an obscure hope in the eyes of refugees: what went wrong and how to improve livelihoods of sindhanur...

8/14/2019 An Obscure Hope in the eyes of Refugees: what went wrong and how to improve livelihoods of Sindhanur Rehabi

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to

THE INDIAN REFUGEESWho have lost their Identity

in the

FREEDOM FIGHT OF INDIA

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Preface

It may be said that the drawing of the partition line between India andPakistan, though it was dominated by political considerations based

on long-standing communal tensions, resulted almostinstantaneously in hundreds of thousands of persons findingthemselves forced off their land and seeking new abode. A greatmany of them suffered violence and were killed or lost in thebitterness of hostility, which followed this, forced exodus. This marchof teeming millions! will always constitute the saddest chapter inthe history of the country.

"ut this now is a story of the past. #umanity is always born in pain, moreso a free nation. A poet was once taken in a battlefield, where thousandshad perished in a dreadful engagement but which was considered a scene

of famous victory. The poet commented$ #ere men slaughtered eachother, but %od made the grass grow to hide their shame!. The greengrass has grown during these years. "itterness born of hatred has givenplace to tolerance. &rustration has been overcome by a desire to live.'isappointments in life have been compensated for by hope and faith inthe future.

This is all in keeping with the traditions of the virile and enterprisingpeople of the (onar "angla. Their loyalty to their motherland wasnever divided. They had been citi)ens of India, which was theirmotherland, and continued to be so even now. *nly they needed to

be pushed into a position of complete self-support. They did notexpect charity, or want it, but were anxious to stand on their ownlegs. Thus, the problem of rehabilitation was easy for the refugeesfrom "angladesh. This emphasised the role of the state inrehabilitation and conse+uently raised greater expectations throughgovernmental agencies. If there have been disappointments amongthe refugees in this direction, which may have given rise to a certaindegree of dissatisfaction against the government and the rulingpolitical party, it can be easily understood. "ut the experiment of thesettlement of the migrating mass of humanity from ast Pakistan can

be said to have been fairly successful, as is evident from thisdocument.

est "engal, being the nearest to the border, attracted the largestnumber of refugees from ast Pakistan. "ut, very few were willing to go toa place, /// 0m away from their homeland in 1aichur district of0arnataka, among a community whose livelihood pattern was entirelydifferent from that of them. They brought a legacy of excitement,agitation and nervous tension along with an obscure hope in their eyes.They were accommodated in concentrations known as refugee camps.They were in an intense state of suggestibility, which made them inclined

to adopt new attitudes towards different institutions and people aroundthem. The predominance of food anxiety engendered a feeling of hostility

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among them towards those who either were looking after them or werealready inhabitants of 0arnataka and had control over the food supply.This developed a feeling of we-group! and they-group!. Thegovernment and the local public represented the 2they-group3. This gaverise to the refugee and non-refugee pre4udice. &or some time loud

protests could be heard from them against the local population, referredto by them as #industani. (ometimes the convert pre4udice assumed theshape of open feud and there were periods in which even riots were cameto be assimilated into a new socio-economic pattern which did not forsakethe established values and norms but added to them.

Three decades have past after their migration to this strange and variedsocio-climatic region. This study was undertaken to understand thepresent scenario of the migrants rehabilitated in such a place, where theyknew nothing except their family members. *n the auspicious occasion ofthe World Refugee Day! I dedicate this document to the refugees whohave lost their identity in the freedom fight of India.

ntrepreneurship 'evelopment Institute of India,Prasen 1aptan

Ahmedabad, 20thJune 2001

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AcknowledgementI pray and bow down to Almighty and my parents for bestowing me with

their blessings.

The suggestions and criticisms accompany the successful completion ofany task, which would be incomplete without expression of appreciation tothe persons, who made possible to achieve the goal by their encouragingguidance and proper steering. The feeling of heart cannot be expressed inwords- thus I hardly find any words to express my sense of gratitudetowards the people who helped me in my endeavour. ven though, it is ahumble attempt to ponder my obligations to all those who have extendedtheir help directly or indirectly.

It is my proud privilege to express the deep sense of reverence andgratitude to my supervisor, '1. 5aresh (ingh, a sociologists and &aculty of6icro &inance, for his constant encouragement with invaluable guidance

during the entire period of the study. #is ceaseless guidance, unerringsuggestions, critical observations and unfailing patience formed theladder of my success.

At this 4uncture, it is my esteemed duty to reserve my high regards to '1.07(6 0rishna 8 6r. 9.P."aptista, my beloved present and former :ourse'irectors, for availing this opportunity in allowing me to do the researchwork and providing all the necessary necessities.

6y sincere and heartfelt gratitude to '1. 'inesh 5. Awasthi, :hief &acultywithout whose kind help the research would have not been completed intime.

6y special thanks are due to 6r.5abarun (en %upta for his in+uisitiveskills, valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms during the study.

I put on record my respect and heartfelt thanks to 6r.%.0umarnaik, IA(,'eputy :ommissioner, 1aichur and 6r. 5.(uryanarayan, 0A(, Tahasildar,(indhanur with their supportive staff for providing me the needed facilitiesand access to the related documents in their own and other related*ffices. Their polite and cooperative behaviour have really changed mypre-conceived notion 8 mindset about the bureaucrats.

I am extremely thankful and deeply indebted to the :hief xecutive of;anakalyan, 6r. (hanti 1an4an 'as, for allowing me to do the research in

his *rgani)ation with the necessary staff and other supports. I respectfullyoblige his guidance and suggestions during the field study and feel happyto have him as my co-mentor.

I respectfully acknowledge the kind cooperation extended to me by thestaff of 'I9I: during my one-year course and %I'1


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9ast but not the least, I convey my heartfelt appreciation to (ritimala, forher constant support. It is she, who has been my constant source ofinspiration throughout my career. I am extremely indebted to her for hervaluable suggestions and constant encouragement.

It is my prime duty to extend my hearty thanks and words of gratitude to

5A"A1' for sponsoring me with full fellowship for the course.

(ky is the limit to express the deep sense of gratitude and indebtednessto my Alma 6ater, the ntrepreneurship 'evelopment Institute of India,which has laid perfect foundation, by showing me the path for the future.6y life is with a 2(ilver 9ine3 today and I dedicate to my Profession.

It is my prime duty to extend my heartily thanks to 6r. 7arma 1ahul forhis cooperation in the technical matter.

Prasen 1aptan

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Important Milestones of Sindhanur Rehabilitation Project

1947 Independence of India & partition//

1965 Indo-Pak War

//1967-69 Repatriation of Sri Llankan & Bure!e "i#rant! at Re$a%ilitation olon' (o)1

1969 Re#i!tration of Ban#lade!$i "i#rant! a! Refu#ee!197* Interi Re$a%ilitation at different Part! of t$e countr'

Re!ettleent of fe+ failie! in Re$a%ilitation olon' (o), of Sind$anur1971 arin# !tarted %' t$e refu#ee!

Re!t of t$e Re$a%ilitation olonie! !tarted functionin#Sc$ool! !tarted in "ot$er ton#ue in all t$e colonie!

197, e+ failie! de!erted t$e Re$a%ilitation olonie!197. (e+ failie! +ere re$a%ilitated1974 #riculture ooperati0e Societ' S2 fored1975 anal %reac$e! ,, tie! & failure of crop!

3illa#e Refor oittee forede+ ore failie! re$a%ilitated

1976 S renaed a! 3SSS(1977 out$ lu%! !tarted

//19, i!!olution of t$e 3illa#e Refor oittee %' t$e dini!trator

lectricit' onnection e8tended19,-. itien!$ip #ranted to fe+ failie!19.-4 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect $anded o0er to t$e State ;o0ernent

ll t$e Sc$ool! tran!fored to t$e State Lan#ua#eir!t tractor +a! purc$a!ed %' t$e refu#ee!

194 W$ite l' de!tro'ed t$e cotton crop!Padd' crop! ade it +a' in195


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Preface iAcknowledgement iiAbbreviation 0iList of Tables 0iiList of Boxes 0iii

List of Figures 8List of Plates 8i

$apter

Particular!Page No

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Synopsis of the Study 8iixecutive Summary 8i0

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IIRe0ie+ of Literature

8-16

III Methodology of the Study 17-.)1 Literature and ocuent Re0ie+ 1.), Participator' Rural pprai!al 1

.). ocu!!ed ;roup i!cu!!ion ,,

.)4 Indi0idual In-dept$ Inter0ie+ ,,

I! " #ourney $ithout %estination& the rehabilitationProcess

'-()

4)1 Pre-i#ration ,.4), "i#ration ,74). Re!ettleent ..4)4 daptation .74)5 Sta%ili!ation 4*

4)6 (orali!ation 4.4)7 ailure 44

I Introduction 1-7

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4) +arene!! 47

! " Snapshot of the Rehabilitation Project *+-6(5)1 eo#rap$ic! 515), @ccupational Structure! 5,5). Re!ource Ba!e 555)4 Infra!tructure 565)5 ducational Statu! 575)6 ultural "ilieu 595)7 conoic Profile 6,5) In!titutional Setup 6.

