the early middle ages main idea: geography influenced where medieval europeans settled and what they...

The Early Middle Ages

Main Idea:Geography influenced

where medieval Europeans

settled and what they did.

Europe as a Europe as a QueenQueen

Munster, 1588Munster, 1588

Europe as a Europe as a QueenQueen

Munster, 1588Munster, 1588

Europe’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. US

Satellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of Europe

3,800 square miles3,800 square miles

RREEGGIIOONNSS

RREEGGIIOONNSS

Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)

AsiaAsia 44,579,00044,579,000

AfricaAfrica 30,065,00030,065,000

North AmericaNorth America 24,256,000 24,256,000

South AmericaSouth America 17,819,00017,819,000

AntarcticaAntarctica 13,209,00013,209,000

EuropeEurope 9,938,0009,938,000

Oceania (incl. Oceania (incl. Australia)  Australia)   7,687,000 7,687,000

Europe: A Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsula of Peninsulas?Peninsulas?

Europe: A Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsula of Peninsulas?Peninsulas?

OROROROR

A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?

Europe:Europe: An Asian An Asian PeninsulaPeninsula??

Europe:Europe: An Asian An Asian PeninsulaPeninsula??

Northern PeninsulasNorthern PeninsulasNorthern PeninsulasNorthern Peninsulas

Jutland Peninsula

Scandinavian Peninsula

Southern PeninsulasSouthern PeninsulasSouthern PeninsulasSouthern Peninsulas

Iberian Peninsul

a

Italian Peninsul

a

Balkan Peninsul

a

AnatoleanPeninsu

la

CrimeanPeninsul

a

PPeenniinnssuullaass

PPeenniinnssuullaass

Scand

inav

ian

Pen.

JutlandPen.

Iberian Pen.

Italian Pen. Balkan Pen.

Anatolean Pen.

Crimean Pen.

Peloponnesian Pen.

What’sWhat’sthethe

answeranswer????

What’sWhat’sthethe

answeranswer????

BBooddiieess

ofof

WWaatteerr

BBooddiieess

ofof

WWaatteerr Mediterranean Sea

North Sea

AtlanticOcean Baltic

Sea

BlackSea

AegeanSea

Adriatic Sea

TyrrhenianSea

Bay ofBiscay

Strait ofGibraltar

DardanellesStrait

ArcticOcean

English Channel

CaspianSea

The Mediterranean Sea: The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Mare NostrumNostrum

The Mediterranean Sea: The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Mare NostrumNostrum

2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide

“ “Crossroads of 3 Continents”Crossroads of 3 Continents”Caesarea on the Caesarea on the

Israeli coastIsraeli coast

Strait of Gibraltar Strait of Gibraltar & the& the “Pillars of “Pillars of

Hercules”Hercules”

RRiivveerrss

RRiivveerrss Danube R.

Seine R.Rhine R.

Loire R.

Po R.

Tiber R.

Tagus R.

Thames R.

Elbe R.

Oder R.

Vistula R.

Dnieper R

.

Vo

lga R

.Don R.

Ebro R.

The Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube River

1770 miles1770 miles

The Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube River

Flows through the Flows through the 12 countries12 countries of Germany, Austria, of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine. Ukraine.

Where Buda Where Buda & Pest Meet& Pest MeetWhere Buda Where Buda & Pest Meet& Pest MeetBiking Biking

Along the Along the DanubeDanube

Biking Biking Along the Along the DanubeDanube

The Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga River

The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.

The Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga River

The river is soThe river is so polluted that the polluted that the sturgeon catch has sturgeon catch has been decreased by been decreased by 60%. 60%.

Why are most Why are most of the capitals of the capitals of Europe on of Europe on

major riversmajor rivers????

Why are most Why are most of the capitals of the capitals of Europe on of Europe on

major riversmajor rivers????

Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (1)(1)Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (1)(1)

Paris, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineLondon on the ThamesLondon on the ThamesLondon on the ThamesLondon on the Thames

Prague on the VltavaPrague on the VltavaPrague on the VltavaPrague on the Vltava Budapest on the DanubeBudapest on the DanubeBudapest on the DanubeBudapest on the Danube

Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (2)(2)Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (2)(2)

Berlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow River

Rome on the TiberRome on the TiberRome on the TiberRome on the Tiber Vienna on the DanubeVienna on the DanubeVienna on the DanubeVienna on the Danube

What’sWhat’sthethe

answeranswer????

What’sWhat’sthethe

answeranswer????

Answer:Answer:Answer:Answer:

They are They are Europe’s lifeline!Europe’s lifeline!

