy .

:

1) : adayswork;

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todays newspaper ;

yesterdaysnews;2) : at a miles distance

;3) ,,: onGloriasboard

; Italysexports; Tokyosparks;4) : Londonsgalleries; the National Universitys programme

; at my grannys (place)

();5) (the Sun/the

sun , theMoon/themoon -,theEarth/theearth ):

theEarthssurface; thesunsrays;6)

government , party ,army , crew (-, ), family ,society:

thegovernmentsproposals;

the societys members ;

7) : withinastonesthrow,

; Igotmymoneysworth-

.

-s().

s :

boy+s=boys,student+s=students;men+s = mens;children +s =childrens.

, -s, -ss, ():

boys+=boys;

students+=students.James+= James.

s :

1) : AnnandKatesroom

; Foreign Minister of Polands speech

;

2) : sister-in-laws children

; runner-upsscore-

,.

3.

:-r/-r soldier; director;-ment unemployment; government;-ship friendship; membership;-ness happiness; wildness;-ion/-ation/-tion/-sion dictation; mission,;-hood childhood;-dom kingdom; freedom.

4. -

:1) : The dogissleeping..2) : Lookat thatman! Iknowhim!-

!!3) :

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Weare the world,weare the children.,.

4) : I live in a stone house.

.5) : She saw him in a new car .-

.

(The arTICle)

.

- .

-/:

1) (indefinite)a/an;

, , an , : an apple ; an oak-tree ; an eye ; an hour .

2) (definite)the;

the : [93] , : the man, the car; [9] , : the apple, the army.

3) (zero):.

1. 1. /n

. :

1) ():

A small girl is standing at the window. .

2) -:

My elder brother lives in a big city. ().

3) -()():

A writer is a person who writes books.,.

4) : A cow gives milk..5) (): We walked a mile or two. -

.6)

,-what:

What a beautiful picture! -!

7) :

My friends father is an officer. .

8) rather, quite, such - there + to be, :

She was such a good student! !

There is a forest near our village. .

9) a great deal (of), a number (of), a great many, a little, a few, to be at a loss, to be in a hurry, as a rule, its a shame, its a pity, to have a walk, to have a smoke ..:

Lets have a rest! !

Its a pity I was not present at your lecture. , .

:1) -

:

For after all was he not a Griffiths?,?

2) ,:

My husband is quite an Othello..

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3) -, :

A Mr Fox called you.-.

2. the-.

:1) ,-

: We met a man in the park. The man

was a famous thief searched by thepolice. -. ,.

: beach; cinema; city; ground; radio; sea; seaside; shop; theatre; world. : She went to the station to see Jim

off..

2) , -:

theEarth; theEiffelTower.3) only (), last (-

),first(): Hewasthelastpersontocomehere.

,-.

4) , ():

thepoor,; therich,; theyoung,; theblind,; thehomeless. : She is writing an article about the

homeless. .

5) -:

is the brightest student of theclass. .

6) : thefirst; thefifth; thefifty-seventh.7) in the morning/

afternoon/evening (, ,).

8) ( ,):

thepiano; theguitar; thetango.9) (-

-):

theEnglish; theChinese; theUkrainians; : theQueen; thePrince; the President. (: Queen Victoria -

, Prince Albert ).

:1) , , -

, , ,:

theOdeon; theSheraton; the British Museum

; theTateGallery; theGuardian; theMarieCeleste

.2) , ,

, , -,:

theThames; theEnglishChannel-; theBlackSea;

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the Atlantic Ocean ;

theBahamas; theAlps; theSaharaDesert.3) ,

(kingdom, republic, state..):

theUnitedStatesofAmerica-;

the United Kingdom ,

: theArgentine; theNetherlands; theSudan.4) ,: theHague; theVatican.5)

: theMiddleAges; theFirstWorldWar

. (: World War I

.)6) ,

: theBrowns; The Browns will come to our place on

Sunday. ( ).

3. ( ).1) ,-

, , , ( language):

Sheplaystennisverywell..

Its Monday today. .

I like red. -.

IspeakEnglishandGerman.-.

(: The English language is spoken all

over theworld..)

2) , , , -, , , , ,,:

Italy; OxfordStreet; Trafalgar Square

; LakeMichigan; Europe;3) : This is not your bag.

.4) ,

: KennedyAirport.

; Westminster Abbey -

.5) : tobeinbed(); to be at school

(); to be in prison

(); to be in hospital

(); to be at work

(); to travel/go by car/bus/plane/train/

ship / - (, , ,).

(:inthecar; on the bus/train

().)6) home , Mother/

Father/,-:

Motherisathome..7) : sgotmalaria.. (: flutheflu; measlesthemeasles; mumpsthemumps.)8) ,: Kate; Kyiv.9) ,

a/an,-,:

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She bought new shoes yesterday..

2. 1. -

: a few ; a little ; all of a sudden ; a lot of ; at a speed of ; at a time ; as a matter of fact ; be at a loss ; be in a hurry ; for a short/long time /-

; go for a walk ; have a good time ; have a look/wash/swim etc. -

//..; have a toothache/headache etc.

/..; its a pity/shame /; in a low/loud voice /.2.

: all over the world ; go to the cinema/theatre /

; in the affirmative/negative

/; in the direction of

(); in the east/west/north/south /

//; in the positive/negative /

; in the country ; in the street ; in the sun ; in the morning/afternoon/evening

//; on the one/other hand /

; on the right/left /; on the whole ; on the way ;

on the advice of ; pass the time ; play the piano/guitar /

; tell the truth ; the other day ; the (more) ... the (more) ... ()

().3. ( )

: at night/day/sunrise //

; at home/work/school //

; at breakfast/lunch/dinner -

//; at peace/war /; be in great demand

; be in need ; by car/bike/train/air etc./

//; by heart ; by chance ; by mistake ; from ... to ... ; in any case ; in bed/hospital/prison /

/; in fact ; in full ; in pencil ; in return ; in time ; in town ; on demand ; on time .

(The ProNouN) , :1) ,

;2) , , -

;3) , ,

-.

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(PersoNal ProNouNs)

:I,we,you/,he, she,it,they, me /, him /, her /, us /, you /, them /.

(I,we); , (you); ,(he,she,itetc.).

I .

:1) ,

: heshe it (

, );

2) . :

I we you he/she/it they

3) . ::

I me he/she/it him/her/it we us you you they them

4) . :

I we you he/she/it they

you , : Alex, I am glad to see you. , .

- , , , - (, -,,).

1 2 3

=

(Common

Case)I

we

you

hesheit

they

(Objective

Case)

me

us

you

himherit,

them

-

.

(CommonCase):IgreetedTom..Hesalwaysright..Takethisapple:itissweet!-

:!

(ObjectiveCase):

Tomgreetedme..Everyone always agrees with him. -

.

(Subject and Object) .

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, , , . , there is/there are it is/they are , , : It was me who did it. . Knock, knock! Who is there? Its me! , ! ? ! Theres nobody in, (theres) just you and me. , .

: . My friend and I went to the cinema. (NOT I and my friend). . This present is from Tom and me. (NOT me and Tom).

(PossessIve ProNouNs)

- -.:

my,mine;your,yours,;her,hers;their,theirs;our,ours;his;its,().

:1) ,

: his(); her/hers (); its ();

2).:

my/mine our/ours your/yours his/her/hers/its their/

theirs

3) . :

my/mine our/ours

your/yours his/her/hers/its their/theirs

- ,:

1 my ur

2 your, your,

3

. his

their. her

. its,

(Dependant) (absolute)

-:.-:

Thisismyhouse..

:Thishouseismine..

1

.Thisismynewcar. .

Thisredcarismine..

.

Ourdoghasgotlost. .

Thedogyoufoundisours.,,.

2. Thisisyour

fault!!

Thefaultisyours.!.

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3 .

ThisisthehousethatJackbuilt.Thisishishouse.,..

Thehouseishis..

Itsnotawig!Itsherrealhair!!.

Idontlikemyhaircut.Ilikehersbetter...

3

.

MycatlikesWhiskas.Whiskasisitsfavouritefood...

ThisWhiskasisits(cats).().

.

Thesearetheirthings..

Thesethingsarenotours.Theyaretheirs...

:myfriend()afriendofmine().

(demoNsTraTIve ProNouNs)

()():

this,; these;that,; those. -

,: this these that those

it , such : What is this? It is a dog. ? . That was such a nice movie! !

:

this ; that ; these ;those .

this, these - , .

that, those - , :

Letsstayhere,atthis lake.-,.

Whatisthereonthatrock?,?

, , , , that, those , , , : What is that? ? Are those awful yellow shoes yours? ?

Thisisadog. .This

Lookatthis! ! Ilikethisapple.

.

Givemethatapple. .That Saythatagain. .

Thatisadolphin. .

Theseareniceshoes. .

These Theseshoesdont fitme. . Trytheseones. .

Whatarethose? ? Thosearelollipops. .Those Whynotbuy thoselollipops? ? Theylookdelicious!

!

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(reflexIve ProNouNs)

myself, ourselves, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves,:

John hurt himself badly playing hockey.,.

: : I lookedatmyself in themirror.-

.

, - --:

Ididitmyself.. Isawthatmyself!! Our baby can walk himself! -

!

:1) ,

: himself(); herself (); itself ();

2) .: myself ourselves yourself/yourselves himself/herself/

itself themselves

3) .-:

myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself/herself/itself themselves-

-self -selves ( - himself, themselves, - ):

my+self=myself;our+selves=ourselves.

- , :

Youhavetodoityourself.-.