!I ,hallenges "head 6*-1+'

61 Rehabilitation Specific Issues 66-8+6)1)1 a!te ertificate 666)1), Propert' Ri#$t! 676)1). Re0enue 3illa#e! 696)1)4 "ot$er


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!III ,onclusi/e Remar0s 11)-1'"nneure 1(-1)

nne8ure I Profita%ilit' nal'!i! of different crop! #ro+n inRe$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur $a0in# ,-. acre!of land)

1,4

nne8ure II Incoe & 8penditure nal'!i! for a Landle!!#ricultural La%ourer of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect ofSind$anur

1,5

nne8ure III $eckli!t-I u!ed for inter0ie+in# t$e ;o0ernent"ac$inerie!

1,6

nne8ure I3 $eckli!t-II u!ed for inter0ie+in# t$e local peopleand refu#ee! 1,

ppendi8 1'+-1''ppendi8 I a!te ertificate i!!ued to (aa!udra counit'

%' t$e dini!trator of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect1.*

ppendi8 II (aa!udra ate i! re!er0ed under Sc$eduled a!teS2 cate#or' in four State!

1.1

ppendi8 III Re$a%ilitated (aa!udra i!!ue and Parliaent 1.,

;lo!!ar' 1.4.ibliography 1.5

3II " Model Proposed for 2conomic Reconstruction 1+(-118

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A!!reviations

)) !!i!tant oi!!ionerS #riculture ooperati0e Societ'(" u8illiar' (ur!e & "id-+ife

P" #ricultural Produce "arketin# oitteeB)ni0er!it' our!e

R Re0enue epartentR"P Rural "edical Practitioner S=; Self =elp ;roupS" Sall and "ar#inal arer SSL Secondar' Sc$ool Lea0in# ertificateS< Sc$eduled S >ni0er!it' of #ricultural Science!>S >nited State3SSS( 3'a0a!a'a Se0a Sa$akara San#$a (i'aitaCP Cilla Panc$a'at

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"ist o# Ta!le

Sl3o

4able3o


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++11. 6),)1)1 4he number of persons /isited

Sindhanur for different purposesthrough different modes oftransports in a ee0 of May ++1

5

14 6),).), ,olony-ise cattle population ofRehabilitation Project ofSindhanur

9.

15 6),)5)1 ,olony ise data shoing the inardletters from /arious placesthrough this sub post office for'+ days

95

16 6),)7)1 ,olony-ise groth of families andpopulation o/er the last threedecades for SindhanurRehabilitation Project

1*1

17 7)1 4he short term and long terminter/entions suggested for theissues of refugee li/es alongith the agencies responsible

for implementing them

116

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"ist o# $o%es

Sl

3o

.o 3o eneral :eatures of the Raichur%istrict here refuges arerehabilitated

5

, .),)1)1 Sample :amily ,ard used in theSocial Mapping eercise forinformation collection

19

. .),),)1 Sample 4ime ine to ta0e the

9istory of the !illage

,*

4 .),).)1 Saple In!titutional ap !$o+in# t$eir relati0eiportance and acce!! %' #eneral pu%lic

,*

5 .),)4)1 Sample Pie ,hart shoing the occupationaldetails of a /illage

,1

6 .),)5)1 Sample Pair-ise Ran0ing toolused for problemprioritisation in a /illagesituation

,1

7 4)1)1 "a!!acre of oun# au#$ter! Aillin# in

Ban#lade!$ %' t$eir Parent!

,4

4)1), "u!li! $elped =indu! to !a0e t$eir li0e! andreli#ion in Ban#lade!$

,5

9 4)1). 4he inhuman Murder of SurenMondal and his familymembers in .angladesh

,5

1* 4),)1 Parents 0illed the 0id to sa/e theirli/es from the terrorist at theinterest of the relati/es andneighbiurs

,

11 4),), 2/en relati/es become cruel hene are in trouble

.*

1, 6)1) 4he procedure folloed to analysethese problems

65

1. 6)1)1) 4he list of the problems causeddue the rehabilitation of these,ommunities

66

14 6)1)1)1 4he conse5uences of the ,aste 67

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,ertificate issue for therefugees

15 6)1),)1 ramPanchayat

76

,* 6)1)7)1) 4he major conse5uences of theMinority issues as faced bythe refugees of this project

77

,1 6)1))1

9ouse - the shelter of socialanimals&


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Re$a%ilitation olonie!.* 6),).), Birt$ of c$ild i! eEual to deat$ of a ot$er 9*.1 6),).).


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"ist o# Fig&res

Sl

(o

:igure3o


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"ist o# Plates

Sl)(o

Plate(o)

4itle Pa#e(o)

1 .)1 Refugees in/ol/ed in Social Mappingeercise at Rehabilitation ,olony3o*

19

, 6)1))1


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life in both the countries

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Synopsis of the Study

It +a! after t$e partition of India and Ban#lade!$ +$en t$e Indian ;o0ernentin0ited t$e =indu! in =indu!tanD an' =indu failie! +ere i#rated in India)urin# 196-71D an' Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect! +ere e!ta%li!$ed all acro!! t$eountr') @ne !uc$ Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +a! e!ta%li!$ed in Aarnataka and+$ere a%out 1*** =indu failie! +ere re$a%ilitated in a reote!t area of a%ack+ard i!trict of t$e State)


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It +a! around t$e !ae tieD a pe!t called W$ite l' people call urrentPe!t2 cae and de!tro'ed t$e +$ole cotton crop of t$e re#ion continuou!l' forfe+ 'ear! till t$e pe!ticide! +ere de0eloped) 0er' 'ear farer! u!ed to di%%let$e !eed! +it$ a $ope and $ad e8perienced failure t$u! increa!in# t$eir de%t'ear after 'ear) ;raduall'D t$e' !$ifted to padd' culti0ation and found it 0ia%le

+it$ t$e application of fertili!er! and pe!ticide! +it$out %a!ic !cientifickno+led#eD +$ic$ re!ulted in to !alinit' and alkalinit') @0erdo!e! of irri#ation+ater leac$ed out t$e icronutrient! fro t$e !oilD #raduall') l!oD t$e upperland $a! %een u!ed for culti0atin# t$e padd' crop lea0in# 0er' le!! +ater for t$etail ender!) ll t$e!e rea!on! re!ulted in to t$e de%t and t$ere i! no +a' tocoe out) @n t$e ot$er $andD #o0ernent! State a! +ell a! entral2 +it$dre+t$eir !upport ec$ani!!)

(o+D after .* 'ear! of e!ta%li!$ent of t$e pro:ect and in t$e era of coputerDt$e!e colonie! do not $a0e a road, bus, post & telecom facilities, hospital,telephoneD etc)


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2ecuti/e Summary

!3 August !435 saw the birth of the new )slamic $epublic of Pakistan" At

midnight the next day )ndia won its freedom from colonial rule- ending nearly '67

years of British presence in )ndia" The British left )ndia divided in two" The two

countries were founded on the basis of religion- with Pakistan as an )slamic state

and )ndia as a secular one with ma%ority of 8indu population"

9hether the partition of these countries was wise and whether it was done too

soon is still under debate" ven the imposition of an official boundary has not

stopped conflict between them" Boundary issues- left unresolved by the British-

have caused three wars and continuing strife between )ndia and Pakistan"

The partition of )ndia left both )ndia and Pakistan devastated" The process of

partition had claimed many lives in the riots" :any others were raped and looted"

9omen- especially- were used as instruments of power by the 8indus and the

:uslims; =arnataka was known as :ysore? having heard a lot about the place from the

+overnment ,fficials" :ost of those dreams dried out when they reached dry

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$aichur" 8owever- the Tungabhadra $iver blessed them with her neat- clean and

pure water both for irrigation and drinking" )t irrigated the dried up dreams and

encouraged the despaired refugees by showing way for their livelihood" 9ith new

area- new climate- new soil- new technology and new methods they started their

livelihood by growing new crops" They challenged all the difficulties and learnt by

practice and finally adapted to the new environment experiencing many crest and

troughs in their lives"

They had to face and are facing many strange events in their lives- which they

never expected" :any challenges are ahead of them- which demand immediate

attention for their survival and development" Some of these challenges are of

specific nature emerged due to their rehabilitation while others are of general

nature- which are seen in every locality" The former category includes issues like

