support and movement biology author list 陳頌詩 黃建新 黃良君 黃秉誠 尹淑賢 5161r...
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Support and MovementSupport and Movement
Biology
Author list
陳頌詩黃建新黃良君黃秉誠尹淑賢
5161R
Group 2
Contents
Why do organisms need a skeleton?
What are skeletal tissues?
Two parts of skeleton
Joints and degree of movement
What is skeletal muscles?
How is movement achieved?
How are plants supported?
Multiple choices
Why do organisms need a skeleton? Mammals have endoskeletons
•for support
•for producing blood cells
Do you know what is the deficiency disease of calcium?
Contents
Why do organisms need a skeleton?
•for movement
•for protection
Lungs
Heart
Contents
Why?
•for storage of minerals
CaCa2+2+ CaCa2+2+
Why do organisms need a skeleton?
If the bone is immersed in an acidic solution for about 2 days, what will happen?
acid
Contents
Summary
The mammalian skeleton is important in support, for attachment of muscles and functioning as a lever for movement, in protecting internal organs, in producing blood cells and in storage of calcium.
Contents
What are skeletal tissues?
The skeletons are made up of bones and cartilages.
Transverse section of a compact bones
?
Structure of cartilage
Which one contains more mineral salts?
Contents
What are skeletal tissues?
Cartilage
Spongy bone containing red bone marrow.
Compact bone
Cavity containing yellowyellow bone marrow
What is the use of the bone m
arrows?
What is the use of the bone m
arrows?
Contents
What are skeletal tissues?
If my bones are burnt, it will become brittle.
Contents
AxialAxial skeletonskeleton
Two parts of skeleton
Appendicular Appendicular skeletonskeleton
Contents
Two parts of skeleton
Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton• Pectoral girdles
• Pectoral limbs
• Pelvic girdles
• Pelvic limbs
Axial skeletonAxial skeleton• Skull• Sternum• Ribs• Vertebral
column
Contents
Joints and degree ofmovement
1. Hinge joints
Hinge joints allow movement in one plane.
• Synovial Joint
Contents
Joints and degree ofmovement2. Ball-and-socket joints
How many planes of movement do ball-an-socket joints allow?
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Joints and degree of movement 2. Ligaments are tough and they prevent dis
location of a joint during movement.
pelvic girdle
ligaments
femur
cartilage
synovial joint
synovial membrane
Contents
What is skeletal muscles? The background shows the skeletal muscle cells Muscles work together with bones to give support to ma
mmals.
In aerobic respiration:In aerobic respiration:
In anaerobic respiration:In anaerobic respiration:
Contents
Muscle can contract powerfully,
but can it stretch powerfully?
How is movementachieved? 1. Tendons are tough and they connect mus
cles to bones.muscle
tendons
Contents
2. Biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles involved in the movement of the forearm. They work in pairs and in opposing directions.
ContentsHow is movementachieved?
3. Contraction of biceps (flexor) bends the forearm while contraction of triceps (extensor) straightens the forearm.
triceps relaxes
biceps contracts
triceps contracts
biceps contracts
ContentsHow is movementachieved?
ContentsHow is movementachieved?
4. Bone act as levers during movement. Movable joints act as the fulcrum. Concentration of muscles creates the effort.
contraction of biceps (effort)
hand (load)
elbow joint
(fulcrum)
ContentsHow is movementachieved?
How are plants supported?
1. Support in young plants or non-woody parts of plants is contributed mainly by turgidity of the thin-walled cells in the cortex and pith.
Contents
Water absorbed by osmosis
turgid
Water lost by osmosis
flaccid
Wilting occurs
In this case, transpiration is faster than absorption of water.
Contents
How are plants supported?
2. Support in woody stems is contributed mainly by rigidity of the lignified cells in xylem.
Contents
How are plants supported?
Multiple choices1. Which muscles contract to effect a change f
orm the condition shown in Diagram I to that in Diagram II?
P, Q and RP, Q and SP, R and TQ, S and T
Contents
Multiple choices2. Which of the following functions are carried out by
bone W?
(1) Producing red blood cells
(2) helping in ventilation of the lung
(3) protecting internal organs
(1) and (2) only(1) and (3) only(2) and (3) only(1), (2) and (3)
Contents
Multiple choices3. Which of the joints X, Y and Z allow(s) move
ment between the bones?
Y onlyZ onlyX and Y onlyY and Z only
Contents
Multiple choices4. Which of the following
correctly describes the functions of structures A and B?
holding the bones transmitting forcetogether to the boneacting as a pivot protecting the jointprotecting the joint preventing dislocation of
the jointtransmitting force acting as a pivotto the bone
Structure A Structure B
Contents
Multiple choices5. The diagram below shows a man at a certain stage of swim
ming:
Which of the following combinations correctly describes the conditions of his arm muscles at this stage?
Left arm Right arm
Biceps Triceps Biceps Tricepscontracted relaxed relaxed contracted
relaxed contracted contracted relaxed
contracted relaxed contracted relaxed
relaxed contracted relaxed contracted
Contents
Multiple choices6. The diagram below shows a human arm holding a weight:
The length of EF is shorter than the length of WF. What is the advantage of this arrangement?
The biceps would not become fatigue easily.
This would make the biceps stronger than the triceps.
Less energy would be used by the biceps in supporting the weight.
A small contraction of the biceps would move the weight through a large distance.
Contents
Multiple choices7. Which structures are parts of the axial skeleton?
3
1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 4
1, 3 and 4
2, 3 and 4
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Multiple choices8. Which of the following correctly lists the structures protecte
d by the different parts of the skeleton?
3
1 2 3
brain aorta stomach
ears aorta heart
brain spinal cord heart
ears spinal cord stomach
Contents
Multiple choices9. The diagram below shows a model of a movable joint:
Which of the following combinations is correct?
Type of joint
represented by the modelExample
hinge joint knee joint
hinge joint shoulder joint
ball and socket joint shoulder joint
ball and socket joint Knee joint
Contents
Multiple choices10. The diagrams below show three sets of bones of the
human skeleton:
Ball and socket joint can be formed between
1 and 3.
1 and 4.
2 and 3.
2 and 4.
1
Contents
Multiple choicesThe model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint:
11. Which of the following occurs when Q is shortened?
shortened raised
shortened lowered
stretched raised
stretched lowered
P S
Contents
Multiple choicesThe model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint:
12. The model is useful for demonstrating
the movement of the upper arm.
that the joint allows 360º movement.
that the biceps is stronger than the triceps.
the actions of a pair of antagonistic muscles.
Contents
Multiple choicesDiagram I shows some muscles attached to the leg bones.
Diagram II shows the posture of a person sitting on a stool.
Which muscles in the person’s leg are contracted when he maintains the posture shown in the diagram II?
muscles 1 and 2 only
muscles 1 and 3 only
muscles 2 and 4 only
muscles 3 and 4 only
13.
1
2
Contents
Multiple choices14. Which of the following are involved in maintaining our postures?
(1) skeletal muscles
(2) bones
(3) ligaments
(4) nervous system
(1) and (2) only
(3) and (4) only
(1), (2) and (3) only
(1), (2), (3) and (4)
Contents
Multiple choices14. Which of the following is not a function of the mammalian skeleton?
storage of fat
storage of calcium
destruction of red blood cells
production of white blood cells
Contents
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