status paper on rice in jharkhandrkmp.co.in/sites/default/files/ris/rice-state-wise/status paper on...
Post on 14-Mar-2020
9 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Page | 1
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Status Paper on Rice in Jharkhand
B. N. Singh
Director of Research
Birsa Agricultural University
RANCHI-834-006, Jharkhand
Page | 2
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Introduction about Jharkhand State
Jharkhand which came into being on 15 November 2000 as the 28th
State of India with
population of 26.91 million (2001 census) distributed in 24 districts is located between 220
- 25.50 N,
latitude and 83.50
and 880 E longitude. The state has comprises forest tracks of Chhotanagpur
plateau and Santhal Pargana and has distinct cultural traditions. The word Jharkhand, meaning
"forest region," applies to a forested mountainous plateau region in eastern India, south of the Indo-
Gangetic Plain and west of the Ganga's delta in Bangladesh. The tribal peoples, who are from two
groups, Chotanagpurs and Santals, have been the main agitators for the movement.
The state of Jharkhand has an area of 79,714 sq. km. and a population of 26.9 million. There
are 24 districts, 211 blocks and 32620 villages. The State has population density of 338 per sq. km.
(against national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the
country) and population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate.
The population of scheduled caste is about 3229131 while scheduled tribes 7077180 in the State
(Table 1). The percentage of scheduled tribes to the total population of Jharkhand is 28.0% against
the national level of 8.1%. Total fertility rate of the State is 3.2. The infant mortality rate is 46 and
maternal mortality ratio is 312 which are higher than the national average. The sex ratio in the State
is 941 as compared to 933 for the country.
The Jharkhand State is comes under Agro-Climatic Zone VII (Eastern Plateau and Hill Region).
The whole State is divided in 3 sub zones, viz. sub zone IV (Central and North-Eastern Plateau), sub
zone V (Western Plateau Region) and sub zone VI (South Eastern Plateau). The sub zone IV consists
of 12 districts i.e. Dumka, Jamtara, Deoghar, Godda, Sahebganj, Pakur, Hazaribagh, Koderma,
Chatara, Giridih, Bokaro and Dhanbad, sub zones V has comes 9 districts i,e, Ranchi, Gumla,
Simdega, Lohardaga, Palamau, Garhwa, Latehar, Khunti and Ramgarh while sub zones VI consists
only 3 districts, West Singhbhum East Singhbhum and Saraikela districts. Jharkhand is primarily an
agricultural state, and nearly 78% of population residing in 32620 villages depend mainly on
agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. There are three main crop seasons namely Kharif,
Rabi and Summer. The food grains production is very low in the state and not meeting the
Page | 3
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
requirement of the people of Jharkhand. Sustainable growth in agriculture sector is the “need of the
hour” not only for the state but also for the country as a whole. A large area of about 14.8 lakh ha
vacated by kharif rice is left fallow in rabi season in Jharkhand, which is typically called rice fallow.
Rice is a major crop of the state during kharif with about 75-80% of net cultivated area under rice.
The total population of the state is ~ 25 million and majority of the people are small and
landless farmers living in rural areas. The state produces a little less than half of its food grains
requirement. As a result, per capita food grain including pulses (13-14 gm per capita) availability has
been 230 gm against 523 gm of all-India average and against 480 gm of minimum requirement.
Additional annual production of 24-25 lakh tonnes will be an uphill task in a scenario where land
holdings are small and continuously shrinking and the pressure on land keeps increasing. Rain-fed
rice is the main crop covering 67.3% (1.48 m ha) in Jharkhand with a production of 10-14 q/ha (1.0-
1.4t/ha). Further due to low yields of rice, farmers are always in debts, those results in migration to
other places to sell their only resource labor. Moreover, malnutrition in women and children was
reported to be high. Agro-climatically, the State is blessed with plenty of rainfall with varied soil
types with dominance of medium and deep black soils and favorable thermal regime for year round
cropping. The productivity of state is below the national average. As a result, the contribution of the
state to the total food grain production of the country is unable to meet livelihood from agriculture a
large number of small and marginal farmers from the state move to the urban areas.
