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Trends in Real Driving Emissions fromroadside measurements
Dr James TateInstitute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK
CONTENTS
2
▶ Remote sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Method Verification
▶ Results 2015▶ Effectiveness of Euro 6 /VI Passenger cars
+ Emission Factor estimation+ NOX Emission contribution (%)
LGVs HGVs✘ Buses
▶ #dieselgate analysis
▶ Outlook
METHOD
3
Camera(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser(Common
Configurations)
Camera(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser(Common
Configurations)
REMOTE SENSING VEHICLE EMISSIONSSurveying the vehicle fleet on the road
ESP RSD-4600 instrument (www.esp-global.com)
UVIR
METHOD VERIFICATIONSpeed & acceleration measurements
5
Off carriage-way tests tracked vehicles (VBox: GPS, CAN bus)
Repeated pass-bys
RESULTS | 2015Speed & acceleration measurements
6
Aberdeen campaign 2015:
REMOTE SENSING 10 survey days (08:00 – 18:00 hrs)
25, 000 ‘valid’ measurements
5 sites
CAR TRACKING Sample over 2-days
VBox GPS, road speed (CAN Bus)
160 kms
RESULTS | 2015Speed & acceleration measurements
7
CAR TRACKING REMOTE SENSING
Time stationary = 26%
0 20 40 60 80 100
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Speed (km.h1
)
Acce
lera
tio
n(m
.se
c2)
1
33
65
98
130
162
194
226
258
291
323
355
387
419
452
484
516
Counts
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Speed (km.h1
)
Acce
lera
tio
n(m
.se
c2)
1
12
23
35
46
57
68
79
90
102
113
124
135
146
158
169
180
Counts
METHOD VERIFICATIONInter-comparison of two Remote Sensing Devices
8
METHOD VERIFICATIONCalibration (audit) gas measurements
9
Distribution of the measurement distribution of a controlled gas mixture with known relativeabundances.The binned data shows the measurements with the solid line showing a Normaldistribution derived from the measured data (solid) and theoretical (dashed).
METHODPassenger cars | Estimation of Emission Factors
10
ܯܧ ܫ ܫ Ǥݎ�ܥܣܨ� ଵோௌ =
ଶܥ ோௌ
×ଶܥ
ெ ே
× ݎݎܥ ݐ ܨ� ݎݐ ூ
https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Impact-of-real-world-driving-emissions-for-UK-cars-and-vans.pdf
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Div
erg
ence
of
‘rea
l-w
orl
d’f
rom
man
ufa
ctu
rers
’typ
e-ap
pro
valC
O2
(fac
tor)
Year of first registration
Diesel
Petrol
PASSENGER CARS | NOXResults Spring/ Summer 2015
11
aP
etr
ol_
E0
aP
etr
ol_
E1
aP
etr
ol_
E2
aP
etr
ol_
E3
aP
etr
ol_
E4
aP
etr
ol_
E5
aP
etr
ol_
E6
ax
bH
ybrid-P
etr
ol_
E4
bH
ybrid-P
etr
ol_
E5
bH
ybrid-P
etr
ol_
E6
bx
Die
sel_
E0
Die
sel_
E1
Die
sel_
E2
Die
sel_
E3
Die
sel_
E4
Die
sel_
E5
Die
sel_
E6
dx z
Hyb
rid-D
iese
l_E
5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
NO
X(g
ram
s.km
1
)
PASSENGER CARS | NOX contributonResults Spring/ Summer 2015
12
E0
petr
ol
E1
petr
ol
E2
petr
ol
E3
petr
ol
E4
petr
ol
E5
petr
ol
E6
petr
ol
E0
die
sel
E1
die
sel
E2
die
sel
E3
die
sel
E4
die
sel
E5
die
sel
E6
die
sel
NO
Xco
ntr
ibution
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
[0.0
0]
[0.0
9]
[1.3
6]
[8.9
5]
[19.5
8]
[22.9
2]
[1.9
7]
[0.0
0]
[0.0
0]
[0.2
2]
[3.3
1]
[12.1
5]
[27.5
5]
[1.9
0]
PASSENGER CARS | Euro 6% of Passenger cars registered since Sept 2014 that are Euro 6
13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MER
CED
ES
MIN
I
PO
RSC
HE
BM
W
AU
DI
VO
LKSW
AG
EN
FOR
D
VO
LVO
HYU
ND
I
CIT
RO
EN
VA
UX
HA
LL
SEA
T
PEU
GEO
T
SKO
DA
KIA
HO
ND
A
JAG
UA
R
LAN
DR
OV
ER
MA
ZDA
NIS
SAN
TOYO
TA
%Eu
roV
I
Diesel Petrol
PASSENGER CARS | PM (opacity)Results Spring/ Summer 2015
14
aP
etr
ol_
E0
aP
etr
ol_
E1
aP
etr
ol_
E2
