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The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Krzysztof Sośnica
krzysztof.sosnica@gmail.com
Wrocław, 27th May 2008Wrocław, 27th May 2008SC of GeoinformaticsSC of GeoinformaticsInstitute of Geodesy and GeoinformaticsInstitute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesSciences
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Cartographical reefsCartographical reefs
Cartography projection
Terrain elevation
Generalization
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
GeneralizationGeneralization
Cartographic generalization is the process of selecting and representing information of a map in a way that adapts to the scale of the display medium of the map. In this way, every map has, to some extent, been generalized to match the criteria of display. This includes small-scale maps, which cannot convey every detail of the real world. Cartographers must decide and then adjust the content within their maps to create a suitable and useful map that conveys geospatial information within their representation of the world.
Generalization is not a process that only removes and selects data, but also a process that simplifies it as well. Simplification is a technique where shapes of retained features are altered to enhance visibility and reduce complexity.
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
SimplificationSimplification
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Sonoric methodSonoric method
The method of sonoric code as well as the device was created and developed by Ewa Krzywicka-Blum and Janusz Kuchmister. This method assumes connecting auditory and kinaesthetic senses. It allows to develop the educational aids by adding drawings, maps, graphs or schemata, which are altered from simplified graphic form into sound.
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
1 – Operating plate, 5. – Horizontal axis, 18. Indicator, 25 – Vertical axis, 36. Headphones, 38. Discslot, 41. Controling and registering system,
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Fig. 1. The operational field of the sonic digitizer
Similarly to the two linear Cartesian co-ordinates locating point belonging to a graphical scene, two characteristics of a signal – the frequency along vertical direction and the volume, in relation to the horizontal move of pointer in the operational area, have been chosen.
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
The blind working with the sonic digitizer
Decoding of the elements of the scenes may be performed in three different versions:1) A teacher decodes the scene themselves, moving the detector in the operation area, while a pupil hears out the sounds in the phones,2) A teacher and a pupil decode the scene together (pupil’s and teacher’s hands together move the detector in the operation area) while the pupil hears out the sounds in the phones,3) The pupil decodes the contents of the scene unaided, steering the movement of the detector in the operation area and simultaneously hearing out the sounds in the phones. Source: 9, Krzywicka-Blum, Kuchmister, 1999
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Example - rectangleExample - rectangle
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Second ExampleSecond Example
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Example - PolandExample - Poland
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Tobler’s GeneralizationTobler’s Generalization
Eliminating of points without including into consideration the topology.
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 1500
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-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Egypt – original contour– 58 pointsEgypt – original contour– 58 points
Result of generalization:Result of generalization:
Egypt – after simplification– 27 pointsEgypt – after simplification– 27 points
- Similar areas;-- Center of gravity is kept;
- Decomposition of points is regular;
Tobler’s GeneralizationTobler’s Generalization
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Jenk’s generalization:Jenk’s generalization:
Eliminating points which can be treated as reclinig on the contour line (which distance from the straight line is less than the allowed distance).
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Jenk’s generalization:Jenk’s generalization:
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 1500
20
40
60
80
100
120
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
- Areas are kept;- Perimeters are kept;
- Centres of gravity are kept;-Decomposition of points is irregular;
Egypt – original contour– 58 pointsEgypt – original contour– 58 points
Result of generalization:Result of generalization:
Egypt – after simplification– 27 pointsEgypt – after simplification– 27 points
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Jenk’s and Tobbler’s generalization:Jenk’s and Tobbler’s generalization:
Egypt – original contour– 58 pointsEgypt – original contour– 58 points
Result of combined generalization:Result of combined generalization:
Egypt – after simplification– 12 pointsEgypt – after simplification– 12 points
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 1500
20
40
60
80
100
120
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Area change - 0,35%
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Lang’s generalization:Lang’s generalization:
This algorithm demands two parameters:- amount of „front points” (n) during examination;- Parameter of tolleration (t)
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Lang’s generalization:Lang’s generalization:
Original - Croatia (653) Croatia after simplification(36)
-areas of objects are kept-large reduction of points;
-shape of object is quite good kept
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Chrobak’s generalization:Chrobak’s generalization:
In this method hierarchy of points as well as topology are kept. In the first step we choose the constant points, which shall not be removed, then (the second step) we create new points on the contour line.
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Chrobak’s generalization:Chrobak’s generalization:
Original – Croatia (653) After simplification (22)
-Particular large amounts of iterations;-Shape of objects are kept;
- Areas are kept
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Possible directions:
Sonoric generalization:Sonoric generalization:
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Sonoric generalization:Sonoric generalization:
Original - Croatia (653) Croatia after sonoric generalization(53)
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Generalization in Orffe’s scale:Generalization in Orffe’s scale:
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 50 100 150 200 250
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Shape ratiosShape ratios
Shape ratios are mathematic equations which describes the geometrical shape of contours. They can be used as an objective indicators for characteristic the shape.