Jharkhand's mineral wealth also has been a problem for the tribes. The region is India's
primary source of coal and iron. Bauxite, copper, limestone, asbestos, and graphite also are found
there. Coal mining began in 1856, and tata iron and steel factory was established in Jamshedpur in
1907. The socialist pattern of development pursued by the central government led to forced sales of
tribal lands to the government, with the usual problem of perceived inadequate compensation. On
the other hand, government authorities felt that because the soils of the region are poor,
industrialization was particularly necessary for the local people, not just for the national good.
However, industrial development brought about further influx of outsiders, and local people
considered that they were not being hired in sufficient numbers.
Page | 4
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
The Scheduled Castes population in India (Census, 2001) is 166,635,700 persons, constituting
16.2% of the country’s total population. Being rural people, four fifth (79.8 %) of them live in rural
areas and rest one-fifth (20.2 %) live in urban areas. The sex ratio of 936 females per thousand males
is slightly higher than national average of 933 sex ratios. The highest percentage of SC population to
the total SC population of the country live in U.P.(21.1%) followed by W.B.(11.1%) and Bihar (7.8 %),
A.P.(7.4 %) and T.N.(7.1%). In fact, more than 57% of total SC population inhabit in these five States.
Proportionately, the largest proportion of population of the SC to total population of the State is in
Punjab (28.9 %), followed by H.P.(24.7%) and W.B.(23%). In A.P., Karnataka and Pondicherry
proportion of SCs population is exactly equal to the National average of 16.2%. The smallest
concentration of the SC population is in the North-Eastern tribal States such as Mizoram (with
negligible or only 272 persons) followed by Meghalaya (0.5 %) and Arunachal Pradesh (0.6 %).
The total population of the Scheduled Tribes in India (Census, 2001) is 84,326,240 persons,
constituting 8.2% of the total population of the country. 91.7% of them lives in rural areas, whereas,
only 8.3% inhabit in urban areas. The sex ratio of ST population at 978 females per thousand males is
higher than the total population of the country as well as SC. M.P. accounts for the highest
percentage of ST population to total STs population of the country (14.5%) followed by Maharashtra
(10.2%), Orissa (9.7%), Gujarat (8.9%), Rajasthan (8.4%), Jharkhand (8.4%) and Chhattisgarh (7.8%).
In fact, 68% of the country’s ST population lives in these seven States only. The proportion of the ST
to the total population of the States/Union territories is highest in Mizoram (94.5%) and
Lakshadweep (94.5%) followed by Nagaland (89.1%), Meghalaya (85.9%). Within the major states
Chhattisgarh (31.8%) has the highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes population followed by
Jharkhand (26.3%) and Orissa (22.1%). These proportions are in the lowest in Uttar Pradesh (0.1%),
Bihar (0.9%), T.N.(1.0%) and Kerala (1.1%).
Page | 5
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Table1: General information of Jharkhand State
Items Jharkhand India
Total population (Census 2001) 26909428 1028832174
Schedule Caste population (in million) 3.22 (12.0%) 166.64 (16.19%)
Schedule Tribe population (in million) 7.08 (26.3%) 84.33 (8.19%)
Rural populations 20908626 (77.7%) 742718043 (72.2%)
Urban population 6000802 (22.3%) 28611413 (27.8%)
Population below Poverty line (%) NA 26.10
Pop. Density 274 324
Literacy % 36.7% 64.8
Female Literacy Rate (Census 2001) (%) 38.9 53.7
Males 68.0% 75.3
Crude Birth Rate (SRS 2008) 25.8 22.8
Crude Death Rate (SRS 2008) 7.1 7.4
Total Fertility Rate (SRS 2007) 3.2 2.7
Infant Mortality Rate (SRS 2008) 46 53
Maternal Mortality Ratio (SRS 2004-2006) 312 254
Decadal Growth (Census 2001) (%) NA 21.54
Sex Ratio (Census 2001) 941 933
Source: Official website of Jharkhand Government (2001 Census)
Jharkhand has 6th
largest population of tribals in the country and the recognition of
Jharkhand is a result of the cultural specialty and diversity of the tribes. Tribes of Jharkhand are
called the “Proto-austroloid” race. Most of the tribal languages are born from the “Austric” group.
Only “Kurukh” language of the Oraon tribe and “Malto” language of the “Sauria Paharia” tribe are
Page | 6
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
closer of the Dravidian group. All tribes of Jharkhand have their own religious rituals, social customs,
conventions, family, clan, birth, death beliefs etc. Different tribals groups found in Jharkhand (Table
2). ST and SC population in target districts (Ranchi, Dumka, Gumla & Palamau) is given in Table 3.