He really hated himself for not telling thetruth.,.

to wash , to shave , to dress , to feel , to meet , to relax .

(INTerroGaTIve ProNouNs)

who,whom,whose,what,which.

:

Who is that man over there? ?

, , -:

Whoisthere??Whose picture is that?

?Whatdoyouwant??Which of those men is your brother?

?.

(relaTIve ProNouNs)

who,whom,whose,what,that+,which+ .

.

-.

Who():Ive already met the man who is looking at

us. , .

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Which():I usually go to the restaurant which is near

my house. ,.

That():Lookout!ThisisthedogthatbitJohn!-

!,!The cake that youve made is delicious!

,,!

Whose:Ihavenoideawhosepictureitis.

,.

What:I wonder what you mean. ,

.

. 1) : I know you cheated at that exam on Maths yesterday. , . 2) , : The girl you were talking with is my daughter. , , . (: The girl who you were talking with is my daughter. , , .)

(INdefINITe ProNouNs)

-():

some , ; any -, - -(something,somebody.).

.

somebody, someone, anybody, anyone : , : I want someone to take care of my dog when I am away. , , . Look, there is someones signature on the document. , .

some, any :

Ifyouhaveanyideas,willyousharethemwithme,please? ,,, .

some, any - -.

1) : some,: There is some evidence of his guilt.

.any:) -: When you remember his name I want

you to call me any time. ,,-.

) : If theres any news inform me at

once. , .

2) :any -,

-: Are there any flowers in the vase?

(-)?some:) ,-

, , :

CanIhavesomemoreteawithmilk? ()-?

) : Where can I get some stamps?

?3) :

(not +) any ,:

Therearenotanyflowersinthevase.().

no,: There are no flowers in the vase.

().

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, : Nobody said anything. .

some, any, no,every body, thing,one whr -:

one body thing where

somesomeone()

somebody()

something()

somewhere()

anyanyone(-)

anybody(-)

anything(-)

anywhere(-)

nonone/no one()

nobody()

nothing()

nowhere()

, --body,-thing,-one,:

Something strange has happened to metoday. .

Everybodyishere..

one one

.1. -

,--:

Onemustkeeponesword.-.

Oneneverknowswhat it reallymeans. , .

2. -, - , :

I dont like this hat. Give me anotherone. -..

These hats are too big. Show me smallerones. . -.

, , some: We dont have any bread. Lets go and buy some. . . one : This is not my bag. My bag is much smaller. . . (: Mine is much smaller. .) Bens test is good. Toms test is not. . . (: Toms is not. .)

(NeGaTIve ProNouNs)

-,:

no (nobody, nowhere.).

.

nobody, no one : , : Nobody heard him telling the story yesterday. , . Who is there? I cant see nobody! ? ! I need nobodys help! !

(uNIversal ProNouNs)

-:

both , all , each , either, every -.

.1) all,,

, , :

All Europe was in the grip of freezingtemperatures. -.

Allmenwerewearingtail-coats.-.

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-,all:

Itwas snowing all themorning..

Allmyfriendscanoperatethecomputer. .

all- , - - :

Alliswellthatendswell.,.

Is that all you want from me? ,?

2) both(,)-:

(): I advise you to read both books. -

. : I have two brothers.Both live inKyiv.

. .

:

Wearebothveryhappy to seeyou..

: Which ice-cream do you prefer

strawberry or vanilla one? I likeboth. - ?.

3) either:) , , -

: You can send me e-mails to either

address. -.

) , , :

Irefusetomeeteitherofthem.- .

either : does not know about it, either. .

either neither ( ,):

Neither suit looksgood onyou..

4) each every - , each ,every().

, each every :each-

,: Eachparticipantwantstowinthefirst

prize..

Isentthemeachaninvitation.-.

every :

Everypassengermusthavea ticket. .

every,each of:

Each of you can translate thatsentence!-!

every - body, one, thing, where (everybody,everyone,everything,everywhere):

Everybody (everyone) knows it. ().

Everythingisgoodinitsseason..

There were flowers everywhere inthe room. .

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21

(reCIProCal ProNouNs)

each other, one another ,.

: - , (each other, one another) (each others, one anothers).

each other, one another , -. -,():

Theylookedateachotherandsmiled..

The streets resembled one another so much thatyoumighthaveeasilylostyourway.-,-.

(QuaNTITaTIve ProNouNs)

many, much; few, little; a few, a little,.

.

Many, few ,:

TherearemanyEnglishbooksinyourroom..

Shehasfewnote-books..

much, little , -:

Thereismuchworktodo..Wehaveverylittlesugarleft.Willyougoand

buy some? -.?

, much, little :

Hesleepsverylittle..We have been travelling much recently.

.

few,little.,

, . , ,:

Thereislittlemoney.Icantbuyalotofthingsfor the holiday. I dont have enough money..-..

Thereisalittlemoney.Icanbuysomethingsfortheholiday...

We have few friends here. .

Therewerea fewvisitors,menandwomen.,.

--

(Cou

nta

ble

Nou

ns)

(U

nco

unt a

ble

Nou

ns)

much JohnRockfellerhasmuchmoney..

many Idonthavemanyrelatives..

few

Weknowfewpeopleinthearea.Iwouldliketogettoknowmore..-.

a few

Weknowafewpeopleinthearea.Iknowenoughpeopletokeepmehappy..,.

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22

--

(Cou

nta

ble

Nou

ns)

(U

nco

unt a

ble

Nou

ns)

little

IknowlittleEnglish.IamgoingtohaveaproblemgettingaroundEngland.()..

a little

IknowalittleEnglish,atleastenoughtogo toEngland.,,.

(The adjeCTIve) , :1) (,

);2) (

, - , );

3) , ;

4) .

, . , : young, big, green. : useful, uncomfortable,

unhappy. , : snow-white, good-natured.

1. :1) . -

, .:

kind; dark; happy.2) . -

, , - . :: goldenhair; woodenhouse; : orangejuice; nutshell.

3) . -

, :

parentshouse; lionsheart.

2. (DeGrees of ComParisoN)

,.- . -- . -:(Positive),(Comparative) (Superlative). - -er,-est(much)more,most:

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23

--

tall-;fast;cold-

taller-;faster;colder-

thetallest;thefastest;thecoldest-

,

-r,

-l,

-, -

w

clever-;early;happy;shallow

cleverer-;earlier-;happier-;shallower

thecleverest-;theearliest-;thehappiest-;theshallowest

painful;beautiful;reliable

morepainful;morebeautiful-;morereliable

the mostpainful-;the mostbeautiful-;the mostreliable-

. 1) -e, -er, -est -e : large larger largest. 2) -, , - -: happy happier the happiest. 3) ,

-r, -st : hot hotter the hottest.

(IrreGular forms)Good ()better ()thebest();bad()worse()theworst();little () less () the least ();far () farther (further) (-)thefarthest (thefurthest) (-).

3.

-:

sawanew Frenchcomedyyesterday.-.

afraid, awake,alone, asleep,alive, glad:Mysonisasleep..(-

asleepson.)

-, -:

Springis green,summeris bright,Autumnis yellow,winteris white.,,,

.

-, -:

1) (lovely , bad -);

2) (large , small -);

3) (old,new);4) (triangle , round

);

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24

5) (red,brown-);

6) (Chinese ,French );

7) (leather , silver);

8) , (motorcycling ,chess).

:Thatsawonderfullargeoldrectangularblack

Chinese wooden linen chest. - .

4.

.1) : -able/-ible achievable; capable; -al biographical; functional; -ful beautiful ; careful -

; -ic cubic; terrific-

; -ive attractive; inventive; -less useless; careless-

; -ous dangerous ; fabulous

; -ent different; magnificent; -y sunny; funny.

2) : un- unusual; unemotional;

in- indifferent; inconvenient

; dis- disgraceful; disgusting

.

(The adverb)

, :1) (sing loudly )

(very beautiful ), , (yesterday );

2) ;3) ;4) .

. : fast, soon, here. ( , -ly): quickly, honestly, daily.

1. (tyPes of aDverbs)

-:

1) (Adverbs ofFrequency);

2) (AdverbsofTime);3) (AdverbsofPlace);4) (Adverbs of

Manner);5)

(Intensifiers).

(Adverbs of Frequency) ?:

often ; never ; usually ; always ; constantly -; generally , ;regularly ; sometimes ;occasionally ; seldom ;

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25

ever -; hardly ; hardlyever.

:Hesometimescomeshere.-

.She often phones him.

.In the morning he is usually at his office.

.We seldomgo to thecinema.-

.

(AdverbsofTime)-?:

now;then;today;tomorrow;yesterday;soon;now; late; lately-;still;since;before , ; after ; once -;already; just;yet;notyet.

yet, already, still.

-yet.

1) yet-:

Ihavenot finishedmyworkyet..

I havent passed my English test yet..

2) yet -:

Have you finished your work yet? ?

Have you heard about the road accidentyet??

-already:

Ihavealreadyhadlunchtoday.-.

Haveyoualreadyhadlunchtoday??

still - :

Sheisstillsleeping..Areyourchildrenstillatschool?

?

(AdverbsofPlace)-?,?:

here ; there ; far ;above ; below ; outside -;inside.

:Shelivesthere..Hereadhispoemshere.

.

, , , : Ill go there tomorrow. . She danced well there. .

far () ( - so, too) -. -alongway(off)():

Dotheylivefar??They dont like to walk far. -

.They livealongwayoff.-

.farfar

from():The station is far from our house.

.

(Adverbs of Manner)?:

carefully ; well ; angrily; quietly.