1aste 1ertificate- $ights over the 8ousing Plot and Agricultural Land- declaration

of $evenue /illages- :other*tongue ducation at the primary level- +rant of

)ndian 1iti@enship- Power to +ram Panchayat and :inority issues" The second

category is Basic problems and general in nature which includes the internal and

external roads with transportation facilities as well as the roads for agricultural

land- 8ealth care- 8ousing- #nemployment- 8ygiene 0 Sanitation- (rinking and

)rrigation 9ater- Post 0 Telecom Services- 1hange or $eclamation of saline

land- /eterinary Service- Temple- Play ground- /illage Boundary xpansion-

:arket- 1remation 1entre- Library and $eading $oom" Both these categories of

problems are eually important and need to be tackled at appropriate level" The

most important among them are the caste issue- primary education in mother

tongue- right over their land and plot- grant of citi@enship- minority issue- water-

road 0 communication"

About 6"3&C of the people residing in this pro%ect are from a 1aste called

D2amasudraE and "74C from =shatriya- which are considered as Scheduled1aste in Assam- ,rissa- Tripura- 9est Bengal and Bangladesh" (uring the )nitial

period- they had been given such recognition and had availed such benefits"

2owadays- these communities >4!"6!C population? are deprived from their

birthrights- which are en%oyed by their relatives and friends settled elsewhere in

)ndia" ShouldnGt they be given such recognition- which their behaviour and culture

exhibitsH

ducation is the backbone of the Society" As a newly born baby reuires

motherGs milk for its healthy growth- the newly %oined child should be given

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ducation in its mother tongue" )t become easier for digestion and lays a

relatively stronger foundation" )t is seen from the study that those who have

completed their graduation from this pro%ect- 4'"7&C among them have their

primary education either in Bengali or in Tamil medium" Similarly- 5"6C among

the Post +raduates and !77C among the technical graduates have had their

primary education in Bengali or Tamil language" ,n the other hand- C of the

students who have had their primary education in other than their mother tongue-

failed at matriculation level while rest at 8igher Secondary"

Although- agriculture is the sole occupation of the communities residing here

having 3*6 acres of land at their disposal- they donGt posses any right over such

land neither on the plot on which they are dwelling for the last three decades"

ven if any farmer wishes to construct a pucca house- s.he cannot do so- as s.he

fails to prove the ownership of the plot for getting permission from the authority"

Simialrly- the agricultural land is no longer remained irrigated- as they hardly get

water for irrigation during the peak season" About 3!"3!C of landholders of

$ehabilitation 1olony 2o"3 and 4C of $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"6 have almost

no access to the irrigation water" For them drinking water is also a ma%or issue"

The Police Station records depict that about 37C of the cases were registered for

irrigation water"

The /illage Panchayat is comprised of no villages but 6 colonies and & camps"

These camps . colonies neither have a boundary nor its internal planning" The

uarrel amongst the neighbours is a common phenomenon for their boundary

lines" The /illage Panchayat has no rights over the common property resources

nor can implement the tax policies- as they have no power to execute such

orders"

The )ndians- who fought for its independence- became foreigners after the

partition of the country- as because their properties were on the other part of the

border" 2ow- they must get citi@enship from the appropriate authority to get

recognised as )ndians in their homeland- which is again at the discretion of the

authority" About &4C of the community have not been given such recognition"

)snGt it an in%ustice to these peopleH

Food- shelter and clothes are the three basic needs of human beings" +oodshelter increases the life expectancy of people" Bad dwelling conditions cause

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severe health and other problems" About 44"6C of the families in these colonies

have huts made out of locally available materials" These are prone to fire as

thatched either with paddy straw or with tin" )s it not the responsibility of the State

to provide the 8omes to these homeless people- as seen in other $ehabilitaion

Pro%ectH

)t reveals from the study that the overall growth of population is !!'"''C over

last '7 years and the families have grown by !33"4C" Thus- there is a demand

for more number of residential plots where the colonies have not even a single

family to provide accommodation" There is a need to expand the village

boundary or to create an extended village" Also- there is a need for the gra@ing

land as the animal husbandry has been promoted effectively among these

families with the support and intervention of a local grassroots non*government

organi@ation"

#nemployment is another ma%or issue for the youths of these colonies" The main

reason is low level of education due to language constraints and the

communication gap" A provision for technical training can be provided for these

youths and $eading cum Library can be started to provide better access to the

information" :oreover- as they are unable to compete with the local community

due to various constraints- they should be given special reservation till such timethat they %oin the main stream" Also a thought can be given towards micro

fiannce and micro credit interention to establish a $ural )ndustrial state for

broadening the economic base"

$oads are the basic and traditional mode of transportation and communication-

which this rehabilitation pro%ect is lacking" 2either it has the internal roads- nor

the roads to their agricultural land and nor is it connected with the outer world"

The uestion of public transport service does not arise when there is no road

connection such is the case with post and telecom"

8ealth service is as important as that of (rinking 9ater- which the pro%ect almost

does not have" Such is the case with the /eterinary Service" )t also doesnGt have

proper 8ygiene and sanitation measures" About 4"6C families do not have toilet

and 4"6C bathrooms" The common facilities like 1remation Place- Play +round-

Temple- :arket- etc" are also lacking which play a greater role on the livelihood

of the people"

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Life is full of problem- which needs to be considered as the goals and then to be

tackle with proper planning" The problems cannot be avoided but need to be

given attention to overcome them" The refugees must take them with this spirit

and resolve them with their self*efforts" The issues which cannot be resolved at

their level should be presented to the respective authorities and the authorities

reuire to take appropriate action to see to it that the refugees lives a descent life

where they can satisfy their minimum reuirements of life" Affiliation with the

inter*state and national bodies would be a right effort to take care of their ma%or

issues and to retain their culture" The unity among them needs to be maintained

in order to live a better and descent life"

According to these refugees- they have least interest to go back either to the

Bangladesh or to any other places" Therefore- it is obvious that they have to live

amongst the =annadigas for the generations to come" This demands the

knowledge of the local language- culture and other practices" Local )ntegration

can be the possible solution to achieve this" )ntegration with the mainstream

economy as well as the culture is a must for long run stay of a foreign community

in any external culture" They must not loose their religion- honour and culture for

which they left their ancestral properties but at the same time they should also

put their sereious thought towards the issue of local integration" 1an local

integration happen with intercultural marriage with the local communityH

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)ha(ter I

I34RB%A,4IB3

India is the home to one of the largest refugee population inworld. According to the >.(. (tate 'epartment3s Country Report(1998) on Human Rights Practices, ?@,B? refugees wereresiding in India. The >nited 5ations @B@ :onvention on the

(tatus of 1efugees nion %overnment. Asthey were not having anything other than given land, so they hadto adopt Agriculture as their means of livelihoods. The studyreveals that they are facing two kinds of challenges vi). issues,which have aroused due to their migration and the issues ofgeneral nature prevailing in every localities. The most significantfactor, which has come out during the study, is that studying in

mother tongue at the primary level makes it easier to continuewith higher education.

India %ecae Independent on 15t$u#u!t 1947 and in t$at freedo !tru##le all

Indian! irre!pecti0e of a!teD reedD la!!D Se8 and Lan#ua#e took part and

re!ultantl' +e $ad our la!t lau#$ a#ain!t Briti!$) But t$e da' +a! al!o !orr' oent

for all Indian! a! t$e countr' +a! di0ided in to t+o on t$e %a!i! of reli#ion 0i)

Paki!tan and India) Ben#alD t$e ot$erland of Ben#ali!D +a! al!o di0ided into t+o

part!F We!t Ben#al reained +it$ India and t$e a!t Ben#al +ent +it$ Paki!tan)

28

J9e fought for Freedom of )ndia- lost our family members- relatives- friends- near and

dear not to see the division of the 1ountry but to live as respectable 1iti@ens of)ndependent )ndia" #nfortunately after independence we have become second1iti@ens in )ndia"

* $efugees of Sindhanur $ehabilitation Pro%ect


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Ben#ali!D +$o!e propertie! +ere on t$e ot$er !ide of t$e %orderD could not coe to

India lea0in# %e$ind t$eir ance!tral propertie!D de!pite of t$e fact t$at t$e' +ere

intere!ted to li0e in India a! Indian!) J9e fought for Freedom of )ndia- lost our family

members- relatives- friends- near and dear not to see the division of the 1ountry but

to live as respectable 1iti@ens of )ndependent )ndia" #nfortunately after

independence we have become foreigners in )ndiaK)


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Aolkata "etropolitan i!trict) In 197.D t$e refu#ee population in t$e Aolkata

conur%ation +a! 1D.7D965 $atter:ee 1976F 5*621) Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of

Sind$anur %lock in Raic$ur i!trict of Aarnataka under t$e !tud' i! one !uc$ centre

+$ere Ben#ali refu#ee! and Sri Lankan and Bure!e repatriate! $a0e %een

re$a%ilitated durin# 1967-7* in 5 olonie! !pread o0er in a%out 15-,* A fro t$e

%lock cit' Sind$anur)


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t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) It co0er! t$e!e fi0e olonie! in Sind$anur %lock) In t$i!