Table 2: Different tribal group present and their population in Jharkhand
SL Tribal Group Populati
on
Remarks
1 Santhal 2060732 It is the first important tribe of Jharkhand. Santhal is close to ‘Austric'
tribes. Mother tongue of the Santhal tribe is Santhali. There are 12
clans in Santhals. They are Hansda, Murmu, Hembrom, Kisku, Marandi,
Soren, Baske, Tudu, Pauria, Besra, Chode and Bedia. The most popular
Gods of Santhals are called – Singbonga & Thakur.
2 Oraon 1048064 It is the second important tribe of Jharkhand and it belongs to ‘Proto-
Austroloid' tribe race. Mother tongue of the Oraon tribe is ‘Kurukh'.
This tribe is divided into 14 different clans. They are – Lakra, Runda,
Gari, Tirky, Kispotta, Toppo, Ekka, Linda, Minz, Kuzur, Bandi, Bek,
Khalkho and Kerketta. Their important festivals are “Karma” and
“Sarhul”.
3 Munda 845887 It is the third largest tribe of Jharkhand. One is the religious mukhiya
called “Pahan” and the other is the administrative mukhiya called
“Munda”. Their main God is “Singbonga”. Their place of worship is
called “Sarna” and place of panchayat is called “Aakhra”.
4 Ho 536524 It is the 4th
largest important tribe and it is mainly found in Kolhan area
of Singhbhum district. Manki Munda administration is the traditional
tribal ruling system of the Ho tribe. They have mainly 6 sub castes viz.
Suryavanshi, Daulatvanshi, Gonjhuvanshi, Kheri, Manjhiya, Bhogti.
5 Kharwar 222758
6 Bhumij 136110
Page | 7
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
7 Khariya 141771 It is an “Aadim Kolariyan” tribe. This tribes is mainly divided into three
branches – Pahari Khariya, Dudh Khariya and Dhelki Khariya.
8 Lohara 169090
9 chik Badaik 45645
10 Souriya
Pahariya
61121
11 Kora 21396 The Kora are very small tribe in Jharkhand. This tribe mainly resides in
the Dumka district of the Santhal Paraganas. According to Risley, Kora,
tribe is of Dravidian origin.
12 Pahariya 13848 The parahiya are another small tribe and it resides in the Palamau,
Latehar, Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts. Main occupation is to make
baskets and beat drums.
13 Kisan 28796 This tribe mainly resides in the forests of Ranchi and Palamau. This
tribe is also called “Nagesia”. Their mother toungue is “Mundari”.
14 Korwa 24027 This tribe mainly resides in the Latehar (Palamau Division). It is related
to the Koleriyan tribe. This tribe has two sub castes (i) Pahari Korwa
and (ii) Deeha/Dihariya Korwa.
15 Banjara 432 Banjara are very Small tribe. This tribe is usually found in the Santhal
Paraganas district.
16 Kol 20432 It is related to “proto-Austroloid” group of the Kolariyan race. Their
language is called “Kol Bhasa”. Kol tribes are divided into 12 clans.
They are Hansda, Soren, Kisku, Marandi, Chaonde, Tudu, Hembrum,
Baske, Besra, Chuniyar, Murmu and Kisnod. This tribe is the founder of
the male dominated society. The Chief of the village is called Manjhi.
17 Bediya 71719 This tribe resides mainly in Barkakhana area of the Hazaribagh district.
The people of this tribe call themselves “Vedvani”.
18 Mal Pahariya 60783 This tribe mainly resides in Dumka and Sahebganj area of the Santhal
Page | 8
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Paraganas. Their mother tongue is “Malto” which belongs to the
Dravid family.
19 Gond 44005 This tribe is a branch of “Dravid”. The people of this tribe reside mainly
in Ranchi, Palamau and Singhbhum area. Gond have their own social
organization named Mahasabha . The Gond society is ruled by the rule
of exogamy intermarriage between clans, which are bhaiband or
brothers to each other, is also prohibited. Monogamy and partilocal
residence are general rule.
20 Mahali 91868 This tribe resides mainly in Ranchi, Gumla, Lohardaga, Hajazribagh,
Dhanbad districts. Their main God is “Suryadev”.