, :

She answered the questions calmly. .

The sun shines brightly. .

:

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26

Shespeaksslowly..Heworkshard..

(Intensifiers)?:

very ; rather , ; enough ; little , ; much , ; so , ; almost; nearly,; too,; hardly,- ; scarcely , ; quite,,.

:Theteaistoohot,Icantdrinkit.-

,.Ihardlyknowhim..

- , :

Sheisveryclever..I quite agree with you.

.

enough,,-,:

Heisoldenoughtomakehisowndecisions.,.

We ran fast enough to catch the bus. , .

enough , : Do we have enough apples to make a pie? ? Dont hurry, we have enough time. , .

much () -:

Hashereadmuch??Hedoesntspeakmuchaboutit.

.

- a lot (of),agreat/gooddeal(of):

Hehasdonealottoday.-.

much () little () , very (), too (), so (): I want to see him somuch.. You rest toolittle..

hardly ( ) scarcely( ) any,ever:

Therewerehardly(scarcely)anypeopleinthestreet..

I hardly (scarcely) ever see him. .

nearly,almost (,-) :

Ive nearly (almost) finished my work..

It is nearly (almost) 5 p. m. .

2. (DeGrees of ComParisoN)

: , , -. ---er, -est(much) more, most.

-

hard;fast;near;early

harder;faster;nearer;earlier

thehardest;thefastest;thenearest;theearliest

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27

-

-

sadly;comforta-bly

moresadly;morecomfort-ably

themostsadly;themostcom-fortably

(IrreGular forms)

Well()better()thebest();badly()worse()theworst();much()more()themost();many()more()themost();little()less()theleast();far()farther (further)()thefarthest(thefurthest)().

3. 1) ,

,already,nolonger,normally-,hardly ,nearly -,,almost, , tobe:

usuallygetupearly..

We nearly missed the train. .

(: is never late for classes. .

Theres hardly any cake left. -.)

2) - ,:

Youareverygoodatdrawing!!

a lot -; much ; a little ;

a bit ; absolutely :

Wewaitedalittle,andthenwenthome..

3) -:

He leftforLondonyesterday.-.

, :

YesterdayheleftforLondon..

, : I shall never forget it. . The book was never found. . He has just arrived. . We have already had lunch. .

4) -,:

Myfatherdidwellattheuniversity..

, -:

1) (gladly-,care fully);

2) (here ,outside);

3) ( - ) (now ,tomorrow).

:metthemgladlythereat8p. m.yesterday.

.

, ,-:

1) ;2) ;3) (

).

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28

:I was driving my car home carefully that

evening. .

4.

--l:

gladgladly();widewidely().

:

fast,; straight,; late , ; daily ,; early , ; hard -,.

(- ) :

quick, quickly ; cheap, cheaply ; bright, brightly ; fair, fairly.

- -l :

late,lately ;deep (), deeply ,

();dear ( ),dearly

();free,freely ;near,nearly ;short,shortly .

5. ?

,-..

: : Whatloudmusic!! , to appear-

; to be ; to become ; to feel; to seem-

; to smell; to taste.:

Thesoupsmellsgood..: : I am not able to think logically at this

verymoment!!

: Theseaissocalm.. : Youaredoingquitewell.

.

(The Numeral)

, :1)

;2) ;3) , -

, .

1. , -

.

- :

two ; fifteen ; onehundredandseven.

:

first ; tenth ; fifty-sixth.

, , : Monday is the first day of the week. .

-, , :

one third ; two sevenths .

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29

2. 1) 1319-

-teen: thirteen , fourteen -

, fifteen ,sixteen , seventeen , eighteen ,nineteen.

2) ,-2090,- -ty:

twenty , thirty ,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety.

3) (first-, second, third)-th:

fourth , fifth ,sixth , seventh .

( . . 59.)

3. 2099:21 twenty-one; 32 thirty-two; 99

ninety-nine..

100999:101a/onehundredandone;121a/onehundredandtwenty-one;300threehundred;432fourhundredandthirty-two;999ninehundredandninety-nine.

1000:1 001 a/one thousand and one;2 121 two thousand one hundred and

twenty-one;50,000 fifty thousand;200,232 two hundred thousand two hundred

and thirty-two;6,900,999 six million nine hundred

thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine.

-.

twenty-eight--

5098789 5,098,789

72,6 72.6

threehundredandfour

()--and

1900nineteenhundred

,,

2002twothousandandtwo

1995nineteenninetyfive

415

roomnumberfouronefive

348756()

threefoureightsevenfivesix

4.

1/2one second/ a half

0.1nought/zeropointone

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30

1/3 one/athird 0.02

nought/zeropointnought/zerotwo

1/4one/ afourth/ aquarter

1.345onepointthreefourfive

2/6 twosixths 67.94sixsevenpointninefour

point, nought zero, :

0.05nought (zero) point nought (zero) five;0.74nought (zero) point sevenfour;6.2sixpointtwo;78.2874seventy-eightpointtwoeightseven

four.

5.

2+5=7twoplus(and)fiveis(makes)seven73=4sevenminus(takeaway)threeis (makes)four3 2=6threetimes(multipliedby)twois(makes)six9:3=3ninedividedbythreeis(makes)three

6. 1) . -

: 2008twentyo(zero)eight/two thousand

(and) eight; 1492fourteenninety-two. 2) .

:

The meeting begins at 8 p. m. .

The telephone rangat1a. m..

.At:at6oclock;ataquartertonine.

Past(-):

ataquarterpastthree(:);

atsevenminutespastone (: ).

To(-):

ata quarter to five (-:);

at25minutestoeleven (: 25 ).

quarter () , half (), , .

12-a.m.(antemeridiem),-. m.(postmeridiem):

3.30athalfpastthreea.m.;19.45ataquartertoeightp.m.

. m. . m.:

in the morning ; in theafternoon;

in the evening; atnight ,.

:willcomeatteninthemorning.-

.Illcallyouatnineintheevening.-

.

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31

(The verb) , :1) ;2) -

, , ;3) , -

;4) .

1. (fiNites aND NoNfiNites)

(Finites) -, ,, -:

-

-

-

-

Work!

If you work hard, youll pass your examIf you worked hard, you would pass your examIf you had worked hard, you would have passed your exam

workWe workYou workHe/she/it worksThey work

I workedWe workedYou workedHe/she/it workedThey worked

I shall workWe shall workYou will workHe/she/it will workThey will work

(Nonfinites), -,,.-,,.

,.

1) (NotionalVerbs),,: Iplay tennis everySunday.

.

-(-to be,to have):

Do you play tennis? ?

Canyouplay tennis? ?

: Areyoustillanoffice-manager?

-? Have you a computer at home?

?: I met my friend yesterday.

.

2) (ModalVerbs) ,

: I can play the violin.

. Watch out! That dog can bite you!

! !

:

Youmusthelpyourfather.-.

( ought to) to: I can look out of the window and see, cant I? , ?

-:

Can I help you? -?

May I ask, sir, bywhatrightithasbeentakenfromme?-, , ?

-:

Ican seethesea!(-)!

You can use my phone if you like. , .

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32

( --s (-es)):

I can remember drinking tea in yourcountry house... -,

He can remember everything. .

; , -

.

3) (Auxiliary Verbs)

; -, Continuous, Perfect, PerfectContinuous.

Do you play chess? ?

I dont play chess. .

Have you passed your History examyet? ?

I havent passed my History examyet..

Areyoujoking?? No, Im not joking. ,

.

-:

I have met this man before. ().

Thebabyis asleep..

- , :

1) (V1);2) (V2);3)

(V3);4)

(V4).

(V1)

(V1) to:

tolooklook;toreadread;tostudystudy.

V1:

(PresentSimple): Iusuallywakeupveryearly.

. : Wakeup!Itstimetogotoschool!-

!!

(V2)

(V2)-V1-ed():

looklooked;smilesmiled;studystudied.

( V2 - . . 70.)

V2 - (PastSimple):

I called themanhourago. .

(V3/Past ParticiPle/ParticiPle ii)

(V3)V1-ed():

disappointdisappointed();frightenfrightened();exhaust exhausted().( V3 -

. . 70.)

-:

Perfect(PresentPerfect,PastPerfect,FuturePerfect):

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33

Ihaveneverplayedcricketbefore..

He couldnt find his watch. He had lostit. ..

ShewillhavereturnedbytheendofJuly..

: Thedinnerisalreadycooked.

. : The match played last week ended in

a draw. , -,.

(V4/ParticiPle i)

(V4/Par ticiple I) V1-ing:

look looking; start starting; play playing.

:

Continuous(Present Continuous, Past Continuous,Future Continuous, Present PerfectContinuous):

Imthinkingaboutyourplan.-.

I was preparing for the exam when thetelephonerang. ,.

Hell be sunbathing in Hawaii this timenextweek. -.

Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufor20minutesalready.20.

: Thiswasafascinatingjourney.

. : Playing cautiously, we managed to win

thegame.-,.

(regular and irregular verbs)

(V2) (V3) : (RegularVerbs) (IrregularVerbs).

--ed(-d),-:

[d] -:

toclean()cleaned(); toplay()played(); [t]: to work () worked

(); tolook()looked(); [id][t]i[d]: towant()wanted(); tomend()mended().

. 1) , -ed : to stop () stopped (). 2) -y, , -ed i: to carry () carried (); to study () studied (). -y, , -ed: to play () played (); to stay () stayed (). 3) -e, , -d: to arrive () arrived ().

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34

,-:

to make () made () made(),

to bring () brought () brought()(. - ).

,.