!tud'D t+o ot$er localitie! rannaap & Basavara%eshwariap2D +$ic$ fall in

t$e %oundar' of t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ectD $a! not %een includedD a! t$e people of

t$e!e cap! are not refu#ee! and !ettled recentl' at t$i! place fro nd$ra Prade!$

%' purc$a!in# a#ricultural land) =o+e0erD attept $a! %een ade to under!tand t$e

relation! of t$e!e people +it$ t$e refu#ee!)


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19 3eterinar' In!titution! 7

32


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33

$o%.. General Feat&res o# the Rai'h&r Distri't/ 0here re#&ges are reha!ilitated

RAI)HUR DISTRI)T PROFI"E

General Feat&res1Ra$c%ur d$&tr$ct $& &$tuated $n t%e nort%ea&tern &ector o! 'arnataka tate encoma&&$ng

geogra%$cal area o! 8386 * 'm* +%e ,$&tr$ct con&$&t& o! !$-e re-enue .lock& &$tuated .etween

ma/or r$-er& 'r$&%na on nort% &$de and +unga.%adra on out% &$de* +%e ,$&tr$ct !all& under

Nort% dry agrocl$mat$c one* +%e redom$nant &o$l& o! t%e ,$&tr$ct are .lack cotton &o$l !ollowed

.y red loamy &o$l* +%e le!t .ank canal o! +unga.%adra rr$gat$on ro/ect ro-$de& $rr$gat$on !or

127296 a $n Ra$c%ur an-$ and $nd%anur .lock&*

De2ogra(hi' Feat&res1

+%e ,$&tr$ct account& !or 3 o! t%e total oulat$on o! t%e tate* +%e e rat$o o! t%e ,$&tr$ct $&

978 a& aga$n&t t%e tate e rat$o o! 961* +%e $teracy le-el o! t%e ,$&tr$ct $& 29 w%$c% $& le&&

t%an t%e tate $teracy le-el o! 56*04* +%e den&$ty o! oulat$on $& 161 er * 'm* a& aga$n&t

t%e tate le-el a-erage o! 234 er * 'm* +%e rural oulat$on con&t$tute& 75*4 o! totaloulat$on o! 13*52 lakhand :;+ oulat$on account& !or 27*3* +%e ,$&tr$ct %a& recorded

30*5 growt% rate o! oulat$on a& aga$n&t tate a-erage o! 21 .etween two demogra%$c

cen&u& o! 1981 and 1991*

)li2ati' Feat&res1

+%e ,$&tr$ct recorded %$g%er ra$n!all $*e* 24*5 more t%an t%e normal ra$n!all (621*2 mm) dur$ng

t%ree year& (199495 and 199697)* owe-er dur$ng 199798 t%e ,$&tr$ct recorded t%e ra$n!all o!

41*9 w%$c% $& le&& t%an t%e normal ra$n!all cau&$ng w$de &read droug%t&* Aga$n dur$ng 1998

99 actual a-erage ra$n!all wa& recorded at 860*2 mm $*e* 38*5 %$g%er t%an t%e normal ra$n!all*

+%e a-erage ra$ny day& $n a year are 48 w$t% $nterm$ttent dry &ell&*

Agro Feat&res1+%e Net own Area (NA) o! 5*68 lak% %a !orm& 67*9 o! total geogra%$cal area o! 8*36 lak%

%a* +%e #ro&& :roed Area (#:A) dur$ng 199899 wa& 6*91 lak% %a $nd$cat$ng t%e cro$ng

$nten&$ty at 121*6 w%$c% $& %$g%er t%an t%e tate a-erage o! 115* +%e Net rr$gated Area

(NA) at 148365 %a !orm& 26 o! NA* +%e &ur!ace water $rr$gat$on account& !or 85*8 o!

NA*

)ro((ing Patternroup %iscussion

ocu!ed ;roup i!cu!!ion ;2 +a! u!ed to find out t$e i!!ue related to

t$e particular #roup !uc$ a! Student!D


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$apter I3

" #BAR32C $I49BA4 %2S4I3"4IB3&


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territorial anc$ora#e andD contrar' to t$eir $ope! and in !pite of t$eir plea!D

o!t of t$e (aa!udra-in$a%ited area! in Bakar#an:D aridpurD ?e!!ore and

A$ulnaD like t$e Ra:%an!i area! of ina:pur and Ran#purD +ent to a!t

Paki!tanD in!tead of We!t Ben#al)


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Wit$ pa!!a#e of tieD t$e

political conte8t of

Paki!tan c$an#ed) Block? in =hulna (istrict

of Bangladesh- having four 1hildren eldestbeing a daughter >!5?" 8e had a happy %ointfamily with ' of his brothers- married havingchildren" They had lots of properties like land-livestock- fishponds- boats etc"

)n !4- one night few :uslim people enteredin to his house and tied Suren and his wife witha pillar and killed their & sons in front of theireyes" Then- all those miscreants had theirphysical en%oyment with the !5 years olddaughter in front of her parents" (ue to

continuous physical assaults she died on spot"They did not spare his wife 0 another daughteralso 0 had the same behaviour with them 0finally killed his wife" They cut the breast ofdaughter with a knife 0 left Suren alive to bearall these pain"

The next morning before he committedsuicide- he narrated the yesterdayGs night story0 told him to leave the country on the day itself"


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to )ndian because all other villages were becoming empty" )n Bangladesh we

were thinking ourselves unsafe and could not help thinking of death

constantly" The :uslims asked us to turn ourselves in to :uslims but we

could not do so and we refused-E !a'! a #roup leader +$o finall' decided to

lea0e t$e countr'" @0er t$e period of tieD t$eir la!t $ope of !ta'in# %ack to

t$at !tate +a! %adl' $it due to t$e increa!in# a#nitude of $ara!!ent! &

t$e' !tared plannin# to lea0e t$e countr' in order to !a0e t$eir li0e! and

+oen) nd t$ere !tarted t$e :ourne' for unkno+n de!tination)

i#) 4)1)1) "ap of India prior to and after t$e partition of t$e ountr')

4), Migration

:igration is defined as a shift in the place of residence for some length of

time while it excludes short visits and tours- it includes different types of both

voluntary and involuntary movements)


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i#)4),)1)


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D9e were told by the people that we would have to come to )ndia but we

never thought it would come true in our lives" 9e heard it while we were

harvesting paddy" ven with such news we sowed our summer crops and

did not bother to sale our wintercrops" 9e thought that agriculturists could

never leave their landsE-!a'! a !all farer of t$e counit') =o+e0erD

t$e ;o0ernent of Ban#lade!$ $ad put re!triction for it! citien! not to

lea0e t$e countr'D !o enterin# India fro Ban#lade!$ +a! fearful and

ri!k')


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+$o +a! left %e$ind) ifferent #roup! reac$ed Indian %order at different

tie and date!) et no definite fi#ure can %e pre!ented +it$ re#ard to t$e

nu%er of Ban#lade!$i ii#rant! in to IndiaD %ut t$e di0i!ion in 1947 and

t$e +ar of li%eration of Ban#lade!$ in 1971 $ad created condition! for

pu!$in# out a lar#e nu%er of people a! refu#ee! fro Ban#lade!$ to

India)


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condition of food and accoodation & took an' li0e! at t$e!e centre!)

;o0ernent took reedial ea!ure %' pro0idin# 0accine! and ot$er edical

con0enience!) @t$er 0oluntar' or#ani!ation! +ere al!o not %e$ind &

or#ani!ation like Sri Raakri!$na !$ra cae for+ard to !er0e for t$e!e

refu#ee!)

ro $ere t$e' +ere taken to @culenta @ffice of Aolkata and pro0ided +it$

$ou!e$old uten!il! & dre!!e! to all t$e failie! and t$en a!ked to #o to

different part! of t$e countr' in %atc$e! of ,5-.5 failie! fro =o+ra$ t$rou#$

#eneral copartent! of train) "an' of t$e lo!t t$eir fail' e%er!D

relati0e! or friend! in t$e +a')


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=aari%aa# t$e refu#ee! $ad to !ta' a%out ,1/,'ear! +$ile at "ana ap

fe+ #roup! $ad to !ta' a%out 6 ont$! +$ile ot$er! a%out , 'ear!) In eac$

ap a%out ,***-.*** failie! $ad to !ta' in t$e tinned $ou!e! or tarpaulin

tent!) t t$e!e interi placeent cell! or ap! e0er' protection +a! #i0en

%' t$e central ;o0ernent alon# +it$ t$e ration) ;o0ernent al!o tried to

pro0ide eplo'ent opportunitie! after 0ocational trainin# to t$e eli#i%le

candidate!)