21 Chero 60116 It is an important tribe of Munda / Kolariyan Adiwasi family. Main
occupation is agriculture.
22 Asur 9100 It is an important tribe of Singhbhum district and it belongs to proto-
Austroloid race. They speak “Maley” or Asuri language of the munda
class and Asur language. Sabar, Khond, Gorait, Birhor, Karmali, Birjiya,
Baiga, Bathudi.
Table 3: Tribal population in selected districts of Jharkhand
Districts Percent ST
population to state
ST population
Total
Population
Total ST
population
Per cent ST
population
Total SC
population
Per cent SC
population
Ranchi 10.7% 1779269 649637 36.5 % 101321 5.7 %
Dumka 7.3 % 950853 443285 46.6 % 52763 5.5 %
Palamau 1.7% 1182770 106254 9.0 % 324223 27.4 %
Gumla 8.1% 707555 493563 69.8 % 25608 3.6 %
Jharkhand 28.0% 35185358 6088772 27.6 % 2650611 7.5 %
Page | 9
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Status and Review
3.1 Land Utilization Pattern
The state having 24 districts and total geographical area is 79.71 lakh ha and an estimated 38 lakh ha
is classified as cultivable. About 18 lakh hectare is the net sown area, comprising 22.7% of the total
area and 47% of the cultivable area. The State has 9.9%, 7.2%, 3.48% and 15.22% of the total
geographical area of the State as land put to non-agriculture use, barren & unutilized land, cultivable
wasteland and current fallows, respectively (Table 4). The State has 23.33 lakh ha of land under
forests, comprising 29.27% of the total geographical area, which is much above the national average
of about 18%. The net irritated area is only 2.01 lakh hectare which is about 8% of the net sown area.
The net sown area is less than half of all-India average (22.60% in Jharkhand while 46.10% in India).
Percentage of net irrigated area in net sown area is only 10% against all-India average of 40.11%.
About 90% of agricultural operations are depending on rainfall in this state. The average area of
holding in Jharkhand is 1.58 ha and it was slightly higher than all-India average of 1.57 ha and the
land surface is rugged and undulating, ranging from flat lands to almost steep slopes. The state
produces a little less than half of its food grains requirement. As a result, per capita food grain
availability has been 230g against 523g of all-India average and against 480g of minimum
requirement. Additional annual production of 24-25 lakh tonnes will be an uphill task in a scenario
where land holdings are small and continuously shrinking and pressure on land keeps increasing.
Table 4: Land utilization pattern in Jharkhand
S. No. Lands Area (Lakh/ha) Area (%)
1 Forest land 23.33 29.27%
2 Barren and uncultivated land 5.75 7.20 %
3 Cultivable waste land 2.78 3.48 %
4 Current fallow land 12.13 15.22 %
5 Land put to non-agricultural use 7.90 9.90 %
Page | 10
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
6 Land under misc. tree, crops and groves 1.10 1.38 %
7 Net area sown 18.07 22.68 %
8 Other fallow land 7.79 9.77 %
9 Permanent pasture and other grazing land 0.86 1.10 %
Total geographical area 79.71 100.00 %
10 Arable Lands 26.70
11 Gross cropped area 20.69
12 Additional area to be brought under
cultivation
8.72
13 Area sown more than once 2.61
14 Area under double cropping 2.60
15 Estimated acid soil (upland and medium land) 16.0
16 Net Irrigated land ] 2.01
17 Scope for extending double cropping area 6.30
18 Soil Erosion moderate to severe taken 30.0
3.2 SOIL IN JHARKHAND
The major area of the state covered with sandy loam to loam with acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5) and
having low fertility. About 66% area of soils are low in available phosphorous content, 18% soils low
in K content, 38% soils low in S, 7% soils are deficient in available Zn, 4 % in available copper while 45
% soils are deficient in available boron in the state. More than 70% of soils are deficit in organic
carbon and micronutrients (Table 5). Majority of soils of the state have medium status of available
nitrogen (280-560 kg/ha) and about 19.6% area have low available N content. About 49% area of
soils are extremely acidic to strongly acidic (pH <5.5) and 36% area suffering from moderate to slight
soil acidity (pH 5.6-6.5) while neutral soils (pH 6.6-7.3) accounts for only 8% in the State. The water
holding capacity of the State soil is very low due to porous nature of the soil and undulating
topography. Depending upon topography, soils are broadly classified into Upland, Medium land and
Page | 11
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Lowland. The region has a large number of small and marginal farmers (<2 ha), approximately 80%,
but they own hardly 30-35% of the cultivable land.