1

ambusy..study..have gotatextbook..

Wearebusy..Westudy..Wehave gotatextbook..

2

Youarebusy..Youstudy..Youhave gotatextbook..

Youarebusy..Youstudy..Youhave gotatextbook..

3

He/she/itisbusy.().He/she/itstudies.().He/she/ithas gotatextbook.().

Theyarebusy..Theystudy..Theyhave gotatextbook..

, , ,

., -,:

What are you doing? Im packing mythings.?().

(Mood)

, -():

Imdrawing..I would draw a still life.

.Draw!!

(Imperative Mood)

-:

Switch on the TV and lets watch aninternational news report. -.

Gototheshopsandbuysomefoodforapicnic.,.

-to(-):

Closethefrontdoor, please!,,!

Hurryup!!Beatthestationat7p.m.!-

!Freeze!!(!)

- do, -not,to:

Donot(Dont)gothere!!Donot (Dont) say that tome!

!Donot(Dont)belate!!

-- - , :

Standup!!(!)

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35

Go!!Stop!!(!)

-, Willyou..., Would you..., Can/Couldyou...:

Willyoudomeafavour, please?,,?

Wouldyoupassmethesalt, please?,?

Can/Couldyouhelp me, please?-,?

, , -:

Let

(him/her/it/them),(Tom/Kate/thisboy/yourmother)

to:wait/goshopping/help(us)

:LetKatewaitforme.

.Lethimtakethedogout.-

.

- , , :

Donot(Dont)

let

(him/her/it/them), (Tom/Kate/thisboy/yourmother)

to:wait/goshopping/helpus

:Dontletyoursonpullthecatstail.-

.DontlethimwatchTValldaylong.-

.

Let us (Lets) : Let us (Lets) run! We may catch the bus! ! !

Let us (Lets) go for a walk! .

Letme-:

Letmego..Letmehelpyou..

(Indicative Mood)

-,,:

WegoforapicniceverySunday..

Wedontwatchan internationalnews reporteveryevening.-.

Yesterdaywewentforapicnicinthecountry..

We will go for a picnic next Sunday. -.

(tense)

:

1) Indefinite/Simple Tenses ();

2) ContinuousTenses();3) PerfectTenses();4) Perfect Continuous Tenses (-

). -

: - (Present), (Past), - (Future) (Future-in-the-Past).

(Indefinite/Simple Tenses)

,,,,( -).

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36

() (The Present Indefinite/Simple Tense)

1. ()

: ,,: Iusuallygotothe libraryafterclasses.

.

Shedoesntoftengotothecinema..

: My uncle owns a consulting firm.

.

She lives in New York. -.

: Moneydoesntbuyhealth.

. Everytwelvemonths, theEarthcirclesthe

Sun..

: The trainarrivesat2p.m.-

. Theperformancestartsat7p.m.-

.

2. -

V13--s(-es).

1-, 2- , ,

3-

3-

IWe

YouThey

V1He

SheIt

V1(Vs(es))

Istartmyworkat9a.m.-.

He startshisworkat9a.m. .

- do(does 3-).

1-, 2- , ,

3- 3-

Do

Iweyouthey

V1? Doeshesheit

V1?

Doyoustartyourworkat9??

Does he start hiswork at 9? ?

1-, 2- , ,

3- 3-

IWe

YouThey

donot(dont)

V1He

SheIt

doesnot(doesnt)

V1

Idonot(dont)startmyworkat9.-.

He does not (doesnt) start his work at 9..

3.-

:everyday/week/month/year

(, , ); usually ; occasionally , ; often ; seldom; always; never-; sometimes ; in themorning/evening/afternoon (, ); at day/night (); onMondays -.

:Ineverdrinkcoffeebefore12.00.

.I work on my website every day.

.Every Monday and Thursday I go to the

gym.-.

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37

4. () (Present Indefinite) to be to have (got)

to be () .

1) , :

1 ()am (we)are

2 (you)are (you)are

3 (he/she/it)is (they)are

2) ( ):

Heishappy..(-);

Ishehappy??();

He is not (isnt) happy. -.().

to be: : I am Im; he is hes; she is shes; it is its; we are were; you are youre; they are theyre; : I am not Im not; he is not he isnt; she is not she isnt; it is not it isnt; we are not we arent; you are not you arent. they are not they arent;

to have (got) () .

1) :

1 (I)have(got)(we)have

(got)

2 (you)have(got)

(you)have(got)

3 (he/she/it)has(got)

(they)have(got)

2) ( ):

have (got) a computer. .();

HaveI (got)acomputer??();

have not(got)acomputer.-.().

to have,--:

1) :

Do I have a computer? ?

Idonthaveacomputer..

2) : to have

a shower , to havedinner/breakfast/supper (-,).:

Do you always have classes onSaturdays??

to have got: : I have got Ive got; he has got hes got; she has got shes got; it has got its got; we have got weve got; you have got youve got; they have got theyve got; : I have not I havent; he has not he hasnt; she has not she hasnt; it has not it hasnt; we have not we havent; you have not you havent; they have not they havent. : Ive got much work to do. . I havent any French books at home. . hasnt a Russian-English dictionary. - .

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38

() (The Past Indefinite/Simple Tense)

1. ()

: , -

, :

I went to Paris last month..

Julius Caesar landed in England in 55BC. 55.

: switchedoffTVandopenedatextbook

inMaths.-.

I lived inSouthAfrica for twoyearsandthen moved to England. ,-.

2.

, -.

IWe

YouThey

HeShe

It

V2(Ved)

I/we/you/he/she/it/they started work at9a.m.(,,,,,,)-.

I/we/you/he/she/it/they did the room. (, , , , , , ) .

PastSimple-did.

Did

Iweyouthey

hesheit

V1?

Did I/we/you/he/she/it/they start my workat9?(,,,,,,)?

IWe

YouThey

HeShe

It

didnot (didnt) V1

I/we/you/he/she/it/theydid not (didnt)starttheworkat9. (, , , , , ,).

3.PastSimple

:yesterday ; ago ; last week/

month/year/Monday (-, , ); then ; in 1930 1930 ; in ones childhood .

:LastyearI tookmyuniversityexams.-

.Myparentsgotmarried in1992.-

1992.

4. ()(PastIndefInIte)TO BEtobe-

.1)

:

1 was wewere

2 youwere youwere

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39

3 he/she/itwas

theywere

2) ( ):

Shewasbusy.. Wasshebusy?? She was not busy.

.

() (The Future Indefinite/Simple Tense)

1. ()

, ,:,

: Its Janes birthday today. I will buy

flowers for her.-..

The phone is ringing. Ill get it. . .

,,:

Shewillbe40nextyear..

Itwillbewintersoon..

() : : That box seems to be heavy. Ill help you with it. . . I need a pen. Dont worry. Ill lend you mine. . . . Im really hungry. Ill make some sandwiches. . . : I will not do your homework for you. . I wont do all the housework myself! ! : Ill send you the information when I get it. , . I wont tell anyone your secret. . I shant tell Sally what youve said. I promise.

, . . : Will you make coffee, please? , , . Will you help me move this heavy table? ?

2.

shall will.

1- 2-, 3-

IWe

shall V1

YouHe

SheIt

They

will V1

I/weshallstartworkat9a.m. ()-.

You/he/she/it/theywillstartworkat9a.m. (, , ) .

shall, will ll: Dont worry, Ill be careful. , . You must meet Miss Haly. Im sure youll make friends with her. . , .

1- 2-, 3-

ShallI

weV1? Will

youhesheit

they

V1?

Will my suit be ready for tomorrow? ?

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40

1- 2-, 3-

IWe

shallnot

(shant)V1

YouHe

SheIt

They

willnot

(wont)V1

I shallnotgo to the cinemauntil I passmyexams. , .

Your suit will not be ready for tomorrow..

-shall will shallnot (shant) willnot(wont):

Im afraid Mr Fred cant see you until8 oclock. Oh, in this case I shant (shall not)wait., ., .

Iwont (willnot) go out thisevening.Imtoobusy..-.

3.FutureSimple-

:next day/week/month/year

(,,), intwodays/weeks(), soon.

:They will leave in two days.

.Thankyou for lendingme thecar.Illgive it

back to younextSunday., . .

(-) (The Future-in-the-Past Indefinite/Simple Tense)

1. (-

)

,-:

The passengers of the Titanicwere sure itwould be a safe trip. ,.

IalreadytoldMarkthatwhenhearrived,wewouldgooutfordinner.,,,.

2.

-would.

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

would V1

TheyknewthatI wouldstartworkat9a.m.,.

Would

Iweyouhesheit

they

V1?

Would I help him??

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

wouldnot (wouldnt)

V1

I knew I would not help him. , .

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41

3. Future-in-the-Past -

:by... (5p.m.)... ();

the next day/week/month/year (,,); intwodays/weeks(); soon.

:I knew John would finish the work the next

week. , -.

(Continuous Tenses)

, .

Continuous: tobe+V4(Ving).

(The Present Continuous Tense)

1.: ,

: I cant answer the telephone because Im

washingmyhair.,.

Look!Itssnowing.!. , ,-

: What are you doing these days?

UnfortunatelyImworkingalot.?,.

Ishevisitinghisparentsnextweekend??

: Nowadays more and more people are

shopping on the Internet. .

Im writing a novel to receive a Nobel Prize. -.

, ( always):

is always borrowing money from hisfriends.,-!

Sheisalwayscomingtoclasslate..

He isconstantly talking.Iwishhewouldbe silent..-,.

Idont like thembecause theyarealwayscomplaining. -,.