They are They are Europe’s lifeline!Europe’s lifeline!

MMoouuttaaiinnss

&&

PPeeaakkss

MMoouuttaaiinnss

&&

PPeeaakkss

Alps Mts.Pyrennes Mts.

Apennines Mts.

Dinaric Alps

Carpathian Mts. Caucasus Mts.

Ural M

ts.

Mt. Etna ^

Mt. Vesuvius ^Mt. Olympus ^

ElevationElevationElevationElevation

AlpsCarpathians

Caucasus

Urals

Pyrennes

Apennines

The AlpsThe AlpsThe AlpsThe Alps

Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, andand parts of Italy and France. parts of Italy and France.

Mt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the Alps

Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feetHighest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet

The Caucasus MountainsThe Caucasus MountainsThe Caucasus MountainsThe Caucasus Mountains

The origin of theThe origin of the word word CaucasianCaucasian..

TransylvaniaTransylvania in the Carpathian in the Carpathian MountainsMountains

TransylvaniaTransylvania in the Carpathian in the Carpathian MountainsMountains

Home of Home of Vlad TepešVlad Tepeš, the, the Drakul Drakul (“Count Dracula”)(“Count Dracula”)

Ural Mountains: “The Great Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”Divide”

Ural Mountains: “The Great Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”Divide”

Divides the European and Asian sections of Divides the European and Asian sections of Russia.Russia.

1500

mile

s

The Ural MountainsThe Ural MountainsThe Ural MountainsThe Ural Mountains

PPllaaiinnss

PPllaaiinnss

Northern European Plain

Steppes

Siberian Lowlands

The BENELUX CountriesThe BENELUX CountriesThe BENELUX CountriesThe BENELUX Countries

* BelgiumBelgium

* NetherlandsNetherlands

* LuxembourgLuxembourg

* BelgiumBelgium

* NetherlandsNetherlands

* LuxembourgLuxembourg

Holland’s DikesHolland’s DikesHolland’s DikesHolland’s Dikes

Amsterdam’s CanalsAmsterdam’s CanalsAmsterdam’s CanalsAmsterdam’s Canals

The The Netherlands:Netherlands:

The The “Dagger”“Dagger” Pointing at the Pointing at the

Heart of Heart of Britain!Britain!

The The Netherlands:Netherlands:

The The “Dagger”“Dagger” Pointing at the Pointing at the

Heart of Heart of Britain!Britain!

PPllaatteeaauuss

PPllaatteeaauuss

Meseta

CCoommpplleetteedd

MMaapp

CCoommpplleetteedd

MMaapp

North Sea

AtlanticOcean Baltic

Sea

BlackSea

AegeanSea

Adriatic Sea

TyrrhenianSea

Bay ofBiscay

Strait ofGibraltar

DardanellesStrait

ArcticOcean

English Channel

CaspianSeaDanube R.

Seine R.Rhine R.

Loire R.

Po R.

Tiber R.

Tagus R.

Thames R.

Elbe R.

Oder R.

Vistula R.

Dnieper R

.

Vo

lga R

.Don R.

Ebro R.

Alps Mts.Pyrennes Mts.

Apennines Mts.

Dinaric Alps

Carpathian Mts. Caucasus Mts.

Ural M

ts.

Mt. Etna ^

Mt. Vesuvius ^Mt. Olympus ^

Siberian Lowlands

Northern European Plain

Steppes

Scand

inav

ian

Pen.

Jutland Pen.

Iberian Pen.

Crimean Pen.

Balkan Pen.

Anatolean Pen.

Peloponnesian Pen.

Italian Pen.

10,000 BCE – Ice Age10,000 BCE – Ice Age10,000 BCE – Ice Age10,000 BCE – Ice Age

Norwegian Norwegian FjordsFjordsNorwegian Norwegian FjordsFjords

Glaciers Glaciers cut deep cut deep valleys in valleys in the the oceanocean during during thethe Ice Age. Ice Age.

Earthquake ZonesEarthquake ZonesEarthquake ZonesEarthquake Zones

Reykjavik, Iceland:Reykjavik, Iceland:“The Youngest Oldest Country”“The Youngest Oldest Country”

Reykjavik, Iceland:Reykjavik, Iceland:“The Youngest Oldest Country”“The Youngest Oldest Country”

VolcanoesVolcanoes

Hot Hot SpringsSprings

GeysersGeysers

Mediterranean IslandsMediterranean IslandsMediterranean IslandsMediterranean Islands

Generally ruggedGenerally rugged & mountainous. & mountainous.

Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea so polluted Sea so polluted (will take 1000 (will take 1000 years to clean up). years to clean up).

SardiniaSardinia

CyprusCyprus

MaltaMalta

Mt. Etna, SicilyMt. Etna, SicilyMt. Etna, SicilyMt. Etna, Sicily

An activeAn active volcano volcano

Mt. Vesuvius, ItalyMt. Vesuvius, ItalyMt. Vesuvius, ItalyMt. Vesuvius, Italy

1944 eruption1944 eruption

Pompeii, Pompeii, 79 CE 79 CE

Herculaneum, 79 CEHerculaneum, 79 CE

Russia’s Russia’s 1010 Time ZonesTime ZonesRussia’s Russia’s 1010 Time ZonesTime Zones

Siberia --> Siberia --> PermafrostPermafrostSiberia --> Siberia --> PermafrostPermafrost

Average temperatures of January Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C July from 1 to 25°C

150,000,000 population.150,000,000 population. A former “A former “gulaggulag”” Soviet prison camp. Soviet prison camp.

Lake Baikal, SiberiaLake Baikal, SiberiaLake Baikal, SiberiaLake Baikal, Siberia

The oldest and deepestThe oldest and deepest lake in the world. lake in the world.

20% of the world’s 20% of the world’s totaltotal unfrozen water supply. unfrozen water supply.

Trans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian Railroad

Completed in 1905.Completed in 1905.

Trans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian Railroad

TThe main line runs 5,785 miles.he main line runs 5,785 miles.

Europe’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. US

ClimatClimatee

ClimatClimatee

Average Annual Average Annual PrecipitationPrecipitation

Average Annual Average Annual PrecipitationPrecipitation

Europe’s Natural RegionsEurope’s Natural RegionsEurope’s Natural RegionsEurope’s Natural Regions

The North European PlainThe North European PlainThe North European PlainThe North European Plain

The Northern European Plain --> The Northern European Plain --> An Invasion Route into Asia An Invasion Route into Asia (& Vice (& Vice

Versa?)Versa?)

The Northern European Plain --> The Northern European Plain --> An Invasion Route into Asia An Invasion Route into Asia (& Vice (& Vice

Versa?)Versa?)

SteppesSteppes: “Soviet” : “Soviet” BreadbasketBreadbasket

SteppesSteppes: “Soviet” : “Soviet” BreadbasketBreadbasket

The SteppesThe SteppesThe SteppesThe Steppes

25% of the old 25% of the old Soviet Union’s Soviet Union’s food supply. food supply.

Major Regional Divisions of Major Regional Divisions of the Former U. S. S. R.the Former U. S. S. R.

Major Regional Divisions of Major Regional Divisions of the Former U. S. S. R.the Former U. S. S. R.

Chernozen SoilChernozen Soil

Germany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black Forest

Germany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black Forest

Tundra: The Not-So-Barren Tundra: The Not-So-Barren LandLand

Below the Arctic CircleBelow the Arctic Circle

Tundra: The Not-So-Barren Tundra: The Not-So-Barren LandLand

Below the Arctic CircleBelow the Arctic Circle

LLaanndd

UUssee

LLaanndd

UUssee

Agricultural ActivityAgricultural ActivityAgricultural ActivityAgricultural Activity

RREESSOOUURRCCEESS

RREESSOOUURRCCEESS

MajorMajorIndustrialIndustrialResourceResource

ss

MajorMajorIndustrialIndustrialResourceResource

ss

Oil Export Routes in the Caucasus AreaOil Export Routes in the Caucasus AreaOil Export Routes in the Caucasus AreaOil Export Routes in the Caucasus Area

MajorMajorEnvironmentaEnvironmenta

llDisastersDisasters

& Pollution& PollutionProblemsProblems

MajorMajorEnvironmentaEnvironmenta

llDisastersDisasters

& Pollution& PollutionProblemsProblems

Acid RainAcid RainAcid RainAcid Rain

World Population by ContinentsWorld Population by ContinentsWorld Population by ContinentsWorld Population by Continents

AsiaAsia 3,737,000,0003,737,000,000

AfricaAfrica 823,000,000823,000,000

EuropeEurope 729,000,000 729,000,000

North AmericaNorth America 486,000,000486,000,000

South AmericaSouth America 351,000,000 351,000,000

Oceania (incl. Oceania (incl. Australia)   Australia)   31,000,000 31,000,000

AntarcticaAntarctica no permanent no permanent population population

Population DensityPopulation Density[People Per Square Mile][People Per Square Mile]

