sustainable design for a low carbon footprint by fabiano ximenes
DESCRIPTION
Sustainable design for a low carbon footprint Fabiano Ximenes, NSW Department of Primary Industries Carbon positive wood and wood products are enabling architects and designers to create buildings with low or zero (negative is possible!) carbon footprints.TRANSCRIPT
Sustainable Design for Low Carbon Footprint
Fabiano Ximenes
Fabiano Ximenes
Sustainable Design
for Low Carbon Footprint
Weighing 15-year old Radiata tree
Presentation Outline
Basic carbon science
Carbon in wood products
Greenhouse footprint of wood products
LCA of wood products in buildings
Photosynthesis process
(www.butler.edu)
To produce 0.65 g C – 1 MJSolar power required (high quality sites)
Carbon Facts
Carbon makes up 50% of the tree dry weight
Younger forests sequester carbon at a higher rate
About 25% of the forest biomass is in roots and 20% in woody debris.
Carbon is released as tree components decay
Forests fires – contributor to GHG emissions
Carbon Facts – cont.
World’s forests and soils store more than one trillion tonnes of carbon – twice as much as in the atmosphere
Plantations, commercial native forests and conservation forests cover 14% of Australia
Australian forests store 6.6 billion tonnes of carbon (excluding soil carbon)
In 2007: plantations and managed hardwood forests removed a net 18.9 million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere
Australia’s forest coverTotal Forested Area: 149.4 M ha
900
340
90
45
40.5
Tonnes per hectare of carbon in above-ground biomass
15Poster prepared by Kate Düttmer, 2003Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse AccountingBased at State Forests of NSW Research & Development DivisionPO Box 100 Beecroft NSW 2119 AUSTRALIA
Carbon Stocks in Native Vegetation
Open Woodland
Shrubland
Grassland
Open Forest
Woodland
Image sources: (1) Christopher Dean; (2) State Forests of NSW; (3) State Forests of NSW; (4) Kelvin Montagu; (5) Kelvin Montagu; (6) Ben Harms; (7) Silje Eikrem; (8) Stephen Roxburgh; (9) Modified from Dr J.A. Carnahan’s ‘Natural Vegetation of Australia’ map, in Australia: A Geography, ed. D.N. Jeans, Sydney University Press, 1977.
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Distribution of vegetation types
in Australia
Tall Open Forest
Weighing messmate stem on trailer
Wood products and Native Forests
Native forests managed for conservation: 23 M ha
Native forests managed for prodution: 9.4 M ha
Production from native forests (09/10): 2.5 M m3 of saw and veneer logs
In 2005: managed hardwood forests removed a net 11.9 million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (years)
Car
bo
n i
n t
ree
bio
mas
s (t
/ha)
Harvest Cycle – Radiata Pine Plantations
Weighing 15-year old Radiata tree
Forest Residues
Sawlogs
Other commercial
logs 8% C
Board products
Pulp / Mulch
Bioenergy
Burnt – waste
Life Cycle of Wood Products
Wood – environmental benefits Renewable resource
Carbon storage
Low energy-intensity in manufacture
Processing residues used to generate energy
Substitution benefits
Softwoods
(M m3)
Hardwoods
(M m3)
Softwoods
(M m3)
Hardwoods
(M m3)Detached Houses 1.6 0.21 2.3 0.28Other dwellings 0.14 0.04 0.2 0.04Alt. and additions 1.1 0.48 1.5 0.46Total 2.84 0.73 4 0.78
2007 2018-22
Dwelling type
Consumption of wood in dwellings in Australia
Source: BIS Shrapnel; Sawn Timber in Australia 2008-2022
Wood products in houses
Roof frames and trusses: 90% Softwood
Wall frames: 75% Softwood; 9% Steel
Flooring: 78% Particleboard; 6% Hardwood
Decking: 40% Hardwood, 45% Softwood
Window frames: 48% Aluminium; 27% Softwood; 12% Hardwood
Wood products in houses: from 0.2 m3/m2 in 1945 to 0.06 m3/m2 in 2008 (Kapambwe et al 2008):
- Loss of markets
- More open planning
- Better usage of timber members
Wood products in houses
Average service life of houses: 45 years
Wood products in landfills
In 2006/07: 20.8 Mt of waste landfilled in Australia
Wood waste disposal: 2 Mt / year
Decomposition in landfills
• Modern landfills: large, deep, compaction, anaerobic
• Decay of organics: 50:50 CO2 and CH4
• Best-practice landfills: 75 - 90% CH4 recovery
• Methane generation: 0-30 years
Excavation at Lucas Heights
Excavation at Sydney Park
Excavation at Meadowbank
Western Sydney (C&D)
46 years in landfill
44 years in landfill
Plywood
PlywoodMDF
Particleboard
Carbon loss from forest products in landfills:field and experimental results
Wood product Carbon loss (%)
Solid wood (Field)
0-18
Radiata pine, Blackbutt (Lab)
0
Composite materials (Field and Lab)
0-15
Newspapers, magazines
0-21
Carbon Storage in Australia's Forest Plantations, Wood Products in Service and in Landfill
8 8 M t C
9 4 .6 M t C
1 3 7 .5 M t C
P la n t a t io n s
W o o d in s e r v ic e
W o o d in la n d f i l ls
Buildings and GHG Emissions Construction, operation, maintenance and
demolition of buildings: 40% of global GHG emissions
Building sector: 23% of Australia’s GHG emissions
GHG emissions from buildings: double by 2050 if energy usage is not addressed
Energy savings alone: 30% across the building sector by 2030 (IPCC)
Greenhouse and energy footprint of wood production - NSW
FacilityTonnes CO2-e/
tonne Tonnes CO2-e/
m3 GJ/m3 GJ/tonne
Particleboard 0.86 0.63 5.37 7.36
Plywood 0.81 0.58 4.52 6.27
MDF 0.76 0.38 4.61 9.22
Hardwoods 0.42 0.33 3.1 3.9
Softwoods 0.4 0.21 3.9 7.3
Truss and frame 0.18 0.093 1.2 2.32
Greenhouse emissions from wood production in NSW in 2009 (t CO2-e)
328120
15301
163393
184300
128278Softwoods
Hardwoods
Plywood
MDF
Particleboard
Long-term storage from wood production in NSW in 2009 (t CO2-e)
-511406
-112293
-276990
-134553
-14178
Softwoods
Hardwoods
Plywood
MDF
Particleboard
GHG emissions and long-term storage
Net GHG Footprint: - 0.2 Mt CO2-e
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Em
issi
ons
LTS
Em
issi
ons
LTS
Em
issi
ons
LTS
SWDS HWDS EWPs
t C
O2-
e /
t o
f p
rod
uct
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)“Internationally recognised scientific method of
examining the total environmental burden associated with a product and its use. It embraces all the activities
that go into making, transporting, using and disposing of that product.”