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Castewise distribution of families migrated from Bangladesh

Aa'a!t$a

1HA!$atri'a

.H

Ra:0an!$i

1H

Paraanik,H

(aa!udra

9,H

Bra$in

1H

Brahmin

Kshatriya

Kayastha

Rajvanshi

ParamanikNamasudra

i#)4),),)


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4). Resettlement

%out ,-. 'ear! $ad to $an# a%out in t$e!e interi cap! for o!t of t$e

refu#ee!) inall'D t$e ;o0ernent !tarted re!ettlin# t$e in different part! of

t$e ountr' like >)P)D ")P)D "a$ara!traD Bi$arD )P)D Aarnataka and an'

ot$er State!) @ne #roup +a! a!ked to !tart for "'!ore a! t$e' +ere told %'

t$e ;o0ernent ut$orit'2) Aarnataka +a! t$en kno+n a! "'!ore State) B'

t$i! tie t$e refu#ee! %ecae little con!ciou! and !elected fe+ leader!

aon# t$e to 0i!it t$e place! +$ere t$e' +ere a!ked to #o fore0er)


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fter a 'ear !ta' in t$e tarpaulin tent in t$i! tran!it capD t$e' +ere !$ifted to

t$e ne+l' con!tructed olonie!) ButD unfortunatel'D t$e tarpaulin tent! did not

lea0e t$e for Euite lon#er period)


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$a0e ne0er %een a%le to an!+er t$i! Eue!tion and $old re!pon!i%le t$eir fate

for t$e pre!ent !ituation!)

It +a! @cto%erD :u!t one ont$ after t$e la!t #roup! arri0al in Septe%er

197*D t$e' or#ani!e a eetin# to +or!$ip t$eir di0init' ur#ade0i- and

con!tituted a JPoo%a 1ommittee aon# t$e)


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! a part of t$e adini!trati0e and financial arran#eent!D ;o0ernent of

India $a0e accorded !anction for incurrin# an e8penditure on de0elopental

and ci0il +ork! to t$e tune of R!).1D 4D***/- for t$e follo+in# pu%lic !er0ice

purpo!e!)

1) Linin# of +ater !uppl' canal! +it$ !tone !ta%le!)

,) on!truction of "edical Su%-centre %uildin#)

.) on!truction of %uildin# for =i#$er Secondar' Sc$ool)

4) on!truction of 5 Euarter! for 5 edical !taff)

5) on!truction of 1* Euarter! for teac$er! and 5 for la!! I3 !taff of

!c$ool!)

6) on!truction of 1 !taff Euarter for field a!!i!tant)

7) "etallin# of road! connectin# olon' (o)1 and olon' (o)4)

) "aintenance of road! connectin# olonie! and al!o cro!!-internal

road! in t$e olonie!)

! per t$e ;o0ernent record!D t$e a%o0e +ork! $a0e alread' %een

copleted %' t$e 8ecuti0e n#ineerD I))D (o). anal i0i!ionD Sind$anur

and $anded o0er to t$e !!i!tant 8ecuti0e n#ineerD Jilla PanchayatD

Sind$anur on 16)9)199114)


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4)4 "daptation

daptation i! a #radual proce!! and cannot take place all of a !udden)

Indi0idual take! tie to %ecoe accu!toed +it$ ne+ circu!tance!) ne+

!ituation a' %e in ter! of cliateD #eo#rap$'D cultureD lan#ua#eD etc)


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%' earnin# for t$eir li0eli$ood a! t$e' $ad %een #i0en 5 acre! of producti0e

land)

In t$e !ucceedin# 'ear anot$er attept +a! ade %' t$e ;o0ernent to train

t$e t$e culti0ation proce!! t$rou#$ deon!tration in t$eir field!) =o+e0erD

;o0ernent didnt !upport full' rat$er pro0ided 5*H of t$e total co!t of

culti0ation a! !u%!id') urin# t$i! 'ear t$e ration +a! !topped totall')


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Wit$ t$eir +$ole$earted and !incere effort! +$en t$e farer! learnt $o+ to

culti0ate t$e crop!D t$e' !tarted #ro+in# different 0arietie! of crop! +it$ lot of

$ope! in t$eir e'e!)


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e8ploitin# t$e poorer at t$i! :uncture) Patron-client relation!$ip +a! fir!t !een

in t$i! counit' at t$i! periodD +$ic$ !till e8i!t!)


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ultural practice! of t$e!e refu#ee! +ere alto#et$er different fro t$at of local

people) =o+e0erD t$e' $ad ne0er +it$dra+n to practice t$e in front of t$e

local people)


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Sc$eduled a!te facilit' fro t$i! counit')


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not allo+ t$e farer! to #ro+ cotton no lon#er +it$ profita%ilit') ottonD t$e

a:or & ca!$ crop of t$e re#ionD ade it! +a'-out fro t$e areaD finall'D

pro%a%l' fore0er)


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con!tructed in a plot donated %' a parent)


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failed e8cept olon' (o)1 & .D +$ere t$e pota%le +ater +a! a0aila%le)


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1997) epartent of ducation !anctioned a =i#$ Sc$ool in Aannada

ediu at Re$a%ilitation olon' (o), and an unaided =indi "ediu =i#$

Sc$ool at Re$a%ilitation olon' (o)4)


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$apter 3

492 S3"PS9B4 B: R29".II4"4IB3 PRB#2,4

4efore we go for understanding the issues of theRehabilitation Pro5ect we must now the pre!ailingconditions# 7ith this endea!our this chapter maes anattempt to document the present scenario of the pro5ect# $tcritically obser!es the demographics ccupational structureResource 4ase $nfrastructures ducational status Cultural

,ilieu conomic Profile and $nstitutional set up of the area#

Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! located at t$e (ort$-a!t of Sind$anur to+n at a di!tance of

1*-15 A fro it to+ard! Raic$ur and aid!t an irri#ated tractD +$ere li0e a%out

1,D*** Sri Lankan & Bure!e repatriate! and Ben#ali refu#ee!)


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5)1 %emographics


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per!on in t$e!e olonie! coe! to *)19 acre! per fail'D +$ic$ i! too den!el'

populated to li0e)


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not$er ate#or' of people 46).6H2 li0e in t$i! pro:ect i! Landle!!

#ricultural La%ourer! LL2) ail' +a#e i! t$eir earnin# for li0eli$oodD +$ic$

i! a#ain a%!olutel' dependent on a#ricultureD and 'et a#ain it i! uncertain) @n

an a0era#e an #ricultural La%ourer #et! ,7* +oan/an-da'! of +ork in a

'earD earnin# R!),5-.5 per da' per per!on)


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,*5

,6

1416

1+7

15.

,5.

.4

,57

(7 5.

,,14

111.

1711

19

6

1,1.111,

'14

,.1719

*

5*

1**

15*

,**

,5*

.**

.5*

6ifferent@ccupation

S" L/L i!$er-en air' Bu!i-ne!! @t$er!

(u%er of ailie!

%istribution of families on the basis of their Bccupations

R)=) &olon' (o)1

R)=) &olon' (o),

R)=) &olon' (o).

R)=) &olon' (o)4

R)=) &olon' (o)5

i#) 5),)1) i!tri%ution of failie! %a!ed on t$eir occupation in Re$a%ilitation olonie! of Sind$anur


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Pre!ent trend of Incoe ;eneration i! !$iftin# to+ard! air' acti0it')

?anakal'anD an (;@D +$en inter0ened in t$e areaD found it +ort$ !tartin#

air' a! an Incoe ;eneration cti0it' I;2 and t$u!D o!t of t$e farer!D

+$o are e%er! of S=;!D are $a0in# at lea!t one cro!! %reed co+! at t$eir

di!po!al)


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(urgadevi teple i! con!tructed in e0er' olon' +it$ t$e counit'

contri%utionD +$ic$ need to %e reno0ated)

5)5 2ducation Status

ducation i! t$e %ack%one of a Societ'- %elie0e! t$i! counit') e!pite

t$eir uc$ intere!t in t$eir c$ildren! educationD o!t of t$e failed to

continue t$eir c$ildren to !c$ool! due to 0ariou! rea!on!)


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in t$eir SSL e8aination a#ain!t ,,5 %o'! in t$e la!t . decade!)


