the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems life science 2010 鄭先祐 (ayo) 製作

The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive systems

Life Science 2010

鄭鄭鄭 (Ayo) 製作

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The various ways species get oxygen

Fig. 19.1 skin breathing in the sea anemone.

皮膚很薄，直接滲透。

Fig. 19.2 The external gill in Necturus, the mud puppy.

外鰓突出。

Life Science 2000 3Fig. 19.3 The gill structure of a bony fish.

運用 countercurrent flow 方式

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逆流循環：水流和血液流動，兩者方向剛好相反。如此可以帶走最大量的水中氧氣。

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Respiration of insects Tracheal system The openings to the system are

called spiracles (Fig. 19.4) oxygen enters the tracheal system,

move through the tracheae deep into the body tissue.

No cell lies far from an oxygen source.

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Fig. 19.4 The respiratory system of an insect.

The vast tracheal system in insects reaches all

cells. It thus carries on a more-or-less direct

exchange without the involvement of the circulatory system.

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Human Respiratory Structures Nose ( 鼻 ) Pharynx ( 咽喉 ) Trachea ( 氣管 ) Bronchi ( 支氣管 ) Bronchioles ( 微氣管 ) Alveoli ( 肺泡 )

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Fig. 19.5 上半 The human respiratory system.

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Fig. 19.5 下半 The human respiratory system.

支氣管

肺泡

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吸氣

Flattening of diaphragm and rib ele

vation

吐氣

Diaphragm and ribs return to normal positions

Fig. 19.6 Breathing in humans occurs as the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the ribs rise, causing the lings

to fill with air.

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Fig. 19.7 The primary respiratory control center is located in the medulla and

pons of the brain. The medulla is very sensitive to carbon dioxide levels, but it

also receives input from sensory receptors in the

carotid arteries.

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Essay 19.1 The joy of smoking

A person aged 25 who smokes two packs of cigarettes a day will live about 8.5 years less than a nonsmoker.

If you quit in time, the damage is largely reversible.

The bottom line is simple: if you smoke, quit.

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Circulation in animals Fig. 19.8 open circularoty

system, blood is pumped trough vessels to open sinuses, through which it gradually makes a return to the heart.

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The closed circulatory system

Fig. 19.9 earthworm. The blood

remains enclosed in vessels, thus the system is "closed".

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Essay19.2 The incredible blood-brain barrier Physicians can't treat many brain dise

ases because the brain won't allow their medicines in.

The nicotine, cocaine and alcohol is allowed in, but the medicine isn't.

Why? 脂溶性，或是水溶性？

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The human vessels A heart pumps blood into large arterie

s, which branch into smaller arterioles, and finally into capillaries.

Then through venules into veins, and return to the heart.

In humans, the length of the entire system is estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 miles, 70 percent of which is capillaries.

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Fig. 19.10 The major blood vessels of the

human body.

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Blood pressure The sudden

swell of blood during systole expands the aorta.

During diastole, blood pressure remains high because of the force of the aorta on the remaining blood in the vessel.

Fig. 19.11

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Blood Blood cells and plasma erythrocytes

red blood cell

hemoglobin live about 120days in human

leukocytes lymphocytes platelets

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魚類

兩生類 鳥類與哺乳類

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Fig. 19.14

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Fig. 19.14

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Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood enters left atrium from pul

monary veins.

Atria contract together; blood enters right and left ventricles

through valves

Right ventricle pumps blood to

lungs via pulmonary arteries.

Left ventricle pumps blood to blood via aorta.Fig.

19.14

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Fig. 19.15 As the SA node

initiates an impulse that immediately is fired to the AV node, which sends impulses to the ventricles along the bundle of His to Purkinje fibers, causing the powerful muscles to contract in a specific sequence.

SA node

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Essay 19.3 Heart attack Heart attack, it is the result of a

blockage of the arteries that feed the heart.

When such an artery is blocked, the oxygen-starved muscles of the heart begin to die.

Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup in blood vessels of a number of substances, such as fat, fibrin, and calcium. These substances reduce the elasticity of the vessel, and raise blood pressure.