Table 5: SOIL IN JHARKHAND AND THEIR PERCENTAGE
SL Soil of feature Per centage
1 Soils with P deficiency 66.0
2 Soils with K deficiency 18.0
3 Soils with Zn deficiency 7.0
4 Soils with Cu deficiency 45.0
5 Soils with organic carbon deficiency 70.0
6 Soils with N deficiency 19.5
7 pH (below than 5.5 ) 45.0
8 pH (5.5-6.5) 36.0
9 pH (6.6 – 7.3 ) 8.0
10 Red & lateritic Soils 78.0
11 Alluvial (Don 1&2) Soils 19.0
Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of is further divided
into rocks and stones, and soil composition. Red soils are found mostly in the Damodar valley and
Page | 12
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Rajmahal area, micacious soil found in Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon, and areas around the
Mandar hill. Sandy soil are generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad while black soil found in
Rajmahal area and the laterite soil found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal
Parganas and Singhbhum. The water holding capacity of State soil is very low due to porous nature of
the soil and undulating topography. Depending upon topography, soils are broadly classified into
upland, medium land and lowland (Table 6).
Upland: Upland soils are generally red, acidic (pH 5.5-5.9) and poor water holding capacity (WHC).
Moisture is easily saturated during rains but release of moisture is very fast under upland. It is
suitable for Kharif pulses (pigeon pea, urd, moong & kulthi).
Medium land: Medium land soils is generally yellowish, slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5) and intermediate
water holding capacity. It is suitable for Rabi pulses (chickpea, lentil & pea) and sequential cropping
system, rice-chickpea/lentil, maize-chickpea/lentil may be taken. But in intercropping under irrigated
situation, wheat + chickpea/mustard + chickpea/lentil can be taken
Low land: This type of soils are grayish, slightly alkaline (pH 7.0-7.3) and high water holding capacity.
Low land may be utilized for spring/summer. Low land is generally vacated after harvested of
transplanted paddy in IInd
week of December to IInd
week of January and it takes time for removal of
moisture. Farmers can be taken transplanted rice-spring/summer moong.
Table 6: Land classes of Jharkhand State
Group Sub
group
Type Description
Don land Don I Low land Clay-loam soil, lowest in toposequence, suitable for long
duration rice crop
Don II Shallow land Clay loam soil and Best for rice production, Rarely faces
drought, Suitable for medium duration rice
Page | 13
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Don III Drought prone
shallow land
Clay loam soil, transitional lands between don & tanr, upper
toposequence and suitable for short duration rice
Tanr land Tanr I Upland Loam soil and land immediately adjacent to the houses. Land
used for vegetables, maize and rice seedlings
Tanr II Upland Sandy loam soil, gentle sloppy, good soil depth, low WHC,
poor in organic matter, erosion prone, acidic in nature
Tanr III Upland Sandy loam soil, sloppy, poor soil fertility, shallow soil depth,
low WHC, Near foothills and acidic in nature
Operational holdings in Jharkhand
Agricultural economy of the state can also be characterized by the existence of large number of small
and marginal farmers. Agricultural operation in the state is of the sub-existence type due to the
adverse land-man ratio. Land distribution pattern among the cultivators is highly iniquitous and a
large number of holdings are said to be uneconomic. About 69 % operational holdings are 0.37
hectare, occupying only 21.44% area. Only 0.69% operational holdings are below 10 hectare,
covering over 9% area. Majority of the farmers thus come under the category of small and marginal
farmers subsisting on a very small carning from farming operations. The average size of land holding
in the State is 1.58 hectares. The share of land holdings of small and marginal farmers (having
landholding of up to 2 hectares) to the total holdings in the State is 82.6% and that of large farmers
(having land holding of more than 10 hectares) is only 0.7%. The medium farmers, with land holdings
of 2 to 10 hectares, have the share of 16.7 % to the total land holdings. The land holding pattern of
various categories of farmers is shown in Table 7.
