sustainable transport: the embarq footprint
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Sustainable Transport: The EMBARQ Footprint
Darío Hidalgo, PhDSenior Transport Engineer
EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center for Sustainable Transport
May 2010
A successful urban transport system involves…
Low travel times and travel costs for people and goods
Equal access to urban life opportunities (social services, education, health, recreation)
Adequate support to desired form, size and density of the city-region
Limited impact on the environment: air/noise pollution; CO2 emissions
Reduced impact on public health: injuries, fatalities, respiratory disease, obesity
London, England
London, England
This implies a huge challenge as
City population increases…
Sou
rce
: U
nite
d N
atio
ns P
opu
latio
n D
ivis
ion,
Wor
ld
Urb
aniz
atio
n P
rosp
ect
s, T
he 2
005
Rev
isio
n
Urban population in India is expected to double in a 30 year
period62.4 78.9 109
159217
285372
473
583
700
820
0100200300400500600700800900
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
Pop
ulat
ion
(Mill
ions
)
Projected
Source: O.P. Agarwal and S. Zimmerman “Towards Sustainable Mobility in Urban India”, Presented in the Annual TRB Meeting, Washington D.C. January 2008
India’s urban population will double in just 30 years
and also…Number of vehicles increases faster than population following economic development
Source: Lee Schipper, University of California at Berkeley, 2009
The number of motor vehicles is growing twice as fast as the population in India – mainly two wheelers (71%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2004
Thousands
Total M2W Cars Buses Goods
Source: O.P. Agarwal and S. Zimmerman “Towards Sustainable Mobility in Urban India”, Presented in the Annual TRB Meeting, Washington D.C. January 2008
However, Financial, institutional, physical resources are constrained
A very large burden is imposed on the society, especially the low income population
-12.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0
Mexico City
Sao Paulo
Buenos Aires
Bangkok
Santiago
Dakar
Land and Parking
Congestion
Accidents
Noise
Air Pollution
Road Revenues
10.7
7.1
8.4
5.7
5.9
5.6
1.0
1.6
Source: World Business Council on Sustainable Development, 2001.
Percent of the Gross Regional Product in Transport Externalities
¿What to do?
Alternative 1: Capital intensive solutions
Give greater capacity to the road network to relieve congestion
Build massive rail transport systems (light rail- metro)
Alternative 2: Change paradigms
Give priority to non motorised transport and bus-based public transport
Restrict indiscriminate automobile use
USA HighwayPhoto: FPPQQ
Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPhoto: FPPQQ
Capital & Land intensive solutions:
highways
Capital intensive solutions: highways
Use great amount of resources
Generate permanent needs of maintenance and subsidies
Privilege the minority using private vehicles
Result in urban expansion, consuming agricultural land and protected areas
Do not generate local development: resources and equipment are mostly imported to the region
Have long implementation times (5-10+ years before seeing any result)They do not solve the problem: it is like attacking obesity with larger pantsThey are not sustainable in financial, environmental, social or urban aspects
Infrastructure solutions lead to greater automobile dependence
Greater use of automobile doesn’t mean greater economic productivity…
Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997
Automobile dependence and Regional Economy
Reg
ion
al G
DP
per
per
son
(U
SD
19
90)
Automobile Use (Km/year per person)
Automobile dependent cities spend more on infrastructure
United States cities spend an average of US$122 MORE per year per person than a peer cities in Australia, Europe and Canada and US$201 MORE than Hong Kong
Gasto en Vialidad
R2 = 0.5194
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
Uso del Automóvil (Km/año por persona)
Pre
sup
ues
to A
nu
al p
or
Per
son
a (U
S$
1990
)
Australia
EEUU
Toronto
Europa
Asia
Tendencia
Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997
Automobile Use (Km/year per person)
Road Infrastructure Expenses
An
nu
al r
oad
infr
astr
uct
ure
b
ud
get
per
per
son
(U
S 1
990)
Automobile dependent cities have more accidents
Cities of United States have 66% more deaths in traffic accidents per person than peer cities in Europe and Asia, and 123% more than Toronto
Accidentalidad
R2 = 0.5748
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
Uso de Automóvil (Km por año por Persona)
Mu
erte
s en
Acc
iden
te d
e T
rán
sito
po
r 10
0, 0
00
Hab
itan
tes
Australia
EEUU
Toronto
Europa
Asia
Tendencia
Road Safety
Fat
alit
ies
in
Ro
ad
A
ccid
ents
pe
r 10
0,0
00
po
pu
lati
on
(19
90)
Automobile Use (Km/year per person)
Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997
Automobile dependent cities generate more atmospheric pollutants
Gases de Efecto de Invernadero
R2 = 0.9313
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
Uso de Automóvil (Km por año por Persona)
Em
isio
nes
de
CO
2 p
or
Per
son
a (K
g*1
00) Australia
EEUU
Toronto
Europa
Asia
Tendencia
In United States cities, 3.5 times more CO2 per person is emitted than in Hong Kong, 2.4 times more than European cities, 1.9 times more than in Toronto and 1.6 times more than in Australian cities
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(19
90)
Automobile Use (Km/year per person)
Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997
Automobile dependent cities have low densities (occupy large extensions)
R2 = 0.4278
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Km Carro/Persona/Año (1995)
Per
son
as/H
ectá
rea
(199
5)
USAAU-NZCanadá
Europa Occ.Europa Or.