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*6 ,ultural Milieu

Intra-,ommunity Relation&ulturall' t$e!e refu#ee! are alto#et$er different

fro t$e local people) nlike t$e Aannadi#a!D

t$e arria#e !$ould %e out!ide %lood relation)


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and t$e !ae i! true for an' ot$er ca!te!) ButD a! t$e !ettleent i! 0er' !all

in !ieD pre!entl' it $a! %ecoe e8treel' difficult for t$e to arran#e

arria#eD a! all t$e failie! $a0e %ecoe relati0e! to eac$ ot$er o0er a

period of tie) =enceD inter-ca!te! arria#e i! !eenD no+ada'!D +$ic$ i!

a#ain rare) ButD !o far no arria#e! $a0e %een conducted +it$ t$e local

Aannadi#a!) Pre!entl'D it i! al!o !een t$at t$e parent! are +illin# to #et t$eir

c$ildren arried out!ide t$e %oundar' of t$i! refu#ee olonie!)


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It i! al!o found t$at onl' ,H of t$e people fro t$e Ben#ali counitie!

kno+ to interact or at lea!t to under!tand t$e Aannada lan#ua#e +$ile a%out

.6H of


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re!pecti0el' i)e) onl' ,),H ,5 out of 11.5 ca!e!2) %out 5 ca!e! of ,***

+ere durin# election tie +$ere Ben#ali! +ere one of t$e accu!ed and onl' a

!in#le ca!e aon# t$e +a! +it$ t$e local peopleD +$ic$ +ere a#ain an

accident of t+o-+$eeler! and t$e re!t +it$in t$e!el0e!)


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ranked accordin# to t$i! data t$en R)=) olon' (o). 19H +ell to do failie!2

top! ot$er! and R)=) olon' (o)5 li!t! t$e la!t $a0in# onl' ,H of ric$ failie!)


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pre!ident +a! fro t$e R)=) olon' (o)4 +$ile t$i! tieD it i! a lad' fro a

local 0illa#e) ;o0ernent Priar' Sc$ool! are functionin# in eac$ olon'

+$ile a =i#$ Sc$ool i! al!o functionin# at R)=) olon' (o), in Aannada

ediu) It i! intere!tin# to kno+ t$at alo!t all t$e failie! are e%er! of

one or t$e ot$er in!titution! in t$e!e olonie!)


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$apter 3I

492 ,9"23>2S "92"%

Problems are integral part of a life" Facing these with courage help a person togrow and develop in his.her life" Such problems are to be converted as goal andthen to be taken as challenge to overcome them- systematicallyE

-S$anti Ran:an a!D e8-pre!ident of +ram Panchayat)

Ha!ing understood the pre!ailing scenario of the RehabilitationColonies lets now understand the life that these refugees arepassing through in this era of computer# 7e will find that theyare residents of an $sland surrounded by unculti!able

.gricultural land completely isolated from rest of the world#,any challenging issues are ahead of them which neither theye!er been able to sol!e nor the respecti!e authorities tried toresol!e them# 2hese challenging issues can be categorised intwo broad groups !i:# the specific issues emerged due to theirRehabilitation 0 the general issues which are commonly seenin e!ery localities# .lthough few of these issues can be tacledeasily at the local le!el but no efforts ha!e been put to do so#%et us see what are they;

)t is to record specific instances of how aproblem had affected an individual?"

9hat the recommendations areH>8aving identified the problem- the peoplewere asked to use their knowledge aboutthe problem- and of all the attempts toresolve it in a best possible manner" Thisuestion is answered in the 1hapter onSuggestion?"

9ho is responsible for solving the particularproblemH >1ontribution of 1ommunity- Local

+overnment- State +overnment- 1entral+overnment- (evelopmental ,rgani@ations-and others?"


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attept $a! %een ade to enli!t t$e a:or con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le in

t$e Bo8)6)1)1)1)


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! $a! %een alread' di!cu!!ed el!e+$ere t$at t$e!e counitie! are

illiterate lot!D t$e' u!t %e #i0en !pecial protecti0e ea!ure! to inte#rate +it$

t$e ain!trea econo') It i! nece!!ar' %ecau!e t$e' are into an alto#et$er

different and ne+ en0ironent)


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%e !aline +$ile t$e tail-ender! $a0e %ecoe orp$an due to non-a0aila%ilit' of

+ater durin# t$e !ea!on) %out 41)41H land$older! of R)=) olon' (o)4 and

96H of R)=) olon' (o)5 $a0e no acce!! to irri#ation +ater +$ile t$eir

li0eli$ood i! copletel' dependent on a#riculture)


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e!pite $a0in# li0ed $ere for ., lon# 'ear!D and de!pite $a0in# ade t$i!

place t$eir $oe!D t$e' are reinded of t$eir refu#ee %ack#round e0er' tie

t$e' u!e t$eir addre!!)


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Level of education attained by the people of a nation is an integral indicator of

the uality of life7) JAbove all education is the most vital area of development"

)t is through formal as well as informal education that the society can be made

to understand how to live a better lifeK8) @n t$i! #round t$e State ;o0ernent

of Aarnataka $a! an apprecia%le polic' of pro0idin# Priar' ducation

copul!oril' in ot$er ton#ue) ne+l' %orn %a%' need! %rea!t ilk

"ot$er! "ilk2 a! food !iilarl' a ne+l' aditted c$ild to t$e !c$ool need! to

%e #i0en in!truction in ot$er ton#ue) It $a! %een pro0ed t$at %rea!t fed %a%'

%ecoe $ealt$' and !tron#D !iilarl' t$e data fro t$e!e olonie! $a0e

pro0ed t$at t$e c$ildren +$o $a0e t$eir %a!e in ot$er ton#ue $a0e ade

%ri#$ter future +$ile ot$er! failed to continue t$eir education in t$e iddle)


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It i! +ort$ to ention $ere t$at t$o!e +$o $ad t$eir priar' education in

re#ional lan#ua#eD 6H aon# t$e $a0e failed at t$e atriculation it!elf

+$ile re!t at t$e =i#$er Secondar' le0el) It i! al!o e0ident fro t$e data t$at

all t$o!e +$o $a0e $ad priar' education in ot$er ton#ue could not

coplete t$eir $i#$er education) nota%le percenta#e .4H2 aon# t$e

$a! al!o failed eit$er at t$e Secondar' or at t$e =i#$er Secondar' le0el) But

o!t of t$e cited different rea!on! !uc$ a! financial con!traint!D not #ettin#

adi!!ion a! t$e' didnt $a0e t$e ca!te certificateD +ork load %' t$e

#uardian!D re!pon!i%ilitie! to+ard! $ou!e ana#eentD lack of $o!tel or

tran!portation facilit'D etc)


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continued t$eir $i#$er education $a! al!o %een recorded to !ee t$e difficultie!

faced in t$eir $i#$er education)


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A study of South*ast Asian refugees in Texas found that many parents-

particularly those in more scattered immigrant communities- are so worried

that their children are in danger of shedding the parental language and

culture that they send their children for extra weekend classes in their ownlanguage" 9ashington (1 has ! schools that offer tuition in =orean- and

! which work in 1hinese&4)


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educationD eplo'ent and naturaliation $in#e on po!!e!!ion of t$e!e

docuent!)


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nationality laws of the region- children have an automatic right to the

nationality of their place of birth) Large number of refugee children who were

born in exile therefore has full rights to citi@enship and residence in their

country of asylum" For parents with such children- local integration represents

much less of a rupture in family life than a return to their country of origin"

ccordin#l'D t$e refu#ee! of Sind$anur !ati!f' %ot$ t$e factor! and $ence are

eli#i%le for local inte#ration) In ot$er +ord!D t$eir i!!ue! need to %e !ol0ed +it$

local inte#ration)

6)1)6 %e/elopment "uthority


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! t$e coplete re!pon!i%ilit' of de0elopent of 0illa#e! are decentrali!ed to

t$e +ram Panchayatit need! to %e epo+ered +it$ nece!!ar' po+er!D +$ic$

e!!entiall' lack! in t$i! +ram Panchayat)


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have been internationally acceptedK) (o dou%tD t$e pro%le of $ou!in# i!

#eneral) =o+e0erD it $a! %ecoe ore acute for t$o!e #ro0ellin# in po0ert'

like t$e!e

refu#ee!) It i! !een t$at 99)5H

of t$e $ou!e$old! of t$i! area

li0e in kuccha!tructure! $a0in#

no plint$ and t$e +all ade up

of non-dura%le aterial! like

%a%oo and roof! are t$atc$ed

+it$ padd' !tra+ or tin !ee t$e

p$oto#rap$2)


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assistance and attention on priority basis so that they can have this basic

necessity.4) ! $ou!in# encoura#e! econoic acti0itie!D #enerate!