2.-

to beV4(Ving).

1-

I am V4(Ving)

3-

HeShe

Itis V4(Ving)

WeYou

Theyare

V4(Ving)

I am coming to the party tonight. .

He is coming to the party tonight. .

We are coming to the party tonight. .

1-

Am I V4(Ving)?

3-

Ishesheit

V4(Ving)?

rewe

theyyou

V4(Ving)?

Am I comingtothepartytonight??

Is he comingtothepartytonight??

Are we comingtothepartytonight??

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42

1-

Iamnot

V4(Ving)

3-

HeShe

It

isnot(isnt)

V4(Ving)

WeThey

You

arenot(arent)

V4(Ving)

Iamnotcomingtothepartytonight..

He isnotcoming to theparty tonight..

Wearenotcomingtothepartytonight..

3.PresentContinuous -

:now; atthemoment;

atpresent; nowadays,; still.

:Who is thatmannear the stage? Oh, this

isJamesFeather, a famousplaywright.Theysay heiswritinganewplayatthemoment., ?, , - . , .

Isnthecomingwithusnow??

PresentContinuous: (to love;

to like; to hate-; to forgive.):

haterats!! , (to

agree; to believe-,; to consider; to suppose,.):

IconsiderChopintobeagreatcomposer. , .

(to see-; to hear; to smell-,; to feel; to taste().):

The soup tastes awful! Theres too muchsalt in it. ..

(State Verbs), , , -(. ).

, -,:

to smell ,; to look -,; to taste ,; to weigh , ; to feel ,.

PresentContinuous,PresentIndefinite(Simple):

-

(Present Continuous)

(Present Indefinite)

tosmell

Whyareyousmellingyoursoup? ?

Thekitchensmellsofburntmeat..

tolook

Whyareyoulookingatmelikethat??

Yourhairlooksgreat..

totaste

Imtastingthesaucebecauseitmightneedsomespecies.,,,.

Thecaketastesdelicious!!

toweigh

Imweighingmyselfonmynewscales..

Iweigh51kilos.51.

tofeel

Whyareyoufeelingyourpockets??

Thisclothfeelslikevelvet..

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43

(The Past Continuous Tense)

1. ,

: : Youwerenot listening tomewhen I told

you to turn the oven off. , .

What were you doing at 1.30 p. m.yesterday? I was having lunch.?.

: We were having lessons from 9 a. m. to

3p.m.yesterday.-.

I was listening to my MP3 player fromabout 8 to 9, so I didnt hear the fire alarm. MP3-.

():

While I was writing an e-mail, thecomputersuddenlywentoff.-,-.

Whatwereyoudoingwhentheearthquakestarted?,?

2. -

to be( ) V4(Ving).

IHe

SheIt

wasV4(Ving)

WeYou

Theywere V4(Ving)

I/h/she/itwaswatchingTV.(,).

We/you/they were watching TV. (,).

Was

Ihesheit

V4(Ving)?

Wereweyouthey

V4?(Ving)

Was I/h/she/it preparing for the exam allnightyesterday?(,)?

Wereyou/we/theypreparingfortheexamallnightyesterday?(,)?

IHe

SheIt

wasnot(wasnt)

V4(Ving)

WeYou

They

werenot(werent)

V4(Ving)

I/h/she/it was not (wasnt) preparing fortheexamallnightyesterday.(,).

We/you/they were not (werent) preparingfortheexamallnightyesterday.-(,).

3.PastContinuous-

:while , ; when ,

; as,.:Whilewewerehavingthepicnic, it startedto

rain.,-.

WhileJohnwas sleeping lastnight, someonestolehiscar.,.

(The Future Continuous Tense)

1.: ,

: WhenIarriveattheparty, everybodywill

becelebrating.Some guestswillbedancing.

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44

Othersaregoingtobetalking. Afewpeoplewill be eating pizza and drinking cola.Theyalwaysdothesamething. , -..-. . -.

While Ellen will be reading, Tim will be watching television. ,.

: Ill be visiting Kyiv next month. -

. ll be sunbathing in Hawaii this time

nextweek. -.

,:

WillyoubepassingexamsinJune??

Willyoubewaitingforme??

2. -

tobe-shallbe (1-),willbe()V4(Ving).

1-

IWe

shall beV4(Ving)

2-, 3-

YouHe

SheIt

They

will beV4(Ving)

Ishallbeplayingtennisat10 a. m.tomorrow..

You will be playing tennis at 10 a. m.tomorrow..

1-

ShallI

webe

V4(Ving)?

2-, 3-

Will

youhesheit

they

beV4(Ving)?

Shall we be visiting the gallery at 10 a. m.tomorrow? ?

Will you be visiting the gallery at 10 a. m.tomorrow??

1-

IWe

shallnot(shant)

beV4(Ving)

2-, 3-

YouHe

SheIt

They

willnot(wont)

V4(Ving)

- shall will shallnot (shant) willnot(wont):

We shall not (shant) be visiting the gallerytomorrow..

You will not (wont) be visiting the gallerytomorrow..

TheywontbewatchingTVat9p.m.tonight.-.

I shant be sleeping when you call. ,.

- shall,willll:

Ill be waiting for you when your busarrives. , .

At4p.m.,Illbe in themiddleofworking..

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3. Future Continuous -

:thistimetomorrow/nextweek/month/year

( , ,); in twodays/weeks (); soon.

:Ill be having dinner soon.

.Thistimetomorrow, they will be eating dinner,

discussingtheir plans, and havingagoodtime.,-.

, when, as soon as, if ., : When you are sunbathing in Hawaii, Ill be working really hard this time next week. , , . Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return. . , .

(The Future-in-the-Past Continuous Tense)

1.-

,:

knew that 5 minutes later they would belookingforme.,.

I expected you would be having a good timeintheCrimea.,.

2. -

to be +would V4(Ving).

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

would beV4 (Ving)

said Iwould be sleeping. ,.

Would

Iweyouhesheit

they

beV4 (Ving)

The teacher said that the question form of Future-in-the Past was: Would I be sleeping?,-:?

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

would not be

V4 (Ving)

I said Iwould not be sleeping. ,.

3.:thattimetomorrow/nextweek/month/year

( , ,);

intwodays/weeks();soon.:IknewJuliewould be makingdinnersoon.

,.He saidhewould be startingworkwith this

programme inaweek.,.

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46

(Perfect Tenses)

,- -,.

Perfect:tohave (-)+V3.

(The Present Perfect Tense)

1.

: ,

: I have lost my keys and cant come into

my room. .

Letswatertheplants!Ihavejustdoneit. . .

()-,,-, -(to know, to be, to like.):

haveworked at this office for 10 yearsalready..

I have known him since my childhood..

, , , , :

Nobodyhaseverclimbedthatmountain..

There have been many earthquakes inCalifornia. .

2.

tohave V3 (Ved) .

1-, 2- , 1-, 2-, 3-

IWe

YouThey

have V3 (Ved)

3-

HeShe

Ithas

V3 (Ved)

I have travelled to Paris. .

He has travelled to Paris. .

1-, 2- , 1-, 2-, 3-

Have

Iweyouthey

V3 (Ved)?

3-

Hashesheit

V3 (Ved)?

Havetheymethimbefore?-?

Hashemethim before? ?

1-, 2- , 1-, 2-, 3-

IWe

YouThey

havenot(havent)

V3 (Ved)

3-

HeShe

It

has(hasnt)

V3 (Ved)

Ihavenotmethimbefore. .

Hehasnotmethim before. -.

3. Present Perfect -

:just; ever-; never

; already ; yet , ( - ); so far ; since ; for -; today ; this week/month/ar (, ); lately , (, );

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47

recently,(,); thesedays.

:Whatsthematter?Whyareyousosad?I

have justreceiveda letterfrommyfriend.She isill.??..

Wehavealreadyheardaboutthat!!

(The Past Perfect Tense)

1.

:

: Christina had never been to an opera

beforelastnight.-.

By the time Alex finished his studies, he hadbeeninLondonforovereightyears. , , .

:

I did not have any money because I hadlostmywallet.,.

Wewerenotabletogetahotelroombecausewehadnotbooked it inadvance. , .

2.-

tohave V3(Ved).

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

hadV3 (Ved)

Ihadhadthatcarfortenyearsbeforeitbrokedown. ,.

Had

Iweyou hesheit

they

V3 (Ved)?

Hadyou ever visited theUS beforeyour tripin2006?2006?

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

hadnot (hadnt)

V3 (Ved)

Ihadnotvisited theUSbefore2006.2006.

3.PastPerfect

:by the time; after;

before ; never ; already ; yet, ( ).

:Bythe time the police arrived, the robbershad

already escaped. ,.

IhadneverseensuchabeautifulbeachbeforeIwenttoHawaii.-,.

HadSusaneverstudiedThaibeforeshemovedtoThailand?,?

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48

(The Future Perfect Tense)

1.

, :

By next November, I will have received mypromotion.-.

Bythetimehegetshome, she willhavecleanedthe entirehouse. , ,.

2.

tohave (shallhave 1- ,willhave2-,3-)V3 (Ved).

1-

IWe

shall haveV3 (Ved)

2-, 3-

YouHe

SheIt

They

will haveV3 (Ved)

By the time I finish this course, I will havetakententests.,,.

1-

ShallI

wehave

V3 (Ved)?

2-, 3-

Will

youhesheit

they

haveV3 (Ved)?

ShallIhavefinishedthistestby3oclock??

Will youhavegraduated fromuniversity bynextyear?-?

