support and movement biology author list 陳頌詩 黃建新 黃良君 黃秉誠 尹淑賢 5161r...

Support and MovementSupport and Movement

Biology

Author list

陳頌詩黃建新黃良君黃秉誠尹淑賢

5161R

Group 2

Contents

Why do organisms need a skeleton?

What are skeletal tissues?

Two parts of skeleton

Joints and degree of movement

What is skeletal muscles?

How is movement achieved?

How are plants supported?

Multiple choices

Why do organisms need a skeleton? Mammals have endoskeletons

•for support

•for producing blood cells

Do you know what is the deficiency disease of calcium?

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Why do organisms need a skeleton?

•for movement

•for protection

Lungs

Heart

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Why?

•for storage of minerals

CaCa2+2+ CaCa2+2+

Why do organisms need a skeleton?

If the bone is immersed in an acidic solution for about 2 days, what will happen?

acid

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Summary

The mammalian skeleton is important in support, for attachment of muscles and functioning as a lever for movement, in protecting internal organs, in producing blood cells and in storage of calcium.

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What are skeletal tissues?

The skeletons are made up of bones and cartilages.

Transverse section of a compact bones

?

Structure of cartilage

Which one contains more mineral salts?

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What are skeletal tissues?

Cartilage

Spongy bone containing red bone marrow.

Compact bone

Cavity containing yellowyellow bone marrow

What is the use of the bone m

arrows?

What is the use of the bone m

arrows?

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What are skeletal tissues?

If my bones are burnt, it will become brittle.

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AxialAxial skeletonskeleton

Two parts of skeleton

Appendicular Appendicular skeletonskeleton

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Two parts of skeleton

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton• Pectoral girdles

• Pectoral limbs

• Pelvic girdles

• Pelvic limbs

Axial skeletonAxial skeleton• Skull• Sternum• Ribs• Vertebral

column

Contents

Joints and degree ofmovement

1. Hinge joints

Hinge joints allow movement in one plane.

• Synovial Joint

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Joints and degree ofmovement2. Ball-and-socket joints

How many planes of movement do ball-an-socket joints allow?

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Joints and degree of movement 2. Ligaments are tough and they prevent dis

location of a joint during movement.

pelvic girdle

ligaments

femur

cartilage

synovial joint

synovial membrane

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What is skeletal muscles? The background shows the skeletal muscle cells Muscles work together with bones to give support to ma

mmals.

In aerobic respiration:In aerobic respiration:

In anaerobic respiration:In anaerobic respiration:

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Muscle can contract powerfully,

but can it stretch powerfully?

How is movementachieved? 1. Tendons are tough and they connect mus

cles to bones.muscle

tendons

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2. Biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles involved in the movement of the forearm. They work in pairs and in opposing directions.

ContentsHow is movementachieved?

3. Contraction of biceps (flexor) bends the forearm while contraction of triceps (extensor) straightens the forearm.

triceps relaxes

biceps contracts

triceps contracts

biceps contracts

ContentsHow is movementachieved?

ContentsHow is movementachieved?

4. Bone act as levers during movement. Movable joints act as the fulcrum. Concentration of muscles creates the effort.

contraction of biceps (effort)

hand (load)

elbow joint

(fulcrum)

ContentsHow is movementachieved?

How are plants supported?

1. Support in young plants or non-woody parts of plants is contributed mainly by turgidity of the thin-walled cells in the cortex and pith.

Contents

Water absorbed by osmosis

turgid

Water lost by osmosis

flaccid

Wilting occurs

In this case, transpiration is faster than absorption of water.

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How are plants supported?

2. Support in woody stems is contributed mainly by rigidity of the lignified cells in xylem.

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How are plants supported?

Multiple choices1. Which muscles contract to effect a change f

orm the condition shown in Diagram I to that in Diagram II?

P, Q and RP, Q and SP, R and TQ, S and T

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Multiple choices2. Which of the following functions are carried out by

bone W?

(1) Producing red blood cells

(2) helping in ventilation of the lung

(3) protecting internal organs

(1) and (2) only(1) and (3) only(2) and (3) only(1), (2) and (3)

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Multiple choices3. Which of the joints X, Y and Z allow(s) move

ment between the bones?

Y onlyZ onlyX and Y onlyY and Z only

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Multiple choices4. Which of the following

correctly describes the functions of structures A and B?

holding the bones transmitting forcetogether to the boneacting as a pivot protecting the jointprotecting the joint preventing dislocation of

the jointtransmitting force acting as a pivotto the bone

Structure A Structure B

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Multiple choices5. The diagram below shows a man at a certain stage of swim

ming:

Which of the following combinations correctly describes the conditions of his arm muscles at this stage?

Left arm Right arm

Biceps Triceps Biceps Tricepscontracted relaxed relaxed contracted

relaxed contracted contracted relaxed

contracted relaxed contracted relaxed

relaxed contracted relaxed contracted

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Multiple choices6. The diagram below shows a human arm holding a weight:

The length of EF is shorter than the length of WF. What is the advantage of this arrangement?

The biceps would not become fatigue easily.

This would make the biceps stronger than the triceps.

Less energy would be used by the biceps in supporting the weight.

A small contraction of the biceps would move the weight through a large distance.

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Multiple choices7. Which structures are parts of the axial skeleton?

3

1, 2 and 3

1, 2 and 4

1, 3 and 4

2, 3 and 4

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Multiple choices8. Which of the following correctly lists the structures protecte

d by the different parts of the skeleton?

3

1 2 3

brain aorta stomach

ears aorta heart

brain spinal cord heart

ears spinal cord stomach

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Multiple choices9. The diagram below shows a model of a movable joint:

Which of the following combinations is correct?

Type of joint

represented by the modelExample

hinge joint knee joint

hinge joint shoulder joint

ball and socket joint shoulder joint

ball and socket joint Knee joint

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Multiple choices10. The diagrams below show three sets of bones of the

human skeleton:

Ball and socket joint can be formed between

1 and 3.

1 and 4.

2 and 3.

2 and 4.

1

Contents

Multiple choicesThe model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint:

11. Which of the following occurs when Q is shortened?

shortened raised

shortened lowered

stretched raised

stretched lowered

P S

Contents

Multiple choicesThe model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint:

12. The model is useful for demonstrating

the movement of the upper arm.

that the joint allows 360º movement.

that the biceps is stronger than the triceps.

the actions of a pair of antagonistic muscles.

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Multiple choicesDiagram I shows some muscles attached to the leg bones.

Diagram II shows the posture of a person sitting on a stool.

Which muscles in the person’s leg are contracted when he maintains the posture shown in the diagram II?

muscles 1 and 2 only

muscles 1 and 3 only

muscles 2 and 4 only

muscles 3 and 4 only

13.

1

2

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Multiple choices14. Which of the following are involved in maintaining our postures?

(1) skeletal muscles

(2) bones

(3) ligaments

(4) nervous system

(1) and (2) only

(3) and (4) only

(1), (2) and (3) only

(1), (2), (3) and (4)

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Multiple choices14. Which of the following is not a function of the mammalian skeleton?

storage of fat

storage of calcium

destruction of red blood cells

production of white blood cells

Contents

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