Plate)6)1))1)


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Plate 6)1)),)


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neplo'ent

Po!t &


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2ternal Roads&e!pite %ein# :u!t fe+ Ailoetre! off t$e Sind$anur-Raic$ur

road S= 192D and -,* Ailoetre fro Sind$anurD t$e olonie! are p$'!icall'

PlateF 6),)1)1)


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Roads for "gricultural and&


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internal road! to con!truct t$eir $ou!e!) "o!t of t$e failie! $a0e !tarted

late 6*2*1*2* :rowded %ou&$ng due to nona-a$la.$l$ty o! &urlu& land !or t%e etended !am$l$e& le!t

no $nternal road $n&$de t%e colon$e&

dupin# t$e co+ dun# and kitc$en +a!te! on t$e!e internal road! creatin#

un$'#ienic condition!)

Public 4ransport& e!pite %ein# onl' fe+ Ailoetre! fro t$e %lock =ead-

Euarter! and al!o fro t$e State =i#$+a' 19D t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect doe!

not $a0e %u! connection +it$ Sind$anur or an' ot$er citie! e8cept

Re$a%ilitation olon' (o),D +$ic$ $a! %een connected +it$ !tate tran!port in

Box. 6.2.1.3. The consequences as arise due to lack of Post and Telecom facilities.

The information doesnGt reach at proper time causing difficult situations" :any received the interview cards after completion of the interview" Admission letters and even telegrams received after the date is over" )nvitation 1ard reached when the function was news" Telegram received one month after the death of mother and many"


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recent pa!t)


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6),), $ater

Water i! not onl' a p$'!iolo#ical nece!!it' to $uan! and anial! %ut al!o

e!!ential to a#ricultural and Indu!trial de0elopent and #ro+t$ of an'

ountr') ro tie ieorialD an $a! accepted t$e iportance of +ater

+$ere0er $e found it and u!ed it ad0anta#eou!l')

%rin0ing $ater&


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ana#ed fro el!e+$ere) 0en t$i! +it$ #reat difficult' !ince t$e' often $a0e

to Eueue up for $our! to #et t$eir pot! filled)


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Irrigation $ater& $+2(9:?

in !4- the pace of coverage increased many folds" ,ver 46C of the rural

population in !'"4 lakh habitations of the country has now access to drinking

water with an investment of over !7-777 million through installation of over '

million hand pumps and !"! lakh piped water supply system" ,nly 33-777

habitations left uncovered under this :ission'5 and Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of

Sind$anur %lock fall! in t$e latter cate#or') Water i! life and for t$e!e dr' land

37:%and (1999)


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pea!ant counitie! it i! a u!t) Special attention need! to %e #i0en to !ee

t$at t$e !afe drinkin# & adeEuate irri#ation +ater reac$e! t$e)


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6),). Medical :acilities

Re$a%ilitation olon' (o), $a! a Priar' =ealt$ >nit P=>2 %uildin#

con!tructed recentl') It $a! a !anctioned po!t of full tie "edical @fficer and

Plate 6),).)1) & years old?" 8is wife hasundergone family planning operation after the birth of the son" They were happy"

,ne fine morning- his only son Prabhat was ill" 8e consulted the local $:P and heprescribed certain medicines" )n the night- it becomes very serious" All the attempts oflocal $:Ps failed" 8e advised to take him to Sindhanur- right then" But- the doctor forgotabout the transportation part of the story" PrabhatGs sisters and mother had no otheroption than praying god and crying" Paresh was helpless" 8e did not have a cycle too"9hile he waited the whole night in his house with his sick son- it did not end there" Sincefrom early morning- again she waited near the road for a transportation facility while

Paresh begged for a two*wheeler from door to door for one hour" By the time when hereached his son near the road- he was no more" ,n that very day- with the heart*endingstory- the left the village forever- blaming the fate" This is a common happening of this$ehabilitation Pro%ect"


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"oreo0erD t$e di!ea!e cannot +ait for t$e octor to coe on $i! !c$eduled

da')


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on t$e road!D re!idential plot! and ot$er place! cau!in# lot of $ealt$ related

pro%le!) Black !oil %ecoe! !tick' and $ence t$e internal road! %ecoe

ipa!!a%le)

Plate 6),).),) Sanitar' toilet and %at$roo of refu#ee! cau!in# un$'#ienic d+ellin# condition!

Euall' iportant i! t$e !anitar' facilit') ! !tated earlier a%out 96)5H of

$ou!e$old! do not $a0e toiletD t$e' $a0e to u!e fallo+ or a#ricultural land for

t$e purpo!e) Initiall' plent' of fallo+ land +a! a0aila%le around t$e olonie!D

+$ic$ +ere co0ered +it$ Prosophis %uliflora- a t$orn' %u!$ norall' u!ed a!

fuel +ood) (o+D t$e!e area! $a0e %een de0eloped and u!ed for culti0ation)

urin# t$e croppin# !ea!on neit$er t$e farer! allo+ people into field! for

e8cretion nor it i! con0enient a! t$e field! are irri#ated)


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takin# %at$ in open place $a0in# no ot$er option)


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!e of inten!i0e tec$nolo#ie! !uc$ a! padd' $ar0e!terD tractor for

o!t of t$e far operation $a! replaced 6*H of la%our fro a#riculture) %out

,6H of culti0a%le land located near t$e nalas $a! %ecoe !aline)


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t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! i!olated fro t$e re!t of t$e +orldD t$e educated

'out$! are $andicapped in t$eir !earc$ for :o%! %' lack of inforation and

contact!) %out 5*H of t$e population $ere are landle!! la%ourer!D +$o!e

li0eli$ood i! copletel' dependent on a#riculture) ! t$ere i! no a#ricultural

acti0it' durin# . ont$! +$en t$e canal! run dr'D t$e' !ur0i0e on +$ate0er

t$e' i#$t $a0e !a0ed up in t$e pre0iou! 9 ont$!) Soe a%le %odied people

i#rate to far off place! durin# t$i! period +it$ or +it$out failie! in !earc$ of

eplo'ent) @lder people are left %e$ind and face e8tree di!tre!!)


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po!t office fro ot$er olonie! ran#e fro ,)5 to 9 A) %out 41 A need! to

%e tra0elled %' $i o0er %ic'cle to di!tri%ute t$e ail! in t$e!e !e0en

colonie!D +$ic$ i! practicall' ipo!!i%le o0er t$e in-na0i#a%le road! due to

inadeEuate pu%lic tran!port)


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An Obscure Hope

!u% po!t office for .* da'!

Sl)(o

olonie! @rdinar'letter!

Re#dletter

")@ @t$er!


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6),)6 Salinity 4reatment

! !tated in earlier para#rap$!D t$e coplete econo' of t$e Re$a%ilitation

Pro:ect i! dependent on t$e a#riculture) %out 5*H of t$e failie! $a0e 4-5

acre! of land allotted %' t$e ;o0ernent durin# t$eir re!ettleent)


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propertie! to protect t$eir reli#ion and $onour onl')


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for t$e refu#ee! and !a0ed lot of one' #oin# out of t$e pro:ect) It could $a0e

pla'ed a crucial role in t$e de0elopent of t$e econo' of t$e Re$a%ilitation

Pro:ect)


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u!t po!!e! t$e #rain# land)


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An Obscure Hope

roth of families in the past three decades

1)71 ++1

1,6514, 147.

.596

11*

..*,

9,

19.5

597

1..

*

5**

1***

15**

,***

,5**

.***

.5**

4***

R)=)&olon'

(o)1

R)=)&olon'

(o),

R)=)&olon'

(o).

R)=)&olon'

(o)4

R)=)&olon'

(o)5

Population >roth B/er past three decades

1971 ,**1


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i#) 6),)7)1) ;ro+t$ of population and #ro+t$ of failie! in t$e la!t t$ree decade! in t$e Re$a%ilitaion olonie!