1-

IWe

shallnot(shant)

haveV3 (Ved)

2-, 3-

YouHe

SheIt

They

willnot(wont)

haveV3 (Ved)

I shallnothavefinishedthistestby3oclock..

You willnot havegraduatedfromuniversitybynext year. .

3.Present Perfect-

:by; bythen; bythetime

(); after ; before ; until().

:Howmany countrieswillyouhavevisited by

the time you turn 50? -,50?

Will she have learned enough Chinese tocommunicate before shemoves toBeijing? , ?

(The Future-in-the-Past Perfect Tense)

1.

- , :

expected that you would have come by6p.m.,.

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49

She said she would have translated the textuntilthenextday.,-.

2.

would - to have ( to) V3 (Ved) .

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

would haveV3(Ved)

I said I would have returned by 9 p. m. , .

Would

Iweyouhesheit

they

haveV3 (Ved)?

Would they, as they said, have finishedbuilding thehouseby the endof theyear?, , ?

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

would not (wouldnt)

haveV3(Ved)

They said they would not have finishedbuildingthehousebytheendoftheyear.,.

3. Future-in-the-Past Perfect

:by;bythen;bythetime();before,;until ( )

.:Hehopedhewouldhavepassedalltheexams

bytheendofJanuary.,-.

- (Perfect Continuous)

,-,- ,.

Perfect Continuous: tohavebeen+V4 (Ving).

- (The Present Perfect Continuous Tense)

1. - -

,-:

She has been working for that company forthreeyears..

James has been teaching at the universitysince September. .

2. - -

to be - have been (has been 3- ) V4(Ving).

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50

1-, 2- , 3-

IYouWe

They

have beenV4 (Ving)

3-

HeShe

Ithas been

V4 (Ving)

Ihavebeenwaitinghereforovertwohours!!

Hehas been talking for the lasthour..

1-, 2- , 3-

Have

Iwe

theyyou

beenV4 (Ving)?

3-

Hashe sheit

beenV4 (Ving)?

Whathaveyoubeendoing??Has she been watching television much

lately? -?

1-, 2- , 3-

IWe

YouThey

havenot(havent)

beenV4

(Ving)

3-

HeShe

It

hasnot(hasnt)

beenV4 (Ving)

I have not been watching television muchlately. .

She has not been watching television muchlately.-.

3. Present Perfect Continuous

:since ; for ;

today; thisweek/month/ar- (, ); lately , ( , ); recently , ( , ); thesedays.

:Have you been exercising lately?

?LisahasnotbeenpractisingherEnglishsince

her last visit to Manchester. - , .

- (The Past Perfect Continuous Tense)

1. - -

: -

,: WhenImetthemyesterdaytheywerewet

as they had been walking in the rain. , -,.

How longhadyoubeen studyingTurkishbeforeyoumovedtoAnkara?Ihadnotbeen studying Turkish very long. ,?-.

:

She had been working as a judge for 25years before she retired. ,25.

They had been talking for over an hourbeforeTonyarrived.,.

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51

2. - -

to be (hadbeen)V4 (Ving).

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

had been V4 (Ving)

I gained weight because I had beenovereating. , .

Had

Iweyouhesheit

they

beenV4 (Ving)?

Howlonghadyoubeenwaitingbefore yougoton thebus? , ?

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

had not (hadnt)

beenV4 (Ving)

They had not been waiting for long before theygotonthebus.,.

3.Past Perfect Continuous

:for ; since

(); allday(night, week)(,).

JameshadbeenteachingattheuniversityformorethanayearbeforeheleftforAsia.- -.

Jasonwas tired becausehehad been joggingsince early morning. ,.

- (The Future Perfect Continuous Tense)

1. - -

,- :

When you finish your English course, willyou have been living in New Zealand for overa year? No, I willnothavebeenlivingherethatlong.,?,.

Jameswillhavebeenteachingattheuniversityfor more than a year by the time he leaves forAsia..

2.--

tobe- (shall/will have been) V4 (Ving).

1-

IWe

shall have beenV4 (Ving)

2-, 3-

YouHe

SheIt

They

will have beenV4 (Ving)

Ishallhavebeendriving forover threedaysstraightwhenIgettoLasVegas.-,-.

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52

Youwillhavebeendrivingforoverthreedaysstraightwhen you get toLasVegas. -,--.

1-

ShallI

wehave been

V4 (Ving)?

2-, 3-

Will

youhesheit

they

have beenV4 (Ving)?

Shall we have been studying long until wegraduate from university? -,?

Will you have been studying long until yougraduatefromuniversity?,?

1-

IWe

shallnot

(shant)have been

V4 (Ving)

2-, 3-

YouHe

SheIt

They

willnot(wont)

have beenV4

(Ving)

I shall not have been working for thatcompany for threeyearswhen it finally closes. ,.

You will not have been working for thatcompany for threeyearswhen it finally closes.,.

3.

Future Perfect Continuous :

by ; for.:Theywill have been talking for overanhour

bythetimeThomasarrives.-,.

By the end of this month she will have been working in the court for twoyearsalready..

- (The Future-in-the-Past Perfect Continuous Tense)

1.

--, -:

said that by the end of summerhewouldhavebeenlivinginNewYorkfor7yearsalready. ,-.

Theysaidtheywouldhavebeenwaitinguntilwe arrived. , ,.

2.

- would to have( to), V3 - to be (been) V4 (Ving) .

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

would have beenV4(Ving)

I remembered that Iwouldhave been livingherefor10yearsbyAprilalready.,10.

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53

Would

Iweyouhesheit

they

have beenV4 (Ving)?

WouldIhavebeenlivingherefor10yearsbynowalready?10?

IWe

YouHe

SheIt

They

wouldnot(wouldnt)

have beenV4(Ving)

He would not have been living here for10yearsbynowyet.10.

3. Future-in-the-Past Perfect Continuous

:by ... for... .He said that by lunch he would have been

repairingthecarfortwohours. , .

(sequence of tenses)

- . - , :

Itoldyouhewasgoingtocometotheparty.,.

The paper announced that a dangerousmurderer had escaped from prison. ,.

--.

, : says he knows this girl. , . He said he knew that girl. , . , .

:

-

Past Indefinite:Icouldntunderstandwhyhe likedthejobofajudgesomuch.Past Continuous:Iwassureyouwereflyingto Paris!

:,.,!

Past Perfect:Shecouldntexplainhowshehadgotthere.Past Perfect Continuous:Ithoughtyouhadbeenstaying withyourparentsforthisweek.

:,.,.

Future-in-the-Past Indefinite (Simple): IhopedIwouldmeetthatmysteriousladyatTompsonsparty.

:,---.

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54

(subjunctiVe Mood)

,:

If that were true, I would know it. ,.

I wish he were kinder to me. ,.

(),-,,:

,.

:doknewwere

:had donehad beenhad known

:would dowould knowwould be

:would have donewould have beenwould have known

- to, -(Past Simple):

It is necessary that you do this exercise inwritten form., .

If only I knew him! !

to bewere:

Iwish shewereherenow., ! (: , .)

Iwishitweresummernow.,!(:,.)

- should(1-)would(2-3--)to:

If he informed us of his arrival, we should meet him. ,.

(PastPerfect):

IfIhad foundthatbookanywhere!-!

- should(1-)would(2-3-)to:

Ifhehadmetus,hewould have gone to thecountrywithus. , .

( ) ,,,,-:

If I had time, I should buy a ticket for thisfilm.,.

( ) , , , -:

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55

I should have read this book if I had got itaweekago.,-.

( -) :

1) (): IfonlyIknewheraddress!-

! If he had got some spare time!

!2) :

:

If they knew so much about him,theywould know about Jesse as well. -,.

, as if as though():

Shelookedatmeas if she didnt know me. ,.

wish(,):

I wished they hadnt showed up at all.,(-:,-.)

( -) :

1) : Itwould beagreatpleasuretohelpher.

.

2) :: Students would have no need to

walk the hospitals if theyhad such a patientasme. -, ,.

, - even if even though (- ):

Even if he talked with the others, he would be misunderstood. ,.

3) - , (-, to fear , to think ,, to believe, to wish.):

Hefearedthey would follow him like a lot of sheep.,.

, - should - ,-,to,.

1) , that () : it is essential (), it is important (-), it is necessary (), it is desirable () ., ,, , ,.:

Itisnecessarythatthisinstructionshould be typed. , .

The teacher insists that everybody be presentatthe lesson.-,.

-, why (), how(), who():

How shouldheknowabout it? -?

And what would my daughter say tothis? the Professor exclaimed after a pause ofastonishment. ? .

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56

, -to,- ,:

Successattendyou!!God bless you! -

!Beitasitmay!!

can (,), may (, ) -.-could, might:

Youmighthavecomeintime!()!

-,,:

Imean something like that could disappoint her. , .

could, might , , :

But at least you could have told me we hadlostan engine. ,.

:

: In fact,wemightnot reallywant touse

such a device. -.

:

Could youdo it forme? ?

- ,:

If you could have seen them, you wouldhavethoughtalotmoreofyourchildren.

,-.

, :

If only he could make others feel thatvision..

-

- , :

1) I should like (Id like) :

I should like to meet thatman. I should like to know the particulars of hischildhood. . -.

2) would rather (d rather)+ to had better (d better)+to(-):

Its raining cats and dogs you wouldrather not go out. .

I had rather be hissed for a good versethanbeapplaudedforabadone.-,.

3) would + to:

Would youhelp me? , - ! ( ?)

4) would + to+:

Would you mind my staying here? , ?

(Voice)

-: (ActiveVoice) (PassiveVoice).