Africa
Asia Ingreso Bajo
Asia Alto Ingreso
América Latina
China
Medio Oriente
Source: J. Kenworthy "Transport and Energy Use: A Study of 84 Global Cities", 2003
Automobile Use (Km/year per person 1995)
Per
son
s/H
ecta
re (
1995
)
Alternative Solutions for Sustainable Urban
Transport
Pedestrian and Bicycles
Public Transportation
Transit Oriented Development
Disincentives to Car Use
Cleaner and Cooler Fuels and Vehicles
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG
Alternative solutions for sustainable transportLow costHigh impact: reduction of accidents, pollution and travel timesMore compact cities, socially integratedDevelopment of local industryFast implementation (3-5 years from the idea to implementation)
More attractive cities that ease location of businesses and professionals and urban development Santiago
ManilaLondonSao Paulo
1. Non motorised transportPedestrian and bicycle priorities
Recovery of invaded public space
Infrastructure construction
Promotion and incentives
Safe bicycle parking
Road safety
LONDONPhotos: DHG
UTRTECH, THE NETHERLANDSPhoto: FPPQQ
1. Non motorised transport
ALAMEDA EL PORVENIR, BOGOTAPhotos: FPPQQ
CARRERA 15, BOGOTAPhotos: IDU
2. Disincentives to indiscriminate car useCongestion charging: Singapore, London, Sweden, SantiagoAdministrative measures (plate restrictions)Parking controlsTaxes (fuel, property)Citizens’ culture
Bogota, no car day
Bogota, Sunday Ciclovía
London
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Local scale:
Nodes around stationsJoint development: residental + commercial + education + entertainmentDense Housing (3-4 floors) with generous public space
Helsinki Photo J. Kenworthy
Vancouver Photo J. Kenworthy
ZurichPhoto J. Kenworthy
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)
Urban and regional scale:
General principles
Limits to urban expansion and generation of protected areas (zones that cannot be developed - ecological structure)
Obligatory consistency between local detailed plans and transport plan
Provision of public space in every new development and renovation
Occupation indexes favorable to public transport use
Incentives and bonuses for development of desired uses (instruments)
Obligation to balance growth of employment and housing
Copenhagen map
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)
Source: IPUCC Curitiba, Brazil
3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)Curitiba, Brazil
Source: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm
4. Bus Systems
4. Bus Systems
High qualityUser orientedFastReliableLow cost
Leeds, UK
Sao PauloCuritiba
Components of a High Quality Bus System
Road Infrastructure and Priority
Stations and bus stops
Differentiated services (local, accelerated, express)
Integrated services (feeder and other modes)
Integrated tickets, affordable by users
Advanced technologies – user information, fare collection and control
Good quality buses, multiple doors, low emissions
Metrobus Insurgentes, Mexico DF
Trolebus, Quito
Components of a High Quality Bus System
User information systems
Good access to pedestrians and cyclists
Sustainable economic rules (performance based contracts with operators – no subsidies, or clearly defined subsides)
Land use management (densification, mixed uses around stations – transit oriented development)
Full accessibility (old age, children, people with disabilities)
Excellence in user service
Marketing (Image)Metrobus Insurgentes,
Mexico DF
Optibús, León, Guanajuato
Bus systems are critical for energy independence in India
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1980 2000 2030: BAU 2030 FuelEff.
2030:TWW
2030: SUT 2030 ExtraEffort
EJ
Tota
l Del
iver
ed E
nerg
y
Rail
Buses
3 Wheelers
2 Wheelers
Cars
Schipper L. Banerjee I. and Ng W.S. “CO2 Emissions from Land Transport in India Scenarios of the Uncertain”, TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2009
27% Less Energy as compared with 2030 BAU
It is possible for any city to transform itself into a sustainable city…
Bogotá, Colombia, 1998
Bogotá has applied integrated policies for sustainable transport
Slid
es d
evel
oped
orig
inal
ly b
y D
ario
Hid
algo
Results are extraordinary…F
uent
es: E
ncue
sta
Anu
al “
Bog
otá
¿C
ómo
Vam
os?”
ww
w.e
ltiem
po.c
om;
Total Public Transport
Traditional Public TransportTransMilenio BRTS
Private (Car, Two Wheeler)
Active Transport (Walking, Bicycle)
Main mode of transport 1998-2009
Our Footprint
“The EMBARQ global network catalyzes environmentally and financially sustainable transport solutions to improve quality of life in cities.”