Population DensityPopulation Density[People Per Square Mile][People Per Square Mile]

BelgiumBelgium 336.82 Mexico 52.15

Japan 336.72 United United StatesStates

29.77

India 336.62 World 14.42

United United KingdomKingdom

244.69 NorwayNorway 14.42

ItalyItaly 192.96 Canada 3.36

FranceFrance 108.09 RussiaRussia 8.61

PopulationPopulationDistributioDistributio

nn

PopulationPopulationDistributioDistributio

nn

PopulatioPopulationn

GrowthGrowth

PopulatioPopulationn

GrowthGrowth

Members of the Indo-Members of the Indo-European Language FamilyEuropean Language Family

Members of the Indo-Members of the Indo-European Language FamilyEuropean Language Family

MajorMajorReligiouReligiou

ssGroupsGroups

ininEuropeEurope

MajorMajorReligiouReligiou

ssGroupsGroups

ininEuropeEurope

The Rhine, Danube, Vistula, Volga, Seine, and Po rivers made it easy to travel into the interior of Europe and encouraged people to trade.

Seas and rivers provided safety and opportunities for trade.

As a continent, Europe is a large peninsula that is divided into many smaller peninsulas.

Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of an ocean or sea and this encouraged trade and fishing.

Bodies of water also kept people separated and allowed them to develop their own distinct cultures.

Europe has many mountain ranges which made it difficult for one group to rule all of Europe and encouraged the development of independent kingdoms.

The Roman Empire united all the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.

The last Roman emperor fell from power in A.D. 476 and the unity was lost.

Western Europe was then divided into many kingdoms as Germanic invaders began conquering large areas of Europe.

The Germanic KingdomsMain Idea: The Franks, Angles, and

Saxons of Western Europe built new societies and defended them against Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings.

Germanic Kingdoms

The kingdoms of western Europe developed different societies

based on their locationsVisogoths

of Spain and the Ostrogoths

of Italy were close to the center of the old Roman Empire so they adopted many

Roman ways.

Other groups farther

from Rome held

on to more of their

Germanic Traditions.

The Angles and Saxons

invaded Britain from

Denmark and Germany and

became the Anglo-Saxons.

Germanic Kingdoms

The Celts were pushed out of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and went to the present day areas of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

Who were the Franks?

A Germanic people called the Franks settled the area

that is now France.

The most important

nobles were chosen to become Mayor of the Palace whose role was

to give out land, settle disputes, and

fight their own wars.

After Clovis died, his sons divided

his kingdom and beganfighting over land allowing nobles to

take over many royal duties.

King Clovis of the Franks became a Catholic, won the

support of the Romans, and influenced most Franks to become

Catholic

The most powerful mayor, Charles Martel, wanted

to unite all Frankish nobles under his rule and restore order in

the lands of the western Roman

Empire.

The pope, who was head of the Catholic Church,

offered his support to Charles Martel

The Catholic Church wanted all of Europe

to be Catholic.

North Africa conquered Spain and Muslim forces.

In A.D. 711, a Muslim army from invaded France.

In A.D. 732, Charles Martel led the Franks against the Muslims and defeated them at the Battle of Tours to stop the Muslim advance into Europe.

Christianity remained western Europe’s major religion.

When Charles Martel died, his son Pepin became Mayor of the Palace and with the support of the Catholic Church, he eventually became king of the Franks.

When the Lombards threatened the pope, Pepin defeated them.

Pepin donated the land he conquered to the pope and the pope ruled these lands as if he were a king. They became the Papal States.

After Pepin died, hisson Charles became king.

Who wasCharlemagne?

Charles invaded eastern Germany and defeated

the Saxons orderingthem to convertto Christianity.

Later, he invaded Spain and

fought theMuslims for

control

Charles also protected

The pope from theLombards.

By A.D. 800, Charles

kingdom had grown into an empire

and coveredmuch of

western and central

Europe

Charlesconquests earned himthe name

of Charlemagne

or Charles

the Great.

OnChristmas

Day inA.D. 800,the popecrowned

Charlemagneand declared

him the NewHoly

RomanEmperor.

Charlemagne made Aachenthe capital of his empire

and to uphold laws, he set upthe courts throughout the

empire.

Nobles called counts ranthe courts.

Charlemagne sent out inspectors

called the lord’s messengers

to make sure the courts were

obeying orders.

Charlemagne believed in education and wanted his people to be educated.

He asked a scholar named Alcuin to start a school in one of the royal palaces to teach children of

government officials.

His students studied religion,

Latin, music, literature, and

arithmetic.