,-:

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57

Steven Spielberg has directed a lot ofinteresting films. .

, -, ,:

AlotofinterestingfilmshavebeendirectedbyStevenSpielberg..

-,-.

,- . -.

, - . ,-:

to meet a friend ;to read a book ;to do exercises.

, .:

to run ;to cry .

-,i:

He invited me to the concert. I was invited to the concert.

Molly wrote a letter. The letter was written by Molly.

:

I went to the cinema last week. .

My friend lives in Kyiv. .

.

tobe- (V3/PastParticiple/ParticipleII):

This sonnet was written by Shakespeare..

Thismetrolinehasbeenbuiltforyears..

Present Simple Onceaweek, Tomcleansthehouse..

Onceaweek, thehouseiscleanedbyTom..

Past Simple Samrepairedthecar..

ThecarwasrepairedbySam..

Future Simple Theywillfinish thework by 5:00p.m..

Theworkwillbefinishedby 5:00p.m..

PresentContinuous Rightnow, Sarahiswritingaletter..

Rightnow, aletterisbeingwrittenbySarah..

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PastContinuous Thesalesmanwashelpingthecustomerwhenthethiefcameintothestore.,.

Thecustomerwasbeinghelpedbythesalesmanwhenthethiefcameintothestore.,.

FutureContinuous Johnwillbewashingthedishes at8:00p.m.tonight..

.Future Simple.

PresentPerfect Manytouristshavevisitedthatcastle..

Thatcastlehasbeenvisitedbymanytourists..

PresentPerfectContinuous

Recently, Johnhasbeendoingthework..

.Present Perfect.

PastPerfect Georgehadrepairedmanycarsbeforehereceivedhismechanicslicense.,.

ManycarshadbeenrepairedbyGeorgebeforehereceivedhismechanicslicense.,.

PastPerfectContinuous

ChefJoneshadbeenpreparingtherestaurantsfantasticdinnersfortwoyearsbeforehemovedtoParis.,.

.Past Perfect.

FuturePerfect Theywillhavecompletedtheprojectbythedeadline..

Theprojectwillhavebeencompletedbythedeadline..

FuturePerfectContinuous

Thefamousartistwillhavebeenpaintingthemuralforoversixmonthsbythetimeitisfinished.,.

Future-in-the-Past IknewJohnwouldfinishtheworkat5:00p.m.,.

Iknewtheworkwouldbefinishedat5:00p.m.,.

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59

,.

(the Participle) , , .

, -:

A well-bred woman does nothing which shallmakepeopletalkofher. , -.

, - -:

In the room we found a frightened child..

I have always been interested in history..

- , :

Trying to catch the 9 oclock train, he waswalkingvery fast., 9 , .

Lookat the turkey in the oven theres thesmellofburnedmeat inthekitchen. : -.

(Active)

(Passive)

PresentParticiple(Participle)

writing beingwritten

PastParticiple(Participle)

written

PerfectParticiple

havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten

Future-in-the-Past Perfect

Mary mentioned that they should have taken me to the party. , .

Mary mentioned that I should have been taken to the party. , .

usedtoJerryusedtopaythebills..

ThebillsusedtobepaidbyJerry..

wouldalways

Mymotherwouldalwaysmakethepies..

Thepieswouldalwaysbemadebymymother..

tobegoingto

Sallyisgoingtomakeabeautifuldinnertonight..

AbeautifuldinnerisgoingtobemadebySallytonight..

tobegoingto+

Theyaregoingtohavecompletedtheprojectbeforethedeadline..

Theprojectisgoingtohavebeencompletedbeforethedeadline..

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60

:

1) (Present Par ti cip le/Participle );

2) (Past Participle/Participle II).

(Present Participle/Participle )

- ,:

1) : reading ; dancing ; speaking; answering;2)

: reading ; dancing ; speaking; answering. -

, - :

Shewasstandingbythemirrorbrushingherhair.,-.

Jackhurthis legrunninghome.-,.

whilewhen:

Jackhurthislegwhilerunninghome.,.

Onemustbecarefulwhencrossingtheroad.,.

-:

Being a doctor I couldnt leave thewoundedpeople. ( -),.

FeelingsickIwenthomeandtooksomepills.(),.

PresentParticiple (Participle) -ing -to:

to play () playing (,);

to read () reading (,).

- .

1) , -ing, , :

toget()getting(-,);

to run () running (,);

to compel () compelling(,);

toprefer()preferring( ; , ).

2) to die (), to lie (-), to tie () i -ing:

todiedying(,); tolielying(;); totietying(,).

(Past Participle/Participle II)

-:

frightened;built;written;interested.

-:

1) : Based on the results of the tests, we

changed our plan. -,-.

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61

Raised in Vermont, I was used to coldwinters.,.

Irritated by the inefficiency, the bossyelled at the workers. , .

2) : Losttimeisneverfoundagain.-

. Awritten letter layonthetable.-

.3) Perfect: Ive stayed at this hotel several times.

.

Peterhadntearnedenoughmoneytobuyacaryet.-,.

4) : The store was closed by the time we got

there. , .

ImfiredandIdontknowwhatImgoingtodo.,,.

PastParticiple (ParticipleII) --edto:

open()opened();suffer()suffered();finish()finished();cook ( ( )) cooked (-

).

PastParticiple (ParticipleII)- - (. V3):

towrite()written();tosee()seen();toteach()taught().

(The Perfect Participle)

,:

Having finished their lunch they left thecaf. ,.

Not having explained her anger to me, sheleft. ,-.

to havehaving -(V3):

havingread;havingtranslated;havingdone;havingseen.

, -:

Havingwrittenthe letter,Iwenttothepost-office.,.

Having watched TV, he fell asleep.-,.

(PresentParticiple/Participle):

1) : I looked at the bookshelf: one book was

missing. : -.

2) : Thewoman, sitting near the fireplace, is

my aunt Jackie. , ,.

3) : Knowing English well he was able to

read this magazine. - , .

(PastParticiple/ParticipleII)-:

1) : The USAs climate is as varied as their

geography. , .

2) :

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TheProfessordidnotexaggaratewhenhespokeofthewidespreadinterestexcitedbyhisnewpsycho-physiologicalexperiment.,-.

3) : When discussed at the lesson, the pupils

revisedthenewgrammartopicathome. ,.

(PerfectParticiple)-.:

Having done the revision exercises, thestudentsbegantowriteacomposition.- , .

(the infinitive)

, , , , , - ?, ?:to do , ; to read , .

to.

-:

tosing; tocome; towork.

. ,

, , :

knoweverythingisto knownothing.-.

, ,,-:

Quickly shedressed, andwent into the otherroom to prepare their breakfast.,-.

:1) IndefiniteInfinitiveActive;2) IndefiniteInfinitivePassive;3) ContinuousInfinitiveActive;4) PerfectInfinitiveActive;5) PerfectInfinitivePassive;6) PerfectContinuousInfinitiveActive.

-

(Active)

(Passive)

Indefinite toask tobeasked

Continuous tobeasking

Perfect tohaveaskedtohavebeenasked

Perfect Continuous

tohavebeenasking

IndefiniteInfinitiveActive- . - to be to have, (ParticipleI)(ParticipleI).

, Continuous Infinitive Active - - to be (ParticipleI):

tobewriting,tobesleeping,tobewaiting.

Perfect Infinitive Active - to have -(ParticipleI):

tohavewritten,tohaveslept,tohavewaited.

PerfectContinuousInfinitiveActive-tobePerfectInfinitive (tohavebeen)-(ParticipleI):

tohavebeenwriting,tohavebeensleeping,tohavebeenwaiting.

Indefinite Infinitive Passive tobe-(ParticipleI):

tobewritten,tobeslept,tobewaited.

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63

PerfectInfinitivePassive -tobe- Perfect Infinitive (to have been) -(Participle I):

to have been written, to have been slept, tohavebeenwaited.

not,-:

nottowrite;nottobewriting;nottobewritten;nottohavewritten;nottohavebeenwriting;nottohavebeenwritten.

Indefinite InfinitiveActive Passive - , ,-:

wantedtogetthereearly,buthefailed., .

We were told to telephone or write as soonas we have any news. - , .

The boss expected the project to be done in time.,-.

ContinuousInfinitiveActive,- , -:

Wheresyourelderbrother?Heseemstobereparinghiscarinthegarage.- ? , .

Perfect Infinitive Active Passive -:

1) , , - ,:

IremembertohavepromisedthatIdtakeyouintomylaboratory.,.

John is said to have moved to anothercity.,-.

2) -,,-must,may:

What he saw in that room must havefrightenedhim terribly.,- , , .

She may have seen something importantat thecrime scene., -.

3) ,- - , , , should,ought,might,could,was(were):

You should (ought to) have kept yourpromise. (,).

You could have translated the textbetter. (,,-,).

4) -,:

to hope; to expect,; to intend,; to mean,; to want,. : I intended (meant/wanted/hoped etc.) to

haveleftthenextday.( //) - ( : ).

(Indefinite Infinitive) , . :

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64

wanted to stay here. ( , ). He wanted to have stayed here. ( ).

PerfectContinuousInfinitiveActive -,,-:

Thewindseemstohavebeenhowlingallthenight long,shesaid., , -,.

:

1) : see means to believe.

.

, it is necessary ; it is possible , : It was necessary to do something. .

2) :

to begin (); tostart (); to continue (-); to end (); tostop();towant();totry (); to decide (-); to intend ( ) , , -, , , ,:

Nellie closedher eyesand tried not to think. -.

- :

Wecanactuallybegintheexperiment. .