Inputs: raw material resources (petroleum, minerals, water, timber), energy in the form of fossil fuels and electricity, etc...
Outputs: Air and water emissions (CO2, CO, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, chemicals), solid wastes, etc...
Impact categories: Global warming, biotic resources, land use,human health, acidification, etc...
Substitution effect
G r e e n h o u s e g a s e s e m it t e d in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f b u i ld in g m a t e r ia ls u s e d in a r a n g e o f c o n s t r u c t io n c o m p o n e n t s f o r a s in g le s t o r e y
h o u s e in S y d n e y , A u s t r a l ia
0
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1 0
1 2
1 4
F lo o r s t r u c t u r e F lo o r c o v e r in g W a ll f r a m e R o o f f r a m e W in d o w s
CO
2-e
(t)
S t e e l s u b - fr a m e
C o n c r e te
s l a b
T i m b e r
s u b - f r a m e
C e r a m i c t i l e s
H a r d w o o d
T & G
B r i c kS te e l
S o f tw o o d
S te e l
T i m b e r
A l u m i n i u mT i m b e r
Approach
Bill of quantities for popular house designs
Bill of quantities for alternative construction materials
LCA modelling (Simapro)
Greenhouse impact of building materials in houses
Forestry MiningOil and gas extraction
Farming
Wood processing
Polymers , fuels Fibre productsConcrete
ProductionSteel
production
Building products – sawn timber, plywood, particleboard, steel sheet, fixing, concrete, bricks, mortar, roof tiles, etc
Substructure Ceiling and roof StairsFloors and covering
Walls
Recycling Composting Landfill Energy recovery
House construction Maintenance Use of houseEnergy of
contruction
System boundary
Construction waste End of Life
Assumptions Site: The house is located in a flat area in Sydney.
Plumbing and electrical components are excluded
When wood strip floors are used, they are sanded and sealed. Concrete and particleboard floors are carpeted and the carpets are replaced every 15 years.
The house is repainted every 15 years.
The house has a service life of 50 years.
Decay of wood in landfills: 10%
House designs
Villina – Two-storey
Affinity – One-storey
AffinityAffinity
VillinaVillina
Alternative materials
Component Materials
Sub-floor Concrete slab Timber bearers and joists
Flooring Carpet / particleboard
Hardwood T& G Ceramic tiles
Linoleum
Wall structure Brick veneer; timber frame
Brick veneer; steel frame
Double brick
Windows Aluminium Timber
Stairs Timber Concrete
Roof frame Timber Steel
Simapro
Results – Sub-floor
-10.00-5.000.005.00
10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.00
t CO
2 e
Affinity Villina
Transport
Timber
Plastic
Reo
Steel
Brickwork
Concrete
Recycling
Landfill
Results – Floor covering
Results – Floor covering
Results – Wall frames
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Double brick
Steel brick
veneer
Timber brick
veneer
Double brick
Steel brick
veneer
Timber brick
veneer
t CO
2 e
Affinity Villina
Transports
Timber
Plasterboard
Steel
Brickwork
Recycling
Landfill
Results – Windows
Results – Whole house
-10
0
10
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30
40
50
60
70
House as designed
House timber maximised
House as designed
House timber maximised
t CO
2 e
Affinity Villian
Upper floor
Stairs
Windows
Floor covering
Roof
Walls
Sub-Structure
Results – Operational energy
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100
150
200
250
Affinity Villina
t CO
2e Typical heating and cooling
Based buiding elements
Impact on Markets
If major shift to “maximised wood design” in NSW
Potential GHG emission savings due to substitution effect: 1 Mt CO2-e / year
Summary Carbon in forests and in harvested wood products:
important component of the global carbon cycle
Carbon in HWP in service: significant potential to increase usage
Carbon in HWP: important role to play, physical storage and displacement benefits
Use of wood products in house design results in lower greenhouse footprint of house construction
Inspiring Sustainable Designs
Fabiano Ximenes
Questions?