Mexico City’s Metrobús is one of the largest bus rapid transit systems in the world.
The mayor of MexicoCity campaigned ona platform ofexpanding Metrobúsfrom a one-lineoperation to acitywide networkof 10 lines.
45 Km BRT System
450,000 passengers per day
“It’s nothinglike driving,especially atrush hour wheneveryone’sleaving theoffice.”
Macrobús Guadalajara reduces travel times, prevents traffic accidents, and helps combat climate change.
Macrobús Guadalajara, México
16 Km, 127,000 passengers/day
MEDEC is a roadmap for CO2 reductions in Mexico’s transport sector.
44
MEDEC Scenario for road transport
45
Potential and cost of emission reductions (Independent Implementation)
The key tosolving theproblem isgetting peopleout of their carsand into masstransit.
Transit-oriented development aims to create easy connections to where people work, live and play in a city.
The retrofit pilotproject demonstratedthat diesel particulatefilters, when combinedwith clean diesel, canreduce over 90 percentof the particulatematter emitted fromMexico City’s buses.
EMBARQ’s study helped guideMexico City officialsin purchasingthe most cost-effective busesfor their fleet.
Brazil containsnumerousburgeoning citiesthat are nowsuffering from thestandard problemsof growth.
“Portais da Cidade” is the flagship BRT system in Brazil, designed to revitalize downtown Porto Alegre, improve public transit and reduce pollution.
Porto Alegre has received support from several organizations thanks to EMBARQ
EMBARQ’S innovative financing partnership with CAF will help improve daily life for millions of people in Latin American cities.
The EMBARQ BRT Simulator shows how small changes can make a big impact on cities planning newBRT corridors.
Rio de Janeiro used EMBARQ software to evaluate a proposed BRT system for carrying potential visitors to the 2016 Olympic Games.
Sustainable transport not only combats climate change; it also improves public health.
CTSS-Andinohelped remove720 highlypolluting shared taxicabs fromthe streets of Arequipa.
By focusingon people, not cars, Arequipa can preserveits historic heritage.
Arequipa’s transportplan calls for a15-kilometer busrapid transit corridorto make more of thecity accessible to thegrowing population.
Reducing transportemissions is animportant goalbecause theynegatively impactpublic health andcontribute to globalclimate change.
EMBARQestimates that ifIstanbul does notbegin to addresstransport-relatedair pollution,emissions coulddouble by 2015.
The inter-continental BRT corridoreases congestion along the famous Bosphorus Bridge – one of the key traffic bottlenecks in the city.
“It seems tome it wouldhelp if thebuses couldhave theirown lane.”
Launched inSeptember 2007,Istanbul’s bus rapidtransit corridoris now one ofthe most heavilytraveled BRT linesin the world.
The Historic Peninsula can protect its legacy through an integrated traffic plan.
Millions ofIndians will soonjoin the middleclass and be ina position to buytheir first car.
The national policysets the guidelinesfor cities that wantto receive fundingfor bus rapidtransit and othersustainable urbantransport projects.
EMBARQconducted acritical reviewof Bangalore’straffic andtransport plan.
Pune, anexpandinguniversity city,is home toIndia’s autoindustry.
The winningbid solidified Indore's position as a model city for sustainable transport.
Delhi's newbus corridor meets its key objectives,but there isstill room for improvement.
Bangaloreis poised to become the "cycling capitalof India."
Janmarg Ahmedabad, India
Next Stop: China
While cities arethe epicentersof economicgrowth in China,they are alsochoking on theside effects.
Air quality andtraffic flow willdramaticallydeteriorate aspeople trade intheir bicyclesfor motorcyclesand cars.
Like many of China’sgrowing cities,Xi’an is undergoinglarge-scale growthboth in terms ofmotorized vehiclesand population.
In 2005, Shanghaiinstalled 26kilometers ofpeak-hourbus lanes indowntown.
Global Strategic Partners Shell Foundation
Caterpillar Foundation
Bloomberg Philanthropies
Institutional DonorsThe William and Flora Hewlett FoundationAndean Development CorporationBP Petroleum Ltd.Ford Motor CompanyFedEx
Project Sponsors Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs
US AID
US EPA
Ford Motor Company
Asian Development Bank
Energy Foundation
World Bank
Blue Moon Fund
Godrej Industries Ltd.
Institute for Transport and Development Policy
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Mexico National Institute of Ecology
Mexico’s Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources
Panamerican Health Organization
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership
Alcoa Foundation
Bipartisan Policy Center
British Embassy in Brazil
British High Commission in India Strategic Programme Fund
ClimateWorks Foundation
The William J. Clinton Foundation
Environmental Defense Fund
Shell Development Oman LLC
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
U.K. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Volvo Research and Educational Foundations
Wheels Inc.
World Economic Forum
World Health Organization
Inter-American Development Bank
Government of Colombia DNP
Transport Research Laboratory UK
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