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Essay 19.4 CPR CPR (Cardiopulmonary

resuscitation) is a critical lifesaving technique.1. Check for unconsciousness and

lack of pulse. Call or send for help. Roll the victim onto his back.

2. Open the airway by lifting the neck and tilting the chin upward.

3. Check for breathing by holding your ear close to the victim's mouth, so you can hear or feel the breathing.

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CPR 4. If there is no breathing, pinch the

victim's nose and press your open mouth against his. Breathe rapidly into his mouth four times without allowing the victim to exhale completely after each ventilation.

5. If the victim begins breathing and has a pulse, discontinue rescue breathing. If breathing and pulse are absent, begin chest compression.

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6. Kneel beside the victim. Find a spot two finger-widths above the tip of the breastbone. Put the heel of one hand over the other and place them on this spot.

7. Thrust down, depressing the breast-bone about an inch and a half. Thrust rhythmically 15 times, about once a second.

8. Lean over quickly, breathe twice into the victim's mouth (as in step 4).

9. Repeat the cycle of 15 compressions and 2 breaths until help arrives. Check periodically for pulse. Stop chest compressions if pulse or breathing resumes.

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Fig. 19.16 The human Lymphatic System

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Fig. 19.16 Lymph node

Lymph nodes tend to swell and become sore if they are involved in fighting and infection near them.

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Fig. 19.17 (a) digestive syst

ems of sponge, food is trapped in microvilli in the collar cells and taken in by phagocytosis.

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Fig. 19.17 (b) Digestive systems of hydra.

Food is partly digested outside the cells of the gut, then brought inside the cells where the process is completed.

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Fig. 19.17 (c) earthworm has a complete digestive tract, with an entrance and an exit.

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Fig. 19.18 The human digestive system.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, Large intestine

accessory organs liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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Essay 19.5 Heimlich maneuver

The openings of the trachea and esophagus are closed together.

Food go down wrong into the air passages.

通常可以咳出，但嚴重的會造成無法呼吸。

More than eight Americans die this way each day.

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Heimlich maneuver 1. Stand behind the victim. 2. Wrap your arms around

the waist. 3. Make a fist ( 拳頭 ) with

one hand, knuckle( 指關節 ) directed upward and inward against the victim.

4. Place the knuckles between the rib cage and the navel( 肚臍 ).

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Heimlich maneuver

5. Cup the other hand over the fist( 拳頭 ). 6. Quickly press inward and upward agai

nst the victim's abdomen. 7. Repeat if necessary. 8. Get the victim to a doctor as soon as p

ossible because the procedure can break the sternum( 胸骨 ), or a rib( 肋骨 ).

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Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system. (a) the stomach.

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Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system (b) small and large intestine.

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Essay 19.6 But weight！ About 5,100 萬美國人 are regarded as ov

erweight. 許多人盡力在減肥，但九成減肥者都會 reg

ained weight. Long-term weight losss involves a combi

nation of moderate dieting and moderate exercise, both of which usually involve some behavior modification.

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Anorexia ( 厭食症 ) Anorexia is most commonly found in

women in their teens and early twenties, a time that psychologists tell us is often marked by self-doubt and feelings of insecurity.

Their greatest fear may be of being fat and hungry, and so they diet, and often exercise, obsessively ( 胡思亂想 ).

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Bulimia ( 暴食症 ) Bulimia refers to "eating like an ox", some

times taking in twenty times the calories of a normal diet.

Then the person vomits( 嘔吐 ), or takes a laxative( 瀉藥 ) to rid themselves of the food, both of which can be damaging.

Both bulimia and anorexia can be difficult to treat, and long-term psychotherapy may be required.

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Lose fat A discovery in 1995 is b

eing regarded as a "breakthrough" in weight loss; a hormone, called leptin, that makes animals--even thin ones--lose body fat.

但仍需幾年的人體測試，才能上市。

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An ethical concern Blood doping involved withdrawing blood

and storing it until the body replenished its red blood cell count, then returning the stored blood to the body, thus artificially elevating the red blood cell count.

Athlete sometimes do this to increase their endurance, although it is illegal.

Do you think it is fair to punish those who get caught?

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問題與討論！

japalura@hotmail.com

Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/