S – area
L – perimeter
Examples:Examples:
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Tobler’s generalization(34)Original(745)
Jenk’s generalization (86)
Lang’s generalization (36)
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Sonoric generalization(32)
Original (745)
Chrobak’s generalization(34)
Sonoric generalization(22)
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Original(745)
in Orffe’s scale (54)
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Chrobak’s generalizatio
n(34)Generalization Area W3 W4 W5 W6
Original 1 0,83 0,72 0,91 0,56Tobler 1,12 0,85 0,68 0,83 0,49Jenks 0,82 0,8 0,81 0,78 0,43Lang 0,93 0,85 0,75 0,88 0,52
Chrobak 0,98 0,84 0,72 0,87 0,55Sonoric 1,18 0,88 0,63 0,71 0,48
Lang’s generalization(
36)
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
Results:Results:
- It is possible to use various simplification It is possible to use various simplification algorithms for generalization the contour lines,algorithms for generalization the contour lines,
- The best results are achieved by the Lang’s The best results are achieved by the Lang’s method (velocity) and by Chrobak’s method method (velocity) and by Chrobak’s method
(accuracy).(accuracy).
Krzysztof SośnicaKrzysztof Sośnica
SC of GeoinformaticsSC of Geoinformatics
Wrocław U of E and LSWrocław U of E and LS
Introduction
Sonoric digitizer
Generalization
methodsSonoric
generalization
Results
Characteristic of method
Bibliography
Summary
The Analysis of Chosen The Analysis of Chosen Generalization MethodsGeneralization Methods
BibliographyBibliography1. Klimczak H., 2003: „Modelowanie kartograficzne w badanaiach rozmieszczenia zjawisk 1. Klimczak H., 2003: „Modelowanie kartograficzne w badanaiach rozmieszczenia zjawisk
przestrzennych”, Wydawnictwo AR we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2003przestrzennych”, Wydawnictwo AR we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2003
2. Krzywicka-Blum E., 1998; „Sonoryczne uwarunkowania kodowania punktów”, Zesz. Nauk. AR we 2. Krzywicka-Blum E., 1998; „Sonoryczne uwarunkowania kodowania punktów”, Zesz. Nauk. AR we Wrocławiu, S. Geodezja i Kartografia Nr 343, str. 139-134, WrocławWrocławiu, S. Geodezja i Kartografia Nr 343, str. 139-134, Wrocław
3. Kuchmister J., 1998: „Analiza dokładności pozycjonowania punktów w polu operacyjnym 3. Kuchmister J., 1998: „Analiza dokładności pozycjonowania punktów w polu operacyjnym digitizera sonorycznego”, Zesz. Nauk. AR we Wrocławiu, S. Geodezja i Kartografia Nr 343, digitizera sonorycznego”, Zesz. Nauk. AR we Wrocławiu, S. Geodezja i Kartografia Nr 343, str. 181-190, Wrocław, Polskastr. 181-190, Wrocław, Polska
4. Krzywicka-Blum E , Kuchmister J., 1999, monografia, str. 100, Kat. Geod. i Fot. 4. Krzywicka-Blum E , Kuchmister J., 1999, monografia, str. 100, Kat. Geod. i Fot. AR, Wrocław, AR, Wrocław, PolskaPolska
5. Krzywicka–Blum E., Kuchmister J., 2005, „Rola sekwencji sygnałów sonorycznych w tworzeniu 5. Krzywicka–Blum E., Kuchmister J., 2005, „Rola sekwencji sygnałów sonorycznych w tworzeniu wyobrażeń przestrzennych osób niewidomych”, Fizjoterapia t 13, Nr 2 str. 33–39, Wrocławwyobrażeń przestrzennych osób niewidomych”, Fizjoterapia t 13, Nr 2 str. 33–39, Wrocław
6. Ćmielewski K. Krzywicka–Blum E., Kuchmister J, Parol M., 2005, „Urządzenie do odtwarzania 6. Ćmielewski K. Krzywicka–Blum E., Kuchmister J, Parol M., 2005, „Urządzenie do odtwarzania testów sonorycznych”, Patent UPRP Nr 189881, Polskatestów sonorycznych”, Patent UPRP Nr 189881, Polska
7. Bubliński Z. Cetnarowicz K. : „Zastosowanie elementu składowego do przetwarzania obrazów 7. Bubliński Z. Cetnarowicz K. : „Zastosowanie elementu składowego do przetwarzania obrazów optycznych”, Tom 10, zeszyt 1, 1991optycznych”, Tom 10, zeszyt 1, 1991
8. Krzywicka-Blum E.,Kuchmister J. „The sound coding method as an educational aid for the blind”8. Krzywicka-Blum E.,Kuchmister J. „The sound coding method as an educational aid for the blind”9. Krzywicka-Blum E., Kuchmister J. „The sonic modelling in blind people education”9. Krzywicka-Blum E., Kuchmister J. „The sonic modelling in blind people education”
10. Chrobak T. „Automatyzacja procesu generalizacji kartograficznej i jej wyników prezentowanych 10. Chrobak T. „Automatyzacja procesu generalizacji kartograficznej i jej wyników prezentowanych na mapie”, 2006 AGH Krakówna mapie”, 2006 AGH Kraków
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention
Krzysztof Sośnica
krzysztof.sosnica@gmail.com
Wrocław, 27th May 2008Wrocław, 27th May 2008SC of GeoinformaticsSC of GeoinformaticsInstitute of Geodesy and GeoinformaticsInstitute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesSciences
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