aP
etr
ol_
E3
aP
etr
ol_
E4
aP
etr
ol_
E5
aP
etr
ol_
E6
ax
bH
ybrid-P
etr
ol_
E4
bH
ybrid-P
etr
ol_
E5
bH
ybrid-P
etr
ol_
E6
bx
Die
sel_
E0
Die
sel_
E1
Die
sel_
E2
Die
sel_
E3
Die
sel_
E4
Die
sel_
E5
Die
sel_
E6
dx z
Hyb
rid-D
iesel_
E5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
PM
Index
/C
O2ra
tio
LGVs | NOXResults Spring/ Summer 2015
15
Die
selc
ar_
E2
Die
selc
ar_
E3
Die
selc
ar_
E4
Die
selc
ar_
E5
Die
selc
ar_
E6
dx
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
2
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
3
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
4
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
5
LG
V_N
1-I
_F
2
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
2
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
3
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
4
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
5
LG
V_N
1-I
I_F
2
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
2
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
3
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
4
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
5
0
50
100
150
200
NO
X/
CO
2ra
tio
*10000
LGVs | PMResults Spring/ Summer 2015
16
Die
selc
ar_
E2
Die
selc
ar_
E3
Die
selc
ar_
E4
Die
selc
ar_
E5
Die
selc
ar_
E6
dx
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
2
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
3
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
4
LG
V_N
1-I
_E
5
LG
V_N
1-I
_F
2
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
2
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
3
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
4
LG
V_N
1-I
I_E
5
LG
V_N
1-I
I_F
2
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
2
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
3
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
4
LG
V_N
1-I
II_E
5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
PM
Index
/C
O2ra
tio
HGVs | NOXResults Spring/ Summer 2015
17
Art
ic_E
2
Art
ic_E
3
Art
ic_E
4
Art
ic_E
5
Art
ic_E
6
Rig
id_E
2
Rig
id_E
3
Rig
id_E
4
Rig
id_E
5
Rig
id_E
6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
NO
X/
CO
2ra
tio*
10000
HGVs | NOXCorroboration TfL data
18
aN
2rigid
0%
load
aN
3rigid
0%
load
bN
2rigid
100%
load
bN
3rigid
100%
load
cR
SD
rigid
d
dN
3art
ic0%
load
dN
3art
ic100%
load
zR
SD
art
ic
0
20
40
60
80
NO
X/
CO
2ra
tio
*10000
https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/In-service%20emissions%20performance%20of%20Euro%206VI%20vehicles%20WEBSITE%20COPY.pdf
#DIESELGATEEuro 5 2.0-litre diesel cars with EA189 engine
19
#A
UD
I
#S
EA
T
#S
KO
DA
#V
OLK
SW
AG
EN
BL
AN
K
OT
HE
RS
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0N
OX(g
ram
s.k
m1
)
DIESEL
Euro V Standard
OTHERS:2.0-litre diesel enginesfrom other Marquese.g.BMWFORDKIATOYOTAVAUXHALL
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Year of registration
NO
X(g
ram
s.k
m
1)
Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI
Emission standard
#DIESELGATENOX emissions by marque & Year of 1st registration
#DIESELGATENOX emissions of common marques & models
Euro Standard
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5AUDI
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
BMW FORD
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
LANDROVER MERCEDES
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
PEUGEOT SKODA
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
VAUXHALL VOLKSWAGEN
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5VOLVO
OUTLOOK
22
23
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