Page | 14
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Table 7: Land Holding Pattern
SL Level of farmers Average area (ha) Operational holding
Number (lakhs) Percentage (%)
1 Marginal (<1.0 ha) 0.4 18.4 69.1
2 Small (1.0 – 2.0 ha) 1.4 3.6 13.5
3 Semi–medium (2.0 – 4.0 ha) 2.8 3.0 11.3
4 Medium (4.0 – 10.0 ha) 5.8 1.4 5.4
5 Large (>10.0 ha) 15.9 0.2 0.7
Total 26.2 26.6 100.0
The annual average rainfall in the state is about 1386 mm, which occurs mainly during in four
months (June-Sept) Out of that, 80-85% received in 3½ months, from 15th
June to 30th
of Sept, 10-
15% from Oct to Jan and very few rainfalls received in rest of the period (Table 8). Out of total rain,
60% is used to be waste due to surface run-off and leaching. Therefore, only 40% rain remains left
for crop use. As per estimate of average annual precipitation, about 20% water is lost by
atmosphere, 50 % flow as surface runoff and balance 30% soaks into the ground as soil moisture and
ground water. The state has immense potential of water harvesting and the suitable methods need
to be perfected for application of stored water. To partially meet crop water requirement or in the
rainfed project areas, rain water is to be conserved. It is done by enhancing infiltration of rainwater
to fill up soil pores. Infiltration depends on soil texture at the surface, which cannot be changed.
Hence, the land is configured to reduce runoff and give more time to rainwater and runoff to
infiltrate.
Page | 15
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Table 8: Meteorological features of different Agro-Ecological Zones of Jharkhand
Rainfall (mm) Zone IV Zone V Zone VI
June-September 1098 (82.4%) 1174 (83.3%) 1053 (80.6%)
October-November 90 (6.0%) 96 (6.7%) 69 (5.3%)
December-February 54 (4.1%) 71 (5.0%) 58 (4.4%)
March-May 88 (6.1%) 68 (4.8%) 122 (9.4%)
Total rainfall 1330 1409 1302
Temperature (0C)
Maximum 44.2 43.6 44.8
Minimum 4.8 5.3 6.6
Average 25.3 25.8 27.2
Relative humidity (%)
4.30 am 62.5 56.5 63.0
5.30 pm 47.5 42.0 65.0
3.4 Food grains production in Jharkhand:
The food grains production is very low in the state and not meeting the requirement of the people.
The sustainable growth in agriculture sector is the “need of the hour” not only for the state but also
for the country as a whole. Food grain crops grow in Jharkhand on about 2.38 million ha area, which
represents 1.92% in all India acreage. The food grains production has gone up from 2.07 to 3.69
million tones, which represent from 1.59-1.70% in All-India average between 2005-06 and 2006-
2007. The food grains production trend in Jharkhand is to be increased from 2.07 m tones to 3.69 m
tones between 2005-06 to 2006-07) as compared with other neighbor states like U.P. (41.21mt),
W.B.(15.97mt), Bihar (11.10mt), Orissa (7.34mt), Chhattisgarh (5.81mt) and All-India (217.28mt).
Page | 16
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
3.5 Present position of different cereal crops in Jharkhand:
About 91% of the cropped area is covered under food crops in Jharkhand including 84%
under cereals and 7% only pulses. Cash crops constitute 3% followed by oil seeds, sugarcane and
tobacco. The rest 6% of the cropped area is covered under vegetables and fruits. Among cereals,
rice, maize, wheat, ragi is important. Rice is grown in three seasons in India, where Kharif season
accounts for 88% production while Rabi covered only 12% production. Rice is the single most
important food crop in India and occupies 44.0 m ha while Jharkhand contributes about 1.62 m ha
under rice cultivation. During 2007-08, the area under rice is 16.44 lakh ha, production 33.26 lakh
tones and yield 2023 kg/ha (Table 9). The yield of rice in Jharkhand is higher (1832 kg/ha) followed
by W.B. (2593 kg/ha), U.P. (1879 kg/ha) and All-India average (2131 kg/ha).
Maize is the 2nd
important crop of the state occupying 6% cropped area. The area of maize
(2.40 lakh ha) in Jharkhand is higher than W.B. (0.90 lakh ha) followed by U.P. (8.7 lakh ha), Bihar (6.4
m ha), and in India (78.9 lakh ha) during 2006-07. The current area under maize is around 2.37 lakh
ha, production 3.56 lakh tones and yield 1500 kg/ha (Table 9). Maize does possess tremendous
potential in diversified agriculture prospects in terms of feed for dairy, poultry, piggery and agro-
industries.