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2panding !illage .oundary&


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da'! old) Siilar i! t$e ca!e +it$ t$e tec$nolo#'D +$ic$ reac$e! t$e!e

colonie! 0er' !lo+l')


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$apter 3II

" MB%2 PRBPBS2% :BR 2,B3BMI, R2,B3S4RA,4IB3

It is the time to introspect what I have found out in this study.The concrete observations made, which are supported by thedata and information, are listed in this chapter for a better andclearer understanding. .s we all now that the social animalHuman 4eing desires to li!e united with all possible comforts#2his group also wishes to ha!e the hea!en in their localities andhopes for the best# 2hey also understand that nothing happens

automatically but need to put efforts to achie!e them# 2heirobscure dream ne!er had been in reality despite their continuousefforts# 6ome alternati!es are suggested in this chapter in orderto mae their dreams realised#


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It al!o +idened t$e #ap %et+een t$e local people +it$ +$o t$e' $ad to interact for

t$eir econoic acti0itie! and t$e refu#ee!D creatin# t+o #roup! 0i) Jt$e' #roupK and

J+e #roupK due to +$ic$ t$eir econoic de0elopent +a! nil and un!ta%le) (ot onl'

t$at %ut de!pite li0in# in t$i! area for t$e pre0iou! .*-., 'ear!D onl' ,H of Ben#ali!

and .6H


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aon# t$e tec$nical #raduate! $a0e $ad t$eir priar' education in Ben#ali or


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%e$a0iour of Ban#lade!$i! !till t$e' ree%er) J,ne can never forget her mother

landDK !a'! t$e olde!t lad' of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect)

S$e Eue!tion!D +$at i! t$e

difference %et+een t$eD %ecau!e

of +$o toda' +e are refu#ee!

lea0in# our ot$erland and all

ance!tral propertie! %e$indD and

u!Q W$' +e $a0e left t$e countr' if

+e deteriorate our culture $ere

tooQ We u!t !tri0e to#et$er to

retain our ori#inalit' for +$ic$ +e

$a0e %een de!i#nated a!

refu#ee!) S$e in!pire! and

encoura#e! t$e counitie! to

!$o+ t$eD +$o $a0e !natc$ed all

our ance!tral propertie!D

ot$erland and +$at notD t$at +e

could a%le to protect our!el0e! +it$

our $onourD culture & reli#ion and

pre!entl' li0in# decentl' in a peaceful & non-0iolent en0ironent creatin# our

o+n ini Sonar Banglaout!ide Ban#la %order)


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ipo!!i%le and t$e forer i! fea!i%le) t t$e !ae tie t$e State ;o0ernent !$ould

pro0ide t$e facilit' of priar' education in $i! or $er ot$er ton#ueD +$ic$ eac$

citien of India i! en:o'in#)


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aon# t$e durin# t$e initial periodD !ole dependenc' on t$e !in#le occupation for

t$eir li0eli$ood cau!in# o0er+$elin# po0ert' and lan#ua#e %arrier re!ultin# into

lack of ep$a!i! on c$ildren! education) (o dou%t t$e re#ional cliate and culture

pla'ed a role onto it %ut ne+ crop! and farin# practice! +ere iportant factor! for

t$eir failure)


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ccordin#l' an attept $a! al!o %een ade to cla!!if' t$e i!!ue! %a!ed on

aut$oritie!D under +$o!e pur0ie+ t$e!e i!!ue! need to %e re!ol0ed) It i! clearl'

!$o+n in t$e i#) 7)1 t$at fe+ pro%le! need to !ol0e e8clu!i0el' %' eit$er t$e

entral ;o0ernent or State ;o0ernent or t$e Local dini!tration +$ile ot$er!

deand t$e attention of an' t+o aut$oritie! aon# t$e) StillD t$ere are 0er' fe+

i!!ue!D +$ic$ dra+ t$e attention of all t$e . le0el of aut$oritie!) But none of t$e +ill

%e !ol0ed unle!! t$e counit' take up t$e i!!ue to t$e re!pecti0e aut$oritie!

%ecau!e ot$er ne0er feed! $er c$ild unle!! it crie!)


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Siilarl' an attept $a! %een ade to !ee +$o i! re!pon!i%le for re!ol0in# t$e

refu#ee i!!ue! and to +$at e8tent it fall! under +$o!e :uri!diction) If t$e i!!ue! are

cla!!ified and #i0en it! due +ei#$ta#e a! percei0ed %' t$e counitie!D t$en t$e

follo+in# fi#ure coe! into picture t$at t$e entral ;o0ernent i! re!pon!i%le for

15H of t$e pro%le!D State ;o0ernent ,*HD Local dini!tration .*HD

e0elopent @r#ani!ation! ,5H and t$e counit' 1*H) lt$ou#$ t$e proce!! i!

e8pected to initiate %' t$e counit' i! a utopian concept %ut it i! al!o true t$at

unle!! t$e %a%' crie! ot$er ne0er feed! it)


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i#) 7).) nfertile Land

(on-a0aila%ilit'of +ater

>na%le to !ale(o propert'ri#$t

;roundWater Ri!e

(o road orBad roadcondition!

(oL


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=o+e0erD +e kno+ t$at t$e i!!ue! eer#ed in t$e !tud' are !e0erel' affectin# t$e

li0e! and li0eli$ood of t$e refu#ee! and if not attained !oon for +it$ appropriate

action!D t$e' a' cau!e !e0ere c$an#e! in t$eir li0e!) It i! al!o kno+n t$at our

adini!trati0e proce!! $a! to follo+ a lon# pat$ t$rou#$ t$e $ierarc$ical !'!te

con!uin# lot of tie & ener#' +$ile t$e!e i!!ue! %ein# 0er' !en!iti0e and need

iediate inter0ention) Aeepin# t$i! in 0ie+ an attept $a! %een ade to point out

t$e root cau!e! of t$e pre!ent !cenario of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect u!in# Lo#ical

rae of nal'!i! L2 to a!!i!t t$e ;o0ernental or (on-;o0ernental

@r#aniation! to inter0ene +it$ de0elopental acti0itie!)


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i#) 7)4) nfertile Land

Wara%and$i!'!te

Sale or c$an#ePropert'

ri#$t

;round Water


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! t$e kno+led#e of Aannada interaction in Aannada2 i! a! lo+ a! ,-.6HD a

Aannada Literac' capai#n +ill %e of uc$ u!e to ake t$e adult learn $o+ to

interact in Aannada +$ile t$e 'oun#er #eneration! +ould learn in t$eir re#ular

!c$oolin#) t t$e !ae tie a counit' teac$er !$ould %e appointed a! an !$ort

ter inter0ention +$ile it !$ould %e in!titutionali!ed t$rou#$ polic' inter0ention in

lon# run)

Lack of credit a0aila%ilit' !ee! to %e an iportant cau!e of failure of a#riculture

+$ile lack of alternati0e eplo'ent opportunitie! i! al!o re!pon!i%le to a #reater

e8tent) n inter0ention in ter! of "icro inance & "icro nterpri!e i#$t %e a

!olution to t$i! i!!ue)


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Intervention Plan

Table 7.1. The short term and long term interventions suggested for the issues of refugee lives along with the agenies res!onsible for im!lementing them.

"l.No.

#hallenges $esired %utomes "hort Term &ntervention 'ong Term &ntervention

(tions (genies (tions (genies1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 #aste Namasudra ) Kshatriyaommunities should bedelared as "#

Re!resentation at the

a!!ro!riate level

"!eial Reservation )

follow u!

#ommunity

%rganisation

$istrit

(dministration

(ff il iation with

various forum

Poliy &ntervention

to $elare as "#

#ommunity

%rganisation

#entral *overnment

+ ,otherTongue-duation

Privilege of studying mothertongue as a 'anguage atPrimary level


a!!ro!riate level

(!!oint ommunity

teahers in every*overnment "hools

$istrit

(dministration

#ommunity

%rganisation

Poliy &ntervention

and inor!oration insyllabus

"tate *overnment

and $e!artment of-duation

,inority Reognition as 'inguisti,inority setion in the "tate


a!!ro!riate level

#ommunity

%rganisation

Poliy &ntervention "tate *overnment

/ 0ousing *ood ) !ermanent s heltersfor their hygieni ) safedwelling

(llotment of houses

under various eistingshemes

$ifferent

layers ofPanchayats

"!eial "heme for

refugee housing

"tate *overnment

2 &rrigation3ater

(de4uate ) e4ual 4uantum of3ater for &rrigation to everyfamily

5ormation of 36(s at

loal ) $istributory level

#ommunity

%rganisation

&ntrodut ion of

3arabandhi system

$e!artment of

&rrigation ) #($(

Pro!ertyRight

Rights over the residential !lot) agriultural land


a!!ro!riate level

#ommunity

%rganisation

Providing the rights $istrit (dministration

7 Revenue8illage

$elaration as Revenue8illages instead of olonies


a!!ro!riate level

$istrit

(dministration

$elaring Revenue

8illage

Revenue $e!artment

9 #iti:enshi! *rant of #iti:enshi! to therefugees


a!!ro!riate level

$istrit

(dministration

(uthority to issue

suh ertifiates

"tate *overnment


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An Obscure Hope

; $evelo!ment (uthority

0anding over the !ower to theGram Panchayat


a!!ro!riate level

Gram

Panchayat

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an obscure hope in the eyes of refugees: what went wrong and how to improve livelihoods of sindhanur...

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