:

I think, he said, thattoprolongthisdiscussion is to waste time. -,,--.

3) ( -tohelp;toassist-;tolike;toprefer;toforget;to ask ; to beg ; topromise;torecommend-.):

Heforgotto windthewatchwhenhewentto bed. ,.

I asked him to give me the magazine..

4) (, , -):

Naturehasmanysecrets to be discoveredyet.,.

wasthefirstto come..

the first (), the second (), the last () - , - : will be the last to leave. . George was the first to recover. .

5) :: Wecametothestationto seeourfriends

off.,-.

, : reach the lecture hall he had to walk almost half a mile. , .

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-inorderto():

You should get plenty of fresh air in order to sleep well. -,.

: Iwastooyoungto thinkofsuchthings

at the time. ,.

To

:1) to;2) to.

to(to + infinitive)-.

1) : She went out to buy some bread.

,.2) to advise ; to

agree;to expect-;to promise;to hope;to refuse:

He agreed to come. .

Tom promised to help me with themoving..

3) ( why)where ; how ; what ;who;which:

Idontknowwhattodo.,.

4) would like/would love/would prefer:

Iwould lovetohaveacupoftea.-.

5) it is + , it is + :

Itsahardjobtoteachchildren.-.

Imgladtoseeyouhappy.-.

to.

1) ( ought to,):

Youmustbebackby10p.m.-.

2) had better, would rather:

Youdbettergo..3) make ()+

object; let () + object; see (-)+object; hear ()+object; feel()+object:

My parents let me watch TV until 11 p.m. - .

Iheardmybrothercomebackhome.,.

to help to, : He helped me to translate the article. . I helped him type the article. .

(The Complex Object/Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction)

:1) -

;2) ,,

. : I consider John (to be) a good

programmer. , .

Iwantyou tocome tomorrow.,.

:

Hewantsthebooktobereturnedtomorrow.,.

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Complex Object .

1) ,,-,,:

to tell , ; to force, ; to enable -; to persuade ; toorder ; to warn -; toinvite; toteach; tomake ; to let; to allow ; toask; topermit; toadvise; torecommend-; toremind.

: The landladyaskedustocome in.-

. Hewarnedmenottotouchanything.

,.

to make () to let () to: The book made me laugh, but it made me cry too. , . Why not let him try? ?

2) , ,:

to know ; to believe -; to suppose ; to consider.

: Iknowhim tobeagoodman.,

. Isupposethisactresstobeaboutthirty.

, .

3) ,,-,:

to want ; to wish ; should/wouldlike; todesire; toexpect; tolike; tolove; toadore; tohate.

: Iwishyoutohaveagoodmeal.,

.

Shewouldlikemetogototheconcertwithher.,.

I want you to read this messageimmediately. , .

WeexpectSam towin thecompetition. , .

Wouldyoulikemetogonow?-,?

4) to help: Sue always helps her mum to lay the

table. .

5) : to see ; to hear ; to

feel ; to notice -; to watch ; toobserve.

: Inoticedherentertheroom.,

. We heard him tell her everything.

,.

to: I saw my sister arrive. , . Polly felt the cat jump on her knees. , .

to see/to hear, etc. + someone/something + do to see/to hear, etc. + someone/something + doing

Complex Object tosee (),tohear (),to listen to (), to feel (), tonotice (), to watch (), toobserve()- to, -(PresentParticiple/ParticipleI):

IsawTomgetintohiscaranddriveaway.,.

I saw Tom getting into his car and drivingaway.,.

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IveneverseenTomdance.-,.

IveneverseenTomdancing.,.

, to , -.

, , - , - :

We saw the accident happen. ,(?).

I sawhimwalking along the street. -,(?).

Ididnthearyoucomein.,(?).

Icouldhear itraining., (?).

to smell (, ) to find () - someone/something + (Present Participle/Participle I):

Canyousmellsomethingburning??

She found him reading her letters. ,.

(The Complex Subject/The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction)

- - to. :

Sheisexpectedtocomeanyminute.-,.

Heislikelytoknowheraddress.,-,.

The water seems to be boiling. ,.

-.

1) tobe likely-,; tobeunlikely; tobecertain; tobesure,:

Thisinformationissuretobetrue.-,.

Mr Darrel is unlikely to stay at thathotel. , -.

2) toseem; to appear ;to prove ; to turn out ; to happen ():

Iseemedtohearavoice.,.

They happened to meet in Paris.-,.

3) :: to see ; tohear ; to

feel ; to notice -; to watch ; toobserve.

: They were noticed to have lunch at

The Planet Hollywood restaurant.,-.

He was heard to come late. ,.

: to think ; to expect

; to know ; tobelieve ; to suppose , ; toconsider.

: Lucy is expected to write a brilliant

essay.,.

They are supposed to visit us at theweekend. , -.

, , -,:

to tell , ; toforce , ; toenable ; to persuade ; to order ; to

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68

warn ; to invite -; toteach; tomake; toallow; toask; topermit; toadvise; torecommend; to remind -; to announce ; toreport.

: The boys were told to put on scout

uniform..

Thefilmisannouncedtobeasuccess., .

for (The For-to-Infinitive Construction)

-,,-for:

Its easy for me to answer this question..

Therewasnothingelseformetosay..

,.:

ItwillbeverypleasantforustospendaweekinEngland..

Idhavegivenanything for thisnot tohavehappened.,.

(the Gerund/-ing form)

, , :reading ; swimming ; running .

,-,.

, , -:

Skating is one of my mothers favouritepastimes. .

(Active)

(Passive)

Indefinite reading beingread

Perfect havingreadhavingbeenread

, -.

Indefinite Gerund Active -.-ing:

towritewriting;toreadreading.

,-.

IndefiniteGerundPassive -tobe(being)-:

towritebeingwritten;toreadbeingread.

Perfect Gerund Active - to have (having) :

towritehavingwritten;toreadhavingread.

PerfectGerundPassive- tobe (havingbeen)-:

towritehavingbeenwritten;toreadhavingbeenread.

not,-:

notwriting;notbeingwritten;nothavingwritten,nothavingbeenwritten.

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69

Indefinite Gerund , :

TheweatherwassofinethatIprefferedgoingonfoot.,-.

PerfectGerund,:

Isawherhavingclosedthegates.,.

.1) : Eatingfruitisgoodforyourhealth.

.2) to admit ;

to avoid; to consider -; to continue ; to delay ; to deny -; to enjoy; to escape ; to excuse -; to fancy ; to finish; to forgive ; to imagine; to involve-; to keep continue ; to look forward to ; to mention -; to mind ; to miss; to objectto-; to postpone ; to practise; to prevent; to report; to resist ; to risk -; to save; to stand; to suggest ; to understand:

Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow?,?

Smith admitted murdering his wife.,.

3) to go , ,:

I go swimming every morning insummer.-.

4) : to bebusy; to benouse,;

whatstheuseof; its(no)good(); its(not)worth(); canthelp; theres no point (in)

; cantstand ; to be/getusedto; to have difficulty in

; to be interested in

; to begoodat; to be keen on ,

. : Itsnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.

.5) : He entered without knocking at the

door..

to begin (), to start (), to continue (), to advise (), to allow (), to permit (), to recommend () , , : The guests started dancing/to dance. . It is not allowed standing/to stand there. .

, , -:

1) go on+to infinitive(): After finishingbreakfast, shewenton to

write a letter. ,.

go on+gerund(): Itriedtocalmherdown, butshewenton

crying.,.

2) mean+to infinitive(): Shemeanstofindabetterjob.

. mean +gerund(): Doingwellonthiscoursemeansstudying

very hard. -

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70

.

3) try+to infinitive(): I was trying to start the car, but the

enginewasdead. ,.

try+gerund(): Whydontyou tryadding some spices to

the sauce? Itmay taste better. ?.

4) want+to infinitive(): I want to spend my holiday in the

Crimea. .

want + gerund ( ,):

My car wants repairing again. .

5) stop + to infinitive ():

On the way home I stopped to buy somemilk. ,.

stop + gerund (, ):

Stop talking! You are in the library.!.

6) remember+to infinitive():

I remembered to lock door. .

remember+gerund(): I remember locking the door.

,.7) forget + to infinintive (

): I forgot to mention this fact in my

report..

forget+gerund(,-):

I forgot mentioning this fact in my report. , .

:

1) :

Your coming now and saying Im herfatherdoesntchangemyfeelings.,,.

2) : Seeing is believing. -

.3) (,): Theteacherhasaimedat teachingstudents

to speak correct English. -.

4) : Imgladtohavetheopportunityoftalking

withyou, Doctor.,.

5) : Youcanhelphimby supportinghim.

,-.

-,:

-to-ing;

.

, -ing -.,- , - , -. -,.

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71

-:Themethodoftranslatingthisgrammarconstructioniswellknown.-.Beforeusingthisdeviceoneshouldreadtheusersguide.,-,---.

-:Thegroupcarryingoutthismissionconsistedof20men.,-,20.TranslatingthetextthestudentsusedEnglish-Ukrainiandictionaries.,---.

,

:Carryingoutthismissionisveryimportant..

(Verbal noun)

- --ing,:

tobegin()beginning();toopen()opening();tomeet()meeting().

,-.

-- . .

1.:Iremembermeetinghim inTokyo., .

1.:Themeetingbeganat7..

2.:Idontmindyouropeningthewindow.,.

2.:Alltheseshuttingsandopeningsofthedoordisturbmegreatly..

3.:begantidyinghisroomwhenIlefthim.,.

3.:Thetidyingof hisroomdidnttakehimlong..

4