Wheat is 3rd
important crop of the state occupying nearly 3% of the cropped area under
cereals crops in the Jharkhand. In the wake of the fast growing consumption demand of wheat in the
state, some area of low yielding millets will have to be gradually replaced in the cropping system.
The area under wheat is 86341 ha, 129511 tones production and yield 1500 kg/ha during 2007-08
(Table 9).
Coarse cereals are the 4th
important crops of the state, which occupying 2.45% cropped area
under coarse cereals. The area of coarse cereals is 2.9 lakh ha in the state which is lower than
neighbor states U.P (22.0 lakh ha), Bihar (6.9 lakh ha), Chhattisgarh (3.3 lakh ha), Orissa (1.6 lakh ha),
W.B. (1.1 lakh ha), and in India (287.1 lakh ha) during 2006-07. The current area, production and
productivity of marua, jowar and bajra are given in Table 9.
Page | 17
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Table 9: Trends of area, production and yield of cereals crops in Jharkhand
Area – (000) hectare, Production – ‘000’ Metric tonnes, Productivity– Kg/ha
Year Head Rice Maize Wheat Marua Jowar Bajra Total
2000-01
Area 1463.700 156.910 65.940 40.400 0.390 0.420 1686.550
Productio
n
2278.600 247.170 108.480 25.200 0.230 0.260 2544.250
Yield 1584 1575 1742 624 590 619 1508
2001-02
Area 1520.610 139.880 65.380 40.90 0.390 0.430 1725.870
Productio
n
2732.580 209.190 115.360 25.200 0.230 0.40 3057.130
Yield 1930 1495 1811 624 590 558 1771
2002-03
Area 1383.290 157.630 68.190 12.100 1.490 0.340 1622.980
Productio
n
2071.470 269.180 113.690 8.810 0.820 0.160 2464.130
Yield 1639 1715 1706 728 548 480 1518
2003-04
Area 1363.510 179.930 74.550 19.270 1.220 0.570 1639.050
Productio
n
2143.430 296.190 128.140 13.470 0.640 0.260 2582.130
Yield 1720 1646 1410 698 522 462 1575
2004-05
Area 1276.420 191.250 64.500 17.370 0.350 0.310 1550.200
Productio
n
1908.45 278.590 104.140 10.350 0.160 0.140 2301.820
Yield 1495 1457 1614 596 464 452 1485
Page | 18
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
2005-06
Area 1354.725 177.760 60.000 19.265 1.220 0.572
Productio
n
1558.021 223.480 80.000 13.466 0.637 0.264
Yield 1150 1259 1340 699 522 462
2006-07
Area 1623.624 240.863 84.317 8.830 0.212 0.064
Productio
n
2967.763 296.410 128.875 6.512 0.119 0.032
Yield 1832 1504 1528 787 561 500
2007-08
Area 1643.782 237.410 86.341 13.210 0.633 0.154 1981.536
Productio
n
3326.407 356.115 129.511 7.738 0.384 0.156 3818.253
Yield 2023 1500 1500 585 606 1012 1927
Sources = Directorate of Agril. Dept., Jharkhand
Pulses are not only the important food grain to supply protein which forms part of the
vegetarian diet and it also useful in many ways. Pulses are also the rich source of protein and possess
2-3 times more than cereals. Besides being rich in protein, they sustain productivity of cropping
systems. Their ability to use atmospheric nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation is
economically sounder and environmentally acceptable. 70% of area covered through pulses during
rabi season while 30% covered during kharif season. Pulses account of 8.25% area under food grain
crops and contribute about 2.53% of the total food grains production in the state. The area under
pulse crops 3.89 lakh ha, production 2.98 lakh tones and yield 764 kg/ha during 2007-08 in the state
(Table 10). The area under pulses is higher than W.B. (2.20 lakh ha) followed by U.P. (27.2 lakh ha),
Chhatisgarh (9.1 lakh ha), Orissa (7.90 lakh ha), Bihar (6.10 lakh ha) and in India average (231.9 lakh
ha).
