water pollution terminology contamination elevated concentrations of substances in water but with no...
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Water Pollution• Terminology
1. Contamination• Elevated concentrations of substances in water
but with no measurable damaging effects2. Pollution
• Measurable damaging effects• Some definitions require human agency
3. Source• Origin of contaminant/pollutant
4. Receiving Waters• Waters into which contaminant/pollutant is
discharged5. Mixing Zone
• Area where contaminant/pollutant from source mixes with receiving waters
Water Pollution• Sources
1. Point sources• Discharge directly into receiving waters• Easier to characterize and regulate than NPS’s
2. Non-point sources• Pollutants from diffuse sources• Ex: Agricultural waste (manure, fertilizer, “cides”) • May vary regionally and seasonally• Ex: Runoff from streets during SoCal winter• May be difficult to distinguish anthropogenic from
natural effects• Ex: Arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh• Ex: Coliform bacteria in Mission Bay
Water Pollution• Types
1. Degradable• Organic material; can be decomposed by bacteria• Decomposition depletes oxygen (measured by BOD)• Ex: Urban sewage, agricultural & animal waste
2. Dissipating• Disperse/Diffuse in water• Effects usually local• Ex: Heat, acids, chemicals, nutrients (esp. phosphorus in FW)
3. Particulate• Usually inert (non-reactive)• Affects turbidity, may be abrasive, clogs gills/filters• Ex: Sediments, airborne particles (e.g. ash)
4. Conservative• Diverse pollutants, many toxic• Persistent; may facilitate oxygen depletion• Ex: Heavy metals, halogenated hydrocarbons (“cides”),
radioactive materials5. Biological
• Microbes, sometimes pathogenic• Ex: Giardia, Cholera• Indicated by Fecal Coliform Count (FCC)
Water Pollution• Effects
• Ecosystem• Loss of biodiversity (Ex: spp. sensitive to low DO)• Shift of species composition
• Human• Interference with designated beneficial uses
• Human Response• “The solution to pollution is dilution”
• Solutions• Reduce inputs (volume, concentration)• Increase flow (volume, rate)
• Ganges River• Major input: Sewage• Ganges Action Plan (1985)
www.uwec.edu
Pèlissier et al. 2011
Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) from 1993-2007, Uppangala, Western Ghats
moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Status%20Paper%20-Ganga.pdf
Ganga Water Quality - VaranasiMay 2009
0
10
20
30
40
50
Mahad
ev G
hat
Aghore
shwar
Ghat
Naraya
n Ghat
Nagwa
Tulsi G
hat
R.P. G
hat
Panch
Gang
a
Varuna
Diss
olve
d O 2
& B
OD
(mg/
l)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
FCC
(no.
x 1
000/
100
ml)
DOBODFCC
www.friendsofganges.org
FCCEPA Bathing Std: 126 MPN/100 mlGAP Bathing Std: 500-2500Range: 12,000-43,000,000
BODGAP Bathing Std: 3 mg/lRange: 3.6-44
moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Status%20Paper%20-Ganga.pdf
The River Ganges
Ganga Devi / Ganga Ma
Varanasi / Banaras
Ganga Arati Banaras
PURITY AND POLLUTION IN HINDUISMPURITY AND POLLUTION IN HINDUISM
sacred / pure / auspicioussacred / pure / auspiciousprofane / impure & polluting / inauspiciousprofane / impure & polluting / inauspicious
physically clean (physically clean (saf/svacchasaf/svaccha) /) /
ritually-spiritually pure (ritually-spiritually pure (shuddha/pavitrashuddha/pavitra))
physically polluted (physically polluted (ganda/asvacchaganda/asvaccha) )
ritually-spiritually impure (ritually-spiritually impure (ashuddha/apavitraashuddha/apavitra))
Satya Yuga Satya Yuga “Age of Truth,” Golden Age of Purity “Age of Truth,” Golden Age of PurityTreta Yuga Treta Yuga Silver Age Silver Age
Dvapara Yuga Dvapara Yuga Copper Age Copper AgeKali Yuga Kali Yuga Iron Age, Dark Age Iron Age, Dark Age
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