Page | 19
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Table 9: Area, Production and Productivity of Rice in Jharkhand
Year Area
(ha)
Production
(tons)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
Remarks
1995-96 1,166,000 1,724,000 1,478 -
1996-97 1,164,000 1,723,000 1,480 -
1997-98 1,037,000 2,306,000 2,223 Maximum
productivity
1998-99 1,159,000 1,485,000 1,281 Drought
1999-00 1,222,000 1,284,000 1,050 Drought
2000-01 1,420,244 1,755,110 1,235 -
2001-02 1,520,611 2,732,584 1,797 Max. area &
production
2002-03 1,383,233 2,071,473 1,498 Drought
2003-04 1,363,866 2,310,121 1,694 -
2004-05 1,276,421 1,908,446 1,495 Drought
2005-06 1,354,726 1,558,021 1,150 Drought
2006-07 1,623, 614 2967,763 1,832 Normal
2007-08 1,643,782 3,326,407 2,023 Maximum
area,
production
Page | 20
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
& Yield
2008-09 1670.330 3400.187 2035
Table 10: Rice area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand
Sl.
No.
Districts Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( Kg
ha-1)
2008-09 2008-09
I. Central and north eastern plateau zone.
1. Dumka 103995 256857 2470
2. Deoghar 49005 149832 3058
3. Godda 46712 143743 3077
4. Pakur 47345 144097 3044
5. Sahebganj 46303 92471 1997
6. Jamtara 44193 11822 2675
7. Hazaribag 107450 241547 2248
8. Koderma 15090 36367 2410
9. Chatra 32738 48789 1438
10. Giridih 75465 229665 3343
11. Bokaro 30276 46696 1542
12. Dhanbad 50698 12542 2468
Sub-Total Zone –I 649270 1414428 2178
II. Western Plateau Zone
13. Ranchi 228691 647195 2830
14. Lohardaga 43100 71546 1660
15. Gumla 177250 411243 2320
Page | 21
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
16. Palamau 44414 695508 1565
17. Garhwa 20625 33804 1639
18. Simdega 89138 251369 2820
19. Lathehar 47229 74622 1580
Sub-Total Zone – II 650447 2185287 3359
III. South eastern plateau zone
20. East
Singhbhum
112358 303940 2714
21. West
Singhbhum
166945 204507 1225
22. Saraikela 91300 205425 2250
Sub-Total Zone III 370603 713872 1926
Total 1670320 4313587 2582
LIST OF RICE VARIETIES RELEASED AND RECOMMENDED FOR JHARKHAND
Table 3: Lists of rice varieties released and recommended for Jharkhand state
S.No. Variety Year of
notification
Duration Eco-System Special features
1. Anjali 2002 95 Rainfed
Upland
direct Seeded
Moderately
tolerant to
drought
2. Birsamati 2005 130 Irrigated
Rainfed
Resistant to Blast,
BLB
Page | 22
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
Lowland
3. Birsa Vikas Dhan 110
2005 95 Rainfed
Upland
Resistant to Blast,
BLB
4. Birsa Vikas Dhan 109
2005 85 Rainfed
Upland
Resistant to Blast
5. Hazaridhan 2005 120 Rainfed &
Lowland
Resistant to blast,
BLB.
6. Sadabahar
2005 105 Rainfed
Upland
Resistant to Blast,
BLB
7. Birsa Dhan-108
2006 70 Rainfed
Upland
Resistant to Blast,
BLB
8. Shivam
2006 125 Irrigated Resistant to Blast,
BLB
9. Vandana 2002 90 Upland
Rainfed
Weed
competitive,
Drought tolerant
10. Anjali Upland
11. Virendra 2006 90 Upland Resistant to Gall
midge, Blast
Page | 23
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
RICE IN JHARKHAND
12. Birsa Dhan 201 1995 115 Rain fed &
Medium Land
Tolerant to Blast
13. Birsa Dhan 202
1995 130 Rainfed Resistant to Gall
midge
14. Sugandha
1983 150 Rainfed Resistant to Gall
midge, blast
15. Lalat
1968 125 Irrigated Resistant to Gall
midge, blast
16. BR 10 1955 150 Rainfed Low
land
17. Rajashri 1987 145 Rainfed &
Lowland
Resistant to Blast
18. Swarna (MTU 7029) 1987 140 Rain fed,
Lowland
Resistant to BLB
and Tolerant to
many diseases
19. Sambha Mahsoori
(RPT 5209)
1986 145 Irrigated &
Low
Land